Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T09:03:03.858Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Taxation, Dividends, and Share Repurchases: Taking Evidence Global

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2013

Marcus Jacob
Affiliation:
marcus.jacob@whu.edu, WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, Burgplatz 2, Vallendar 56179, Germany.
Martin Jacob
Affiliation:
martin.jacob@whu.edu, WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, Burgplatz 2, Vallendar 56179, Germany.

Abstract

We compile a comprehensive international dividend and capital gains tax data set to study tax-based explanations of corporate payout for a panel of 6,035 firms from 25 countries for the period 1990–2008. We find robust evidence that the tax penalty on dividends versus capital gains corresponds closely with firms’ propensity to pay dividends and repurchase shares, and with the amount of dividends and shares repurchased. Our coefficient estimates suggest a smaller tax effect than reported in recent single-country, single-event studies. Instead, our results correspond more closely with historic long-term estimates of the elasticity of dividends.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, F.; Bernardo, A. E.; and Welch, I.. “A Theory of Dividends Based on Tax Clienteles.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 24992536.Google Scholar
Alstadsæter, A., and Fjærli, E.. “Neutral Taxation of Shareholder Income? Corporate Responses to an Announced Dividend Tax.” International Tax and Public Finance, 16 (2009), 571604.Google Scholar
Ang, J. S.; Blackwell, D. W.; and Megginson, W. L.. “The Effect of Taxes on the Relative Valuation of Dividends and Capital Gains: Evidence from Dual-Class British Investment Trusts.” Journal of Finance, 46 (1991), 383399.Google Scholar
Auerbach, A. J. “Wealth Maximization and the Cost of Capital.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 93 (1979), 433446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auerbach, A. J., and Hassett, K. A.. “On the Marginal Source of Investment Funds.” Journal of Public Economics, 87 (2002), 205232.Google Scholar
Baker, M. P.; Stein, J. C.; and Wurgler, J.. “When Does the Market Matter? Stock Prices and the Investment of Equity-Dependent Firms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (2003), 9691006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, M. P., and Wurgler, J.. “A Catering Theory of Dividends.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004a), 11251165.Google Scholar
Baker, M. P., and Wurgler, J.. “Appearing and Disappearing Dividends: The Link to Catering Incentives.” Journal of Financial Economics, 73 (2004b), 271288.Google Scholar
Becker, B.; Ivković, Z.; and Weisbenner, S.. “Local Dividend Clienteles.” Journal of Finance, 66 (2011), 655683.Google Scholar
Bell, L., and Jenkinson, T.. “New Evidence of the Impact of Dividend Taxation and on the Identity of the Marginal Investor.” Journal of Finance, 57 (2002), 13211346.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, S. “Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy, and ‘The Bird in the Hand’ Fallacy.” Bell Journal of Economics, 10 (1979), 259270.Google Scholar
Blouin, J. L.; Ready, J. S.; and Shackelford, D. A.. “Dividends, Share Repurchases, and Tax Clienteles: Evidence from the 2003 Reductions in Shareholder Taxes.” Accounting Review, 86 (2011), 887914.Google Scholar
Bolster, P. J., and Janjigian, V.. “Dividend Policy and Valuation Effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.” National Tax Journal, 44 (1991), 511518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradford, D. F.The Incidence and Allocation Effects of a Tax on Corporate Distributions.” Journal of Public Economics, 15 (1981), 122.Google Scholar
Brav, A.; Graham, J. R.; Harvey, C. R.; and Michaely, R.. “Payout Policy in the 21st Century.” Journal of Financial Economics, 77 (2005), 483527.Google Scholar
Brav, A.; Graham, J. R.; Harvey, C. R.; and Michaely, R.. “The Effect of the May 2003 Dividend Tax Cut on Corporate Dividend Policy: Empirical and Survey Evidence.” National Tax Journal, 61 (2008), 381396.Google Scholar
Brown, C., and Efthim, K.. “Effect of Taxation on Equal Access Share Buybacks in Australia.” International Review of Finance, 5 (2005), 199218.Google Scholar
Brown, J. R.; Liang, N.; and Weisbenner, S.. “Executive Financial Incentives and Payout Policy: Firm Responses to the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut.” Journal of Finance, 62 (2007), 19351965.Google Scholar
Chetty, R., and Saez, E.. “Dividend Taxes and Corporate Behavior: Evidence from the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120 (2005), 791833.Google Scholar
Chetty, R., and Saez, E.. “Dividend and Corporate Taxation in an Agency Model of the Firm.”American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2 (2010), 131.Google Scholar
