Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T02:33:34.670Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cretaceous foraminiferal morphogroup distribution patterns, palaeocommunities and trophic structures: a case study from the Sergipe Basin, Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

Eduardo A. M. Koutsoukos  and
Malcolm B. Hart
Eduardo A. M. Koutsoukos
Affiliation:
Eduardo A. M. Koutsoukos, Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (PETROBRÁS)—CENPES, Cidade Universitária, Quadra 7, Ilha do Fundãao, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. CP: 21910, Brazil
Malcolm B. Hart
Affiliation:
Malcolm B. Hart, Department of Geological Sciences, Polytechnic South West, Plymouth, Devon, PL48AA, U.K.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Foraminiferal studies have been used in palaeo-environmental reconstructions of the marine Cretaceous succession (upper Aptian to Maastrichtian) of the Sergipe Basin, in northeastern Brazil. The foraminiferal assemblages show broadly three types of response to changes in environment: (1) variations in morphotypes of the taxa present; (2) changes in specific and generic diversity; and (3) changes in relative abundance.

Twelve palaeocommunities, characterised by the relative dominance of the major foraminiferal groups, can be recognised in the succession. Their palaeoenvironmental distribution is proposed as a model with reference to the Sergipe Cretaceous sequence.

An intimate relationship is inferred among foraminiferal association distribution patterns, trophic structures (community feeding strategy, dwelling habits, substrate niche patterns) and water-mass conditions (depth-related in part). It is suggested that the distribution patterns may be a direct response of the functional adaptive morphology of the foraminiferal tests to individual characteristics of behavioural structure (preferential dwelling microhabitat and trophic strategy versus environment). The approach is a simple, yet very powerful tool, for the interpretation of foraminiferal palaeocommunities and palaeoceanographic research. It may also permit interpretation of palaeocommunity strategies in terms of adaptation rate and selection response (i.e. “r-selection” versus “k-selection”) to variable environmental conditions.

Keywords

upper Aptian-Maastrichtian successionpalaeoecologypalaeoceanographyfunctional morphologymodes of lifemicrohabitatselection response.
Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 81 , Issue 3 , 1990 , pp. 221 - 246
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angel, M. V. 1988. Food in the abyss. Tenth International Symposium on Ostracoda (Aberystwyth, July 1988), Abstracts, 21–22.Google Scholar
Arai, M. 1988. Geochemical reconnaissance of the mid-Cretaceous anoxic event in the Santos Basin, Brazil. REV BRASIL GEOC 18, 273–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asmus, H. E. & Baisch, P. R. 1983. Geological evolution of the Brazilian continental margin. EPISODES 4, 3–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azevedo, R. L. M. de, Gomide, J. & Viviers, M. C. 1987. Geo-história da Bacia de Campos, Brasil: do Albiano ao Maastrichtiano. REV BRASIL GEOC 17, 139–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandeira, A. N. Jr 1987. Sedimentologia e microfacies calcárias das formacões Riachuelo e Cotinguiba da Bacia Sergipe/Alagoas. BOL TECN PETROBRÁS 21, 17–69.Google Scholar
Bandy, O. L. 1964. General correlation of foraminiferal structure with environment. In Imbrie, and Newell, (eds) Approaches to Paleoecology, 75–90. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Bé, A. W. H 1977. An ecological, zoogeographic and taxonomic review of Recent planktonic foraminifera. In Ramsay, A. T. S (ed.) Oceanic Micropalaeontology 1, 1–100. London: Academic PressGoogle Scholar
Bengtson, P. 1983. The Cenomanian-Coniacian of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. FOSSILS STRATA 12, 1–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernhard, J. M. 1986. Characteristic assemblages and morphologies of benthic foraminifera from anoxic organic-rich deposits: Jurassic through Holocene. J FORAM RES 16, 207–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berthou, P.-Y. & Bengtson, P. 1988. Stratigraphic correlation by microfacies of the Cenomanian-Coniacian of the Sergipe basin, Brazil. FOSSILS STRATA 21, 1–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beurlen, G. 1967. Observacões sobre a bioestratigrafia da Formacãao Riachuelo Maruim. PETROBRÁS/RPNE, INT REP (unpublished), Maceio.Google Scholar
