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Identifying the Enemy: Civilian Participation in Armed Conflict Emily Crawford *

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2016

Ellen Policinski
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Abstract

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Type
Books and Articles
Information
International Review of the Red Cross , Volume 97 , Issue 900: The evolution of warfare , December 2015 , pp. 1507 - 1511
Copyright
Copyright © icrc 2016 

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References

1 Crawford, Emily, The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 See Sydney Law School, “Meet Our Expert – Dr Emily Crawford”, available at: http://sydney.edu.au/law/research/our_experts/emily_crawford.shtml (all internet references were accessed in December 2015).

3 Identifying the Enemy, p. 12.

4 Ibid ., p. 13.

5 Ibid ., p. 20.

6 Ibid ., pp. 21–22.

7 See, e.g., Slim, Hugo, Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War, C. Hurst & Co., London, 2007 Google Scholar; Nicolette Boehland, The People's Perspectives: Civilian Involvement in Armed Conflict, Report, Center for Civilians in Conflict, Washington, DC, 2015, available at: http://civiliansinconflict.org/uploads/files/Peoples_Perspectives_WebFinal.pdf.

8 Identifying the Enemy, pp. 21–22.

9 Ibid ., pp. 27 ff.

10 Ibid ., pp. 30 ff.

11 Ibid ., pp. 31 ff.

12 Ibid ., pp. 32 ff.

13 Ibid ., pp. 35 ff.

14 US Department of Defense, Law of War Manual, Office of General Counsel, Washington, DC, 12 June 2015, available at: www.dod.mil/dodgc/images/law_war_manual15.pdf.

15 Nils Melzer, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, ICRC, Geneva, 2009.

16 Identifying the Enemy, p. 88.

17 Ibid ., p. 91.

18 Ibid ., p. 206.

19 Ibid ., p. 212, citation omitted.

20 Ibid ., pp. 212–216.

21 Ibid ., pp. 217–225.

22 Ibid ., pp. 226–227, citations omitted.

23 Ibid ., pp. 227–228.

24 Ibid ., p. 7.

25 Ibid ., p. 229.