Christoffersen, S. E.; Géczy, C. C.; Musto, D. K.; and Reed, A. V.. “Crossborder Dividend Taxation and the Preferences of Taxable and Nontaxable Investors: Evidence from Canada.” Journal of Financial Economics, 78 (2005), 121144.Google Scholar
Chung, D.; Isakov, D.; and Pérignon, C.. “Repurchasing Shares on a Second Trading Line.” Review of Finance, 11 (2007), 253285.Google Scholar
DeAngelo, H.; DeAngelo, L.; and Stulz, R. M.. “Dividend Policy and the Earned/Contributed Capital Mix: A Test of the Life-Cycle Theory.” Journal of Financial Economics, 81 (2006), 227254.Google Scholar
Demirguc-Kunt, A., and Maksimovic, V.. “Law, Finance and Firm Growth.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 21072137.Google Scholar
Denis, D. J., and Osobov, I.. “Why Do Firms Pay Dividends? International Evidence on the Determinants of Dividend Policy.” Journal of Financial Economics, 89 (2008), 6282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Ridder, A. “Share Repurchases and Firm Behaviour.” International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, 12 (2009), 605631.Google Scholar
Dewenter, K. L., and Warther, V. A.. “Dividends, Asymmetric Information, and Agency Conflicts: Evidence from a Comparison of the Dividend Policies of Japanese and U.S. Firms.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 879904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dittmar, A. K. “Why Do Firms Repurchase Stock?Journal of Business, 73 (2000), 331355.Google Scholar
Djankov, S.; La Porta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; and Shleifer, A.. “The Law and Economics of Self-Dealing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 88 (2008), 430465.Google Scholar
Edgerton, J. “Four Facts about Dividend Payouts and the 2003 Tax Cut.” International Tax and Public Finance, 20 (2013), 769784.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Disappearing Dividends: Changing Firm Characteristics or Lower Propensity to Pay?Journal of Financial Economics, 60 (2001), 343.Google Scholar
Fenn, G. W., and Liang, N.. “Corporate Payout Policy and Managerial Stock Incentives.” Journal of Financial Economics, 60 (2001), 4572.Google Scholar
French, K. R., and Poterba, J. M.. “Investor Diversification and International Equity Markets.”American Economic Review, 81 (1991), 222226.Google Scholar
Goergen, M.; Renneboog, L.; and Correia da Silva, L.. “When Do German Firms Change Their Dividends?Journal of Corporate Finance, 11 (2005), 375399.Google Scholar
Graham, J. R., and Kumar, A.. “Do Dividend Clienteles Exist? Evidence on Dividend Preferences of Retail Investors.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2006), 13051336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grinblatt, M.; Keloharju, M.; and Linnainmaa, J.. “IQ and Stock Market Participation.” Journal of Finance, 66 (2011), 21212164.Google Scholar
Grinstein, Y., and Michaely, R.. “Institutional Holdings and Payout Policy.” Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 13891426.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, M. Share Repurchases and Cancellation, Capital Market Trend Report 1998-17, Capital Market Research Group, Nomura Research Institute (1998).Google Scholar
Ince, O. S., and Porter, R. B.. “Individual Equity Return Data from Thomson Datastream: Handle with Care!Journal of Financial Research, 29 (2006), 463479.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C. “Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance and Takeovers.” American Economic Review, 76 (1986), 323329.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C., and Murphy, K. J.. “Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives.” Journal of Political Economy, 98 (1990), 225264.Google Scholar
Julio, B., and Ikenberry, D. L.. “Reappearing Dividends.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 16 (2004), 89100.Google Scholar
King, M. A. Public Policy and the Corporation. London: Chapman & Hall (1977).Google Scholar
Korkeamaki, T.; Liljeblom, E.; and Pasternack, D.. “Tax Reform and Payout Policy: Do Shareholder Clienteles or Payout Policy Adjust?Journal of Corporate Finance, 16 (2010), 572587.Google Scholar
La Porta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; Shleifer, A.; and Vishny, R. W.. “Legal Determinants of External Finance.” Journal of Finance, 52 (1997), 11311150.Google Scholar
La Porta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; Shleifer, A.; and Vishny, R. W.. “Agency Problems and Dividend Policies around the World.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 133.Google Scholar
La Porta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; Shleifer, A.; and Vishny, R. W.. “Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation.” Journal of Finance, 57 (2002), 11471170.Google Scholar