Beurlen, G. 1968. A fauna do complexo Riachuelo, Maruim-I-Ammonoidea. BOL TÉCN PETROBRÁS 11, 437–482.Google Scholar
Boltovskoy, E. 1966. Depth at which foraminifera can survive in sediments. CONTRIB CUSHMAN FOUND FORAM RES 17, 43–45.Google Scholar
Boltovskoy, E. 1972. Nota sobre los valores mínimos de oxigenación que pueden soportar los foraminíferos bentónicos. BOL SOC BIOL CONCEPCION 44, 135–143.Google Scholar
Boltovskoy, E. & Wright, R. 1976. Recent Foraminifera, 1–515. The Hague: W. Junk.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brand, T. E. & Lipps, J. H. 1982. Foraminifera in the trophic structure of shallow-water Antarctic marine communities. J FORAM RES 12, 96–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brasier, M. D. 1975. Morphology and habitat of living benthonic foraminiferids from Caribbean carbonate environments. REV ESPAN MICROPALEONTOL 7, 567–578.Google Scholar
Buzas, M. A. 1978. Foraminifera as prey for benthic deposit feeders: results of predator exclusion experiments. J MAR RES 36, 617–625.Google Scholar
Buzas, M. A. 1982. Regulation of foraminiferal densities by predation in the Indian River, Florida. J FORAM RES 12, 66–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzas, M. A., Collins, L. S., Richardson, S. L. & Severin, K. P. 1989. Experiments on predation, substrate preference, and colonization of benthic foraminifera at the shelfbreak off the Ft. Pierce Inlet, Florida. J FORAM RES 19, 146–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caron, M., 1978. Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers from DSDP Leg 40, southeastern Atlantic ocean. In Bolli, H. M., Ryan, W. B. F. et al. (eds) Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Projects 40, 651–678. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Caron, M. 1983. La spéciation chez les foraminifères planctiques: une réponse adaptée aux contraintes de l'environment. ZITTELIANA 10, 671–676.Google Scholar
Caron, M. & Homewood, P. 1983. Evolution of early planktic foraminifers. MAR MICROPALEONTOL 7, 453–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, A. C. M. Jr, 1987. The northeastern Brazil and Gabon basins: a double rifting system associated with multiple crustal detachment surfaces. TECTONICS 6, 727–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamney, T. P. 1976. Foraminiferal morphogroup symbol for paleoenvironmental interpretation of drill cutting samples: Arctic America, Albian continental margin. SPEC PUBL MARIT SEDIMENTS 1B, 585–624.Google Scholar
Christiansen, B. 1971. Notes on the biology of Foraminifera. III Symposium Europeen de Biologie Marine, VIE ET MILIEU Suppl. 22, 465–478.Google Scholar
Corliss, B. H. 1985. Micro-habitats of benthic foraminifera within deep sea sediments. NATURE 314, 435–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, G. H. & Jones, N. S. 1966. Marine benthos, substrate and palaeoecology. PALAEONTOLOGY 9, 30–38.Google Scholar
Cunha, F. M. B. da, 1987. Integracāo da Bacia Sergipe-Alagoas com a faixa précambriana adjacente. BOL GEOC PEATROBRÁS 1, 52–65.Google Scholar
Dias-Brito, D. & Azevedo, R. L. M. de 1986. As sequências deposicionais marinhas da Bacia de Campos sob a ótica paleoecológica. ANAIS XXXIV CONGR BRASIL GEOL (Goiânia, GO) 1, 38–49.Google Scholar
Douglas, R. G. & Heitman, H. L. 1979. Slope and basin benthic foraminifera of the California borderland. SPEC PUBL SOC ECON PALEONTOL MINERAL 27, 231–246.Google Scholar
Douglas, R. G. & Savin, S. M. 1978. Oxygen isotopic evidence for the depth stratification of Tertiary and Cretaceous planktic foraminifera. MAR MICROPALEONTOL 3, 175–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eicher, D. L. 1969. Cenomanian and Turonian planktonic foraminifera from the western interior of the United States. In Bronnimann, P. & Renz, H. H. (eds) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils 2, 136–174. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Ekdale, A. A. 1985. Paleoecology of the marine endobenthos. PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCLIMATOL PALAEOECOL 50, 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feijó, F. J. 1980. Estudo dos carbonatos Muribeca e Riachuelo no Alto de Aracaju—Bacia Sergipe/Alagoas—nordeste do Brasil. ANAIS XXXI CONGR BRASIL GEOL (Camboriú, SC) 1, 320–332.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. G. & Arthur, M. A. 1977. Secular variations in the pelagic realm. SPEC PUBL SOC ECON PALEONTOL MINERAL 25, 19–50.Google Scholar
