Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T23:09:36.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tracking Species in Space and Time: Assessing the Relationships Between Paleobiogeography, Paleoecology, and Macroevolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2017

Alycia L. Stigall
Alycia L. Stigall*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences and OHIO Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies Ohio University, 316 Clippinger Laboratories Athens, OH 45701
Get access

Abstract

In all species, geographic range is constrained by a combination of ecological and historical factors. Ecological factors relate to the species' niche, its environmental or biotic limits in multidimensional space, while historical factors pertain to a species' ancestry, specifically the location at which a species evolved. Historical limitations are primary during speciation, while ecological factors control the subsequent expansion and contraction of species range. By assessing biogeographic changes during the lifespan of individual species, we can assess the relationship between paleobiogeography, paleoecology, and macroevolution. Quantitative paleobiogeographic analyses, especially those using GIS-based and phylogenetic methods, provide a framework to rigorously test hypotheses about the relationship between species ranges, biotic turnover, and paleoecology. These new tools provide a way to assess key questions about the co-evolution of life and earth. Changes in biogeographic patterns, reconstructed at the species level, can provide key information for interpreting macroevolutionary dynamics–particularly speciation mode (vicariance vs. dispersal) and speciation rate during key intervals of macroevolutionary change (biodiversity crises, widespread invasion events, and adaptive radiations). Furthermore, species ranges can be reconstructed using ecological niche modeling methods to examine the effects of environmental controls on geographic range shifts. Particularly fruitful areas of investigation in future paleobiogeographic analysis include (1) the relationship between species ranges and speciation events/mode, (2) relationship between shifting ecological regimes and range expansion and contraction, (3) the impact of interbasinal species invasions on both community structure and macroevolutionary dynamics, (4) the mechanics of transitions between endemic to cosmopolitan faunas at local, regional, and global scales, (5) how ecology and geographic range impacts species extinction during both background and crisis intervals.