Lee, Y.-T.; Liu, Y.-J.; Roll, R.; and Subrahmanyam, A.. “Taxes and Dividend Clientele: Evidence from Trading and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 30 (2006), 229246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lie, E., and Lie, H. J.. “The Role of Personal Taxes in Corporate Decisions: An Empirical Analysis of Share Repurchases and Dividends.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 34 (1999), 533552.Google Scholar
Lintner, J. “Distribution of Incomes of Corporations Among Dividends, Retained Earnings, and Taxes.” American Economic Review, 46 (1956), 97113.Google Scholar
Miller, M. H., and Rock, K.. “Dividend Policy under Asymmetric Information.” Journal of Finance, 40 (1985), 10311051.Google Scholar
Mondria, J., and Wu, T.. “The Puzzling Evolution of the Home Bias, Information Processing and Financial Openness.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34 (2010), 875896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, W. J. “The Effect of Shareholder Taxes on Corporate Payout Choice.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 42 (2007), 9911019.Google Scholar
Newey, W. K., and West, K. D.. “A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix.” Econometrica, 55 (1987), 703708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). StatExtracts (2011), Available from: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=7IA, accessed Dec. 2011.Google Scholar
Oswald, D., and Young, S.. “What Role Taxes and Regulation? A Second Look at Open Market Share Buyback Activity in the UK.” Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 31 (2004), 257292.Google Scholar
Papaioannou, G. J., and Savarese, C. M.. “Corporate Dividend Policy Response to the Tax Reform Act of 1986.” Journal of the Financial Management Association, 23 (1994), 5663.Google Scholar
Pattenden, K. and Twite, G.. “Taxes and Dividend Policy under Alternative Tax Regimes.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 14 (2008), 116.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. A. “Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data Sets: Comparing Approaches.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 435480.Google Scholar
Pinkowitz, L. F.; Stulz, R. M.; and Williamson, R.. “Does the Contribution of Corporate Cash Holdings and Dividends to Firm Value Depend on Governance? A Cross-Country Analysis.” Journal of Finance, 61 (2006), 27252751.Google Scholar
Polity IV Project. Polity IV Data Series (University of Maryland, College Park, MD: INSCR Program (2010). Available online at http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm, accessed Dec. 2011.Google Scholar
Poterba, J. M. “Tax Policy and Corporate Savings.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2 (1987), 455503.Google Scholar
Poterba, J. M. “Taxation and Corporate Payout Policy.” American Economic Review, 94 (2004), 171175.Google Scholar
Poterba, J. M., and Summers, L. H.. “New Evidence That Taxes Affect the Valuation of Dividends.” Journal of Finance, 39 (1984), 13971415.Google Scholar
Poterba, J. M., and Summers, L. H.. “The Economic Effects of Dividend Taxation.” In Recent Advances in Corporate Finance, Altman, E. and Subrahmanyam, M., eds. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin Publishing (1985).Google Scholar
Rau, P. R., and Vermaelen, T.. “Regulation, Taxes, and Share Repurchases in the United Kingdom.” Journal of Business, 75 (2002), 245282.Google Scholar
Ross, S. A. “The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive-Signalling Approach.” Bell Journal of Economics, 8 (1977), 2340.Google Scholar
Rydqvist, K.; Spizman, J.; and Strebulaev, I.. “The Evolution of Aggregate Stock Ownership.” SSRN Working Paper (2009).Google Scholar
Sarig, O. “A Time-Series Analysis of Corporate Payout Policies.” Review of Finance, 8 (2004),515536.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. W.. “Large Shareholders and Corporate Control.” Journal of Political Economy, 94 (1986), 461488.Google Scholar
Skinner, D. J. “The Evolving Relation between Earnings, Dividends, and Stock Repurchases.” Journal of Financial Economics, 87 (2008), 582609.Google Scholar
Spamann, H. “The ‘Antidirector Rights Index’ Revisited.” Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 467486.Google Scholar
Stephens, C. P., and Weisbach, M. S.. “Actual Share Reacquisitions in Open-Market RepurchasePrograms.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 313333.Google Scholar
Tesar, L. L., and Werner, I. M.. “Home Bias and High Turnover.” Journal of International Money and Finance, 14 (1995), 467492.Google Scholar
Van Rooij, M.; Lusardi, A.; and Alessie, R.. “Financial Literacy and Stock Market Participation.” Journal of Financial Economics, 101 (2011), 449472.Google Scholar
Von Eije, H., and Megginson, W. L.. “Dividends and Share Repurchases in the European Union.” Journal of Financial Economics, 89 (2008), 347374.Google Scholar
Wu, C. “Taxes and Dividend Policy.” International Review of Economics and Finance, 5 (1996),291305.Google Scholar