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³ Whitman, Walt, Specimen Days & Collect (Philadelphia: Rees Welsh & Co., 1882–83), 80 Google Scholar.

⁴ In 1997, one bibliographer estimated that “more than 50,000 books and pamphlets” on the war were published between 1865 and 1995. Eicher, David J., The Civil War in Books: An Analytical Bibliography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), xxi Google Scholar. This number is still frequently cited, though it no longer exceeds the number of days that have passed since the war ended. See, for instance, Jones, Terry L., Historical Dictionary of the Civil War , Volume I, A–L, 2nd edn (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2011), 1659 Google Scholar.

⁵ An important synthesis of this scholarship is Adams, Michael C. C., Living Hell: The Dark Side of the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014)Google Scholar. For anticipations and appraisals of this shift see Ayers, Edward L., “Worrying about the Civil War,” in Ayers, What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005), 103–30Google Scholar; Berry, Stephen, “Introduction,” in Berry, ed., Weirding the War: Stories from the Civil War's Ragged Edges (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 1–12 Google Scholar; Sternhell, Yael A., “Revisionism Reinvented? The Antiwar Turn in Civil War Scholarship,” Journal of the Civil War Era , 3, 2 (June 2013), 239–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰ Stearns, Peter N., Jealousy: The Evolution of an Emotion in American History (New York: New York University Press, 1989)Google Scholar, esp. 7, 21, 24, 30; Lystra, Karen, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989)Google Scholar, esp. 8, 147.

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¹³ Pelletier, Kevin, Apocalyptic Sentimentalism: Love and Fear in U. S. Antebellum Literature (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015)Google Scholar, 4.

¹⁴ Jonathan Haidt has urged scholars to analyze anger and other irascible passions as moral sentiments. Haidt, Jonathan, “The Moral Emotions,” in Davidson, Richard J., Scherer, Klaus R., and Goldsmith, H. Hill, eds., Handbook of Affective Sciences (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 852–70Google Scholar, 856. Indeed, anti-slavery activists consciously sought to spark indignation within their readers, who were to share God's righteous wrath against those who bought, sold, or exploited enslaved laborers. See Woods, Michael E., “A Theory of Moral Outrage: Indignation and Eighteenth-Century British Abolitionism,” Slavery & Abolition , 36, 4 (Dec. 2015), 662–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁷ Steven E. Nash, “Love Is a Battlefield: Lizzie Alsop's Flirtation with the Confederacy,” in Berry, Weirding the War, 122–38.

²⁸ Hacker, J. David, “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History , 57, 4 (Dec. 2011), 307–48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

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⁴¹ Daniel M. Holt to My dear Wife, 16 Sept. 1862, in Greiner, James M., Coryell, Janet L., and Smither, James R., eds., A Surgeon's Civil War: The Letters & Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M. D. (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994)Google Scholar, 20, 24.

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⁴⁴ Hasegawa, Guy R., Mending Broken Soldiers: The Union and Confederate Programs to Supply Artificial Limbs (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012)Google Scholar, 45.

⁴⁵ Devine, Shauna, Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014)Google Scholar, 215. For complementary analysis of some of these topics see Rutkow, 240–79; and Humphreys, esp. 10, 13, 16–17, 76–102.

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⁴⁸ Handley-Cousins, Sarah, “‘Wrestling at the Gates of Death’: Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and Nonvisible Disability in the Post-Civil War North,” Journal of the Civil War Era , 6, 2 (June 2016), 220–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 237.

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⁵⁷ Long, Gretchen, Doctoring Freedom: The Politics of African American Medical Care in Slavery and Emancipation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 179.

⁵⁸ Sister Maher, Mary Denis, To Bind Up the Wounds: Catholic Sister Nurses in the U. S. Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Schultz, Jane E., Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

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⁶⁸ Dean, Adam Wesley, An Agrarian Republic: Farming, Antislavery Politics, and Nature Parks in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁷⁰ Hurt, R. Douglas, “The Agricultural Power of the Midwest during the Civil War,” in Aley, Ginette and Anderson, J. L., eds., Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013), 68–96 Google Scholar.

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⁷⁴ Drew A. Swanson, “War Is Hell, So Have a Chew: The Persistence of Agroenvironmental Ideas in the Civil War Piedmont,” in Drake, Blue, the Gray, and the Green, 163–90.

⁷⁵ On this distinction see Brady, “From Battlefield to Fertile Ground,” 315. J. R. McNeill adds political environmental history as a third category, but it has not deeply influenced Civil War studies. McNeill, “Observations,” 6–9.

⁷⁶ Fiege, Mark, “Gettysburg and the Organic Nature of the American Civil War,” in Tucker, Richard P. and Russell, Edmund, eds., Natural Enemy, Natural Ally: Toward an Environmental History of Warfare (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2004), 93–109 Google Scholar, 93, 104.

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⁷⁸ Brady, War upon the Land, 23.

⁷⁹ Megan Kate Nelson, “‘The Difficulties and Seductions of the Desert’: Landscapes of War in 1861 New Mexico,” in Drake, Blue, the Gray, and the Green, 34–51; Nelson, “Death in the Distance: Confederate Manifest Destiny and the Campaign for New Mexico, 1861–1862,” in Arenson, Adam and Graybill, Andrew R., eds., Civil War Wests: Testing the Limits of the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), 33–52 Google Scholar.

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⁸³ Aaron Sachs, “Stumps in the Wilderness,” in Drake, Blue, the Gray, and the Green, 96–112.

⁸⁴ Nelson, Ruin Nation.

⁸⁵ Timothy Johnson, “Reconstructing the Soil: Emancipation and the Roots of Chemical-Dependent Agriculture in America,” in Drake, Blue, the Gray, and the Green, 191–208.

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