Fisher, W. L., Gama, E. Jr. & Ojeda, H. A. O. 1973. Estratigrafia sísmica e sistemas deposicionais da Formacão Piacabucu. ANAIS XXVII CONGR BRASIL GEOL (Aracajú, SE), 123–133.Google Scholar
Fürsich, F. T. 1978. The influence of faunal condensation and mixing on the preservation of fossil benthic communities. LETHAIA 11, 243–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gary, A. C. & Healy-Williams, N. 1988. Paleobiological implications of living benthic foraminiferal distributions in northern Gulf of Mexico sediments. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull, Convention Issue (Abstracts), 188.Google Scholar
Gooday, A. J. 1983. Bathysiphon rusticus de Folin, 1886 and Bathysiphon folini n. sp.: two large agglutinated foraminifers abundant in abyssal NE Atlantic epibenthic sledge samples. J FORAM RES 13, 262–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooday, A. J. 1986. Meiofaunal foraminiferans from the bathyal Porcupine Seabight (Northeast Altantic): size structure, standing stock, taxonomic composition, species diversity and vertical distribution in the sediment. DEEP-SEA RES 33, 1345–1373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooday, A. J. 1988. A response by benthic foraminifera to the deposition of phytodetritus in the deep sea. NATURE 332, 70–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haig, D. W. 1979. Global distribution patterns of mid-Cretaceous foraminferids. J FORAM RES 9, 29–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, P. 1984. Distribution of selected species of living algal symbiont-bearing foraminifera on two Pacific coral reefs. J FORAM RES 14, 250–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, P. 1985. Why are larger foraminifera large? PALEOBIOLOGY 11, 195–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, P. 1987. Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: a factor in global diversity cycles? PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 2, 457–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, P. 1988. Diversification in algal symbiont-bearing foraminifera: a response to oligotrophic? REV PALÉOBIOL, Volume Spécial (Benthos '86) 2, 789–797.Google Scholar
Hancock, J. M. & Kauffman, E. G. 1979. The great transgressions of the Late Cretaceous. J GEOL SOC LONDON 136, 175–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, M. B. 1980. A water depth model for the evolution of the planktonic foraminiferida. NATURE. 286, 252–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, M. B. & Bailey, H. W. 1979. The distribution of planktonic foraminiferida in the mid-Cretaceous of NW Europe. In Wiedmann, J. (ed.) Aspekte der Kreide Europas. INT UNION GEOL SCI SER A, 6, 527–542.Google Scholar
Hart, M. B. & Ball, K. C. 1986. Late Cretaceous anoxic events, sea-level changes and the evolution of the planktonic foraminifera. In Summerhayes, C. P. & Shackleton, N. J. (eds) North Atlantic Palaeoceanography. SPEC PUBL GEOL SOC 21, 67–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, J. R. 1981 Foraminifera. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacquin, T. & Graciansky, P. Ch. de 1988. Cyclic fluctuations of anoxia during Cretaceous time in the South Atlantic. MAR PETROL GEOL 5, 359–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. G. 1971. Animal-sediment relations in shallow benthic communities. MAR GEOL 11, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. W. 1986. Distribution of morphogroups of Recent agglutinating foraminifera in the Rockall Trough—a synopsis. PROC R SOC EDINBURGH 88B, 55–58.Google Scholar
Jones, R. W. & Charnock, M. A. 1985. “Morphogroups” of agglutinating foraminifera. Their life positions and feeding habits and potential applicability in (paleo)ecological studies. REV PALÉOBIOL 4, 311–320.Google Scholar
Kaminski, M. A., Grassle, J. F. & Whitlatch, R. B. 1988. Life history and recolonization among agglutinated foraminifera in the Panama basin. ABH GEOL B-A 41, 229–243.Google Scholar
Kauffman, E. G. & Scott, R. W. 1976. Basic concepts of community ecology and paleoecology. In Scott, R. W. & West, R. R. (eds) Structure and Classification of Paleocommunities, 1–28. Dowden, Stroudsbourg: Hutchinson & Ross.Google Scholar
Kitazato, H. 1984. Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera and their application to fossil assemblages. SECOND INT SYMP BENTH FORAM, Benthos' 83 (Pau, April 1983), 339–344.Google Scholar
Kitazato, H. 1988a. Ecology of benthic foraminifera in the tidal zone of a rocky shore. REV PALÉOBIOL, Volume Spécial (Benthos '86) 2, 815–825.Google Scholar
Kitazato, H. 1988b. Locomotion of some benthic foraminifera in and on sediments. J FORAM RES 18, 344–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M., 1984. Evolucāo paleoecológica do Albiano ao Maestrichtiano na área noroeste da Bacia de Campos, Brasil, com base em foraminíferos. ANAIS XXXIII CONGR BRASIL GEOL (Rio de Janeiro, RJ) 2, 685–698.Google Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M. 1989. Mid- to late Cretaceous microbiostratigraphy, palaeo-ecology and palaeogeography of the Sergipe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis v. 1 and 2, Council for National Academic Awards/Polytechnic South West, Plymouth.Google Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M. 1990. Foraminiferal palaeobiogeographic patterns and palaeoceanography in the upper Aptian- Maastrichtian succession of the Sergipe Basin, NE Brazil. Proceedings of the Symposium ‘Biogeographic Patterns in the Cretaceous Ocean’ (Strasbourg, 20-23rd March, 1989) PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCLIMATOL PALAEOECOL, SPEC ISSUE (in press).Google Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M., Leary, P. N. & Hart, M. B. 1989. Favusella Michael (1972): evidence of ecophenotypic adaptation of a planktonic foraminifer to shallow-water carbonate environments during the mid-Cretaceous. J FORAM RES 19, 324–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M., Leary, P. N. & Hart, M. B. 1990a. Latest Cenomanian-earliest Turonian low-oxygen tolerant benthonic foraminifera: a case study from the Sergipe Basin (N.E. Brazil) and the western Anglo-Paris Basin (southern England). PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCLIMATOL PALAEOECOL 77 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M., Mello, M. R., Azambuja Filho, N. C, Hart, M. B. & Maxwell, J. R. 1990b. The upper Aptian-Albian succession of the Sergipe Basin: an integrated palaeo-environmental assessment. AM ASSOC PETROL GEOL BULL (in press).Google Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M., Mello, M. R. & Azambuja Filho, N. C. 1990c. Micropalaeontological and geochemical evidence of mid-Cretaceous hypoxic/anoxic environments in the Sergipe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Symposium ‘Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia’ (London, 17-19th May, 1989). GEOL SOC LONDON, SPEC PUB (in press).Google Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M. & Dias-Brito, D. 1987. Paleobatimetria da margem continental do Brasil durante o Albiano. REV BRASIL GEOC 17, 86–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M. & Hart, M. B. 1990. Radiolarians and diatoms from the mid-Cretaceous succession of the Sergipe Basin, northeastern Brazil: palaeoceanographic assessment. J. MICROPALAEONTOL (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koutsoukos, E. A. M. & Merrick, K. A., 1986. Foraminiferal paleoenvironments from the Barremian to Maestrichtian of Trinidad, West Indies. TRANS FIRST GEOL CONF GEOL SOC TRINIDAD & TOBAGO (Port-of-Spain, July 1985), 85–101.Google Scholar
Langer, M. 1988. Recent epiphytic foraminifera from Vulcano (Mediterranean Sea). REV PALÉOBIOL, Volume Spécial (Benthos '86) 2, 827–832.Google Scholar
Leckie, R. M. 1984. Mid-Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy off Central Morocco, Deep sea Drilling Project Leg 79, Sites 545 and 547. In Hinz, K., Winterer, E. et al. L.,(eds) Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 79, 579–620. Wahington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Leckie, R. M. 1987. Paleoecology of mid-Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera: A comparison of open ocean and epicontinental sea assemblages. MICROPALEONTOLOGY 33, 164–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. J. 1974. Towards understanding the niche of foraminifera. In Hedley, R. H. & Adams, C. G. (eds) Foraminifera, 207–260. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lee, J. J. 1980. Nutrition and Physiology of the Foraminifera. In Levandowski, M. & Hutner, S. T. (eds) Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa 3, 43–66. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lee, J. H. & Hallock, P. 1987. Algal Symbiosis as the driving force in the evolution of larger foraminifera. ANN NEW YORK ACAD SCI, Endocytobiology III, 503, 330–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. J., McEnery, M., Kahn, E. & Schuster, F. 1979. Symbiosis and the evolution of larger foraminifera. MICRO-PALEONTOLOGY 25, 118–140.Google Scholar
Levinton, J. S. 1970. The paleoecological significance of opportunistic species. LETHAIA 3, 69–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipps, J. H. 1975. Feeding strategies and test function in Foraminifera. Benthonics '75, Abstracts, 26. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.Google Scholar
Lipps, J. H. 1976. Feeding strategies and test function in foraminifera. SPEC PUBL MAR SEDIMENTS 1, 100–110.Google Scholar
Lipps, J. H. 1982. Biology/Paleobiology of foraminifera. In Broadhead, T. W. (ed.) Foraminifera: Notes for a short course, 1–21. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Publication.Google Scholar
Lipps, J. H. 1983. Biotic interactions in benthic foraminifera. In Tevesz, M. J.S & McCall, P. L. (eds) Biotic Interaction in Modern and Fossil Benthic Communities, Chap. 8, 331–376. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipps, J. H. & Valentine, J. W. 1970. The role of foraminifera in the trophic structure of marine communities. LETHAIA 3, 279–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeblich, A. R. Jr& Tappan, H. 1988. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marszalek, D. S., Wright, R. C. & Hay, W. W. 1969. Function of the test in foraminifera. TRANS GULF COAST ASSOC GEOL SOC 19, 341–352.Google Scholar
May, R. M. & MacArthur, R. H. 1972. Niche overlap as a function of environmental variability. PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA 69, 1109–1113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meister, E. M. & Aurich, N. 1972. Geologic outline and oil fields of Sergipe basin, Brazil. AM ASSOC PETROL GEOL BULL 56, 1034–1047.Google Scholar
Mello, M. R., Koutsoukos, E. A. M., Hart, M. B., Brassell, S. C. & Maxwell, J. R. 1989. Late Cretaceous anoxic events in the Brazilian continental margin. ORG GEOCHEM 14, 529–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, I. 1980. The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Murray, J. W., 1973. Distribution and Ecology of Living Benthic Foraminiferids. London: Heinemann Educational Books.Google Scholar
Myers, E. H., 1943. Life activities of foraminifera in relation to marine ecology. PROC AM PHILOS SOC 86, 439–459.Google Scholar
Nyong, E. E. & Olsson, R. K., 1984. A paleoslope model Campanian to lower Maestrichtian foraminifera in the North America basin and adjacent continental margin. MAR MICROPALEONTOL 8, 437–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojeda, H. O. A. & Fugita, A. M. 1976. Bacia Sergipe/Alagoas: Geologia regional e perspectivas petroliferas. ANAIS XXVIII CONGR BRASIL GEOL (Porto Alegre, RS) 1, 137–158.Google Scholar
Olsson, R. K. 1977. Mesozoic foraminifera—Western Atlantic. In Swain, F. M. (ed.) Stratigraphic Micropaleontology of Atlantic Basin and Borderlands, DEV PALEONTOL STRATIGR 6, 205–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsson, R. K. & Nyong, E. E. 1984. A paleoslope model for Campanian—lower Maestrichtian foraminifera of New Jersey and Delaware. J FORAM RES 14, 50–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, C. G. J. 1911. Valuation of the sea. I. Animal life of the sea bottom, its food and quantity. REP DAN BIOL STN 20, 1–81.Google Scholar
Petersen, C. G. J. 1913. Valuation of the sea. II. The animal communities of the sea bottom and their importance for marine zoogeography. REP DAN BIOL STN 21, 1–44.Google Scholar
Petri, S. 1987. Cretaceous paleogeographic maps of Brazil. PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCLIMATOL PALAEOECOL 59, 117–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petters, S. W. & Ekweozor, C. M. 1982. Origin of Mid-Cretaceous black shales in the Benue Trough, Nigeria. PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCLIMATOL PALAEOECOL 40, 311–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phleger, F. B. & Soutar, A. 1973. Production of benthic foraminifera in three East Pacific oxygen minima. MICROPALEONTOLOGY 19, 110–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pianka, E. R. 1970. On r- and K-selection. AM NATURALIST 104, 592–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiss, Z. 1988. Assemblages from a Senonian high-productivity sea. REV PALÉOBIOL, Volume Spécial (Benthos '86) 2, 323–332.Google Scholar
Reiss, Z. & Hottinger, L. 1984. The Gulf of Aqaba. ECOL MICROPALEONT, 1–354. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Rhoads, D. C. & Young, D. K. 1970. The influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure. J. MAR RES 28, 150–178.Google Scholar
Saint-Marc, P. 1973. Présence de Hedbergella à “costellae” dans le Cénomanien Moyen du Liban. J FORAM RES 3, 7–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saito, T. & van Donk, J. 1974. Oxygen and carbon isotope measurements of Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary foraminifera. MICROPALEONTOLOGY 20, 152–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, H. 1970. Revisáo Estratigráfica da Bacia de Sergipe/Alagoas. BOL TÉCN PETROBRÁS 12, 21–86.Google Scholar
Schaller, H., Delia Fávera, J. C. & Tibana, P. 1980. Roteiro Geológico da Bacia Sergipe-Alagoas. PETROBRÁS INTERNAL REPORT, Rio de Janeiro (unpublished).Google Scholar
Scheibnerová, V. 1971. Foraminifera and their Mesozoic bi-ogeoprovinces. REC GEOL SURV NEW SOUTH WALES 13, 135–174.Google Scholar
Scheibnerová, V. 1976. Cretaceous foraminifera of the Great Australian Basin. MEM GEOL SURV NEW SOUTH WALES 17, 1–265.Google Scholar
Scheibnerová, V. 1978. Depth habitats of Cretaceous foraminifera with special reference to Globotruncanids. ANN MIN GEOL (Actes du VI Colloque Africain de Micropaleontologie, Tunis, 1974) 28, 147–151.Google Scholar
Schroder, C. J. 1988. Subsurface preservation of agglutinated foraminifera in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. ABH GEOL B-A 41, 325–336.Google Scholar
Schroder, C. J., Scott, D. B. & Medioli, F. S. 1987. Can smaller benthic foraminifera be ignored in paleoenvironmental analyses? J FORAM RES 17, 101–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, R. W. 1976. Trophic classification of benthic communities. In Scott, R. W. & West, R. R. (eds) Structure and Classification of Paleocommunities, 24–66. Dowden, Stroudsburg: Hutchin-son & Ross.Google Scholar
Scott, R. W. 1978. Approaches to trophic analysis of palaeocom-munities. LETHAIA 11, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Severin, K. P. 1983. Test morphology in benthic foraminifera as a discriminator of biofacies. MAR MICROPALEONTOL 8, 65–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirayama, Y. 1984. Vertical distribution of meiobenthos in the sediment profile in bathyal, abyssal and hadal deep sea systems of the Western Pacific. OCEANOL ACTA 7, 123–129.Google Scholar
Sliter, W. V. 1972. Upper Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal zoogeography and ecology—eastern Pacific margin. PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCLIMATOL PALAEOECOL 12, 15–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sliter, W. V. 1975. Foraminiferal life and residue assemblages from Cretaceous slope deposits. GEOL SOC AM BULL 86, 897–906.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sliter, W. V. & Baker, R. A. 1972. Cretaceous bathymetric distribution of benthic foraminiferids. J FORAM RES 2, 167–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokolova, M. N. 1959. On the distribution of deep-water bottom animals in relation to their feeding habits and the character of sedimentation. DEEP-SEA RES 6, 1–14.Google Scholar
Sokolova, M. N. 1972. Trophic structure of deep-sea macrobenthos. MAR BIOL 16, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaeth, C, Hoefs, J. & Vetter, U. 1971. Some aspects of isotopic composition of belemnites and related paleotemperatures. GEOL SOC AM BULL 82, 3139–3150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorsen, G. 1966. Bottom communities. In Hedgpeth, J. W. (ed.) Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology 1, ecology. MEM GEOL SOC AM 67,461–535.Google Scholar
Toksvad, T. & Hansen, H. J., 1983. A study of calcareous cement in agglutinated foraminifera. Proc. First Workshop on Arenaceous Foraminifera, Continental Shelf Institute, Publ. 108, 159–169, Trondheim, Norway.Google Scholar
Turpaeva, E. P., 1959. Food interrelationships of dominant species in marine benthic biocoenoses. AM INT BIOL SCI 20, 137–148.Google Scholar
Verdenius, J. G. & van Hinte, J. E. 1983. Central Norwegian-Greenland Sea: Tertiary arenaceous foraminifera, biostratigraphy and environment. PROC FIRST WORKSHOP ON ARENACEOUS FORAMINIFERA, IKU PUBL 108, 173–223.Google Scholar
Viviers, M. C. 1986. Bioestratigrafia e evolucao paleoambiental do meso-Neocretáceo da Bacia de Santos, Brasil. ANAIS XXXIV CONGR BRASIL GEOL (Goiânia, GO) 1, 50–64.Google Scholar
Walker, K. R. & Bambach, R. K. 1974. Feeding by benthic invertebrates: Classification and terminology for paleoecological analysis. LETHAIA 7, 67–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wonders, A. 1980. Middle and Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera of the western Mediterranean area. UTRECHT MICROPALEONTOL BULL 24, 1–157.Google Scholar