Three case studies are presented to illustrate both the methods and utility of this theoretical approach of using paleobiogeographic patterns to assess macroevolutionary dynamics. The first case study examines paleobiogeographic patterns in shallow marine invertebrates during the Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis. During this interval, speciation by vicariance declined precipitously and only species exhibiting expanding geographic ranges survived the crisis interval. Patterns of biogeographic change during the Late Ordovician Richmondian invasion (Cincinnati Arch region) reveal similar patterns; speciation rate declines during invasion intervals and widely distributed endemic species are best able to survive in the new invasive regime. Phylogenetic biogeographic patterns during the Miocene radiation of North American horses suggest climatic parameters were important determinants of speciation and dispersal patterns.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Paleontological Society Papers , Volume 14: From Evolution to Geobiology: Research Questions Driving Paleontology at the Start of a New Century , October 2008 , pp. 233 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © by the Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bambach, R. K., Knoll, A. J., and Wang, S. C. 2004. Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity. Paleobiology, 30:522–542.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., and Talent, J. A. 1969. Early Devonian brachiopod zoogeography. Geological Society of America Special Paper 119, 113 p.Google Scholar
Brett, C.E., Hendy, A.J.W., Bartholomew, A.J., Bonelli, J.R. Jr., and McLaughlin, P.I. 2007. Response of shallow marine biotas to sea-level fluctuations: A review of faunal replacement and the process of habitat tracking. Palaios, 22:228–244.Google Scholar
Brooks, D. R., and McLennan, D. A. 1991. Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 434 p.Google Scholar
Brooks, D. R., Vanveller, M. G. P., and McLennan, D. A. 2001. How to do BPA, really. Journal of Biogeography, 28:345–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrasco, M. A., Kraatz, B. P., Davis, E. B., and Barnosky, A. D. 2005. Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP). University of California Museum of Paleontology, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/.Google Scholar
Croizat, L. 1964. Space, time, form: The biological synthesis. Published by author, Caracas, 882 p.Google Scholar
Droser, M. L., Bottjer, D. J., Sheehan, P. M., and McGhee, G. R. Jr. 2000. Decoupling the taxonomic and ecologic severity of Phanerozoic marine mass extinctions. Geology, 28:675–678.Google Scholar
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (ESRI). 2006. ArcGIS 9.2. Red-lands, CA.Google Scholar
Fitch, W. M. 1971. Toward defining the course of evolution. Minimum changes for a specific tree topology. Systematic Zoology, 20:406–416.Google Scholar
Foote, M., Crampton, J. S., Beu, A. G., Marshall, B. A., Cooper, R. A., Maxwell, P. A., Matcham, I. 2007. Rise and fall of species occupancy in Cenozoic mollusks. Science, 318:1131–1134.Google Scholar
Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., and Smith, A. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 589 p.Google Scholar
Hallam, A. 1994. An Outline of Phanerozoic Biogeography, vol.10. Oxford University, Oxford, 246 p.Google Scholar
Hendricks, J. R., Lieberman, B.S., and Stigall, A.L. 2008. Using GIS to study the paleobiogeographic and macroevolutionary patterns in soft-bodied Cambrian arthropods. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 264:163–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S.M., and Patzkowsky, M.E. 1996. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic change in the Middle to Upper Ordovician of the eastern United States, p. 117–130. In Witzke, B., Day, J., Ludvigson, G.A., (eds), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy: Views from the North American Craton. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 306. Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Holland, S. M., and Patzkowsky, M. E. 2007. Gradient ecology of a biotic invasion: Biofacies of the type Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician), Cincinnati, Ohio Region, USA. Palaios, 22:392–407.Google Scholar
Hulbert, R. C. Jr. 1993. Taxonomic evolution in North American Neogene horses (Subfamily Equinae): the rise and fall of an adaptive radiation. Paleobiology, 19 (2):216–234.Google Scholar
Humphries, C. J., and Parenti, L. 1986. Cladistic biogeography. Oxford, Monographs on Biogeography 2, 1–98.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quaternary Biology, 22:415–427.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Raup, D. M. 1995. Selectivity of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions. Science, 268: 389–391.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Klapper, G., and Sandberg, C. A. 1985. Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96:567–587.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, B. S. 2000. Paleobiogeography: Using Fossils to Study Global Change, Plate Tectonics, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic Press/Plenum Publishing, New York, NY, 208 p.Google Scholar
Lieberman, B. S. 2003. Paleobiogeography: The relevance of fossils to biogeography. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 34:51–69.Google Scholar
Lieberman, B. S., and Eldredge, N. 1996. Trilobite biogeography in the Middle Devonian: geological processes and analytical methods. Paleobiology, 22:66–79.Google Scholar
Lomolino, M. V., Riddle, B. R., and Brown, J. H. 2005. Biogeography, 3rd edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachussets, 845 p.Google Scholar
Macfadden, B. J. 1984. Systematics and phytogeny of Hipparion, Neohipparion, Nannippus, and Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Miocene and Pliocene of the New World. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 179:1–196.Google Scholar
Maguire, K. C., and Stigall, A. L. 2008. Paleobiogeography of Miocene Equinae of North America: A phylogenetic biogeographic analysis of the relative roles of climate, vicariance, and dispersal. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.06.014.Google Scholar
Maguire, K. C., and Stigall, A. L. In review. Distribution of fossil horses in the Great Plains during the Miocene and Pliocene: An ecological niche modeling approach. Paleobiology.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York, 334 p.Google Scholar
McGhee, G. R. Jr. 1996. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction: The Frasnian/Famennian Crisis. Columbia University Press, New York, 303 p.Google Scholar
McGhee, G.R. Jr., and Sutton, R.G. 1981. Late Devonian marine ecology and zoogeography of the central Appalachians and New York. Lethaia, 14:27–43.Google Scholar
Nelson, G., and Platnick, N. 1981. Systematics and biogeography: Cladistics and vicariance. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Page, R. D. M. 1988. Quantitative cladistic biogeography: constructing and comparing area cladograms. Systematic Zoology, 37:254–270.Google Scholar
Peterson, A. T., and Vieglais, D. A. 2001. Predicting species invasions using ecological niche modeling: New approaches from bioinformatics attack a pressing problem. BioScience, 51:363–371.Google Scholar
Peterson, A. T., Soberón, J., and Sánchez-Cordero, V. 1999. Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time. Science, 285:1265–1267.Google Scholar
Rode, A. L. 2004. Phylogenetic revision of the Devonian bivalve, Leptodesma (Leiopteria). Yale University Postilla, 229:1–26.Google Scholar
Rode, A. L., and Lieberman, B. S. 2000. Using phylogenetics and GIS to investigate the role in invasive species in the Late Devonian mass extinction. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 2000, Abstracts with programs, 32:368.Google Scholar
Rode, A. L., and Lieberman, B. S. 2002. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of Devonian phyllocarid crustaceans. Journal of Paleontology, 76:271–286.Google Scholar
Rode, A. L., and Lieberman, B. S. 2004. Using GIS to unlock the interactions between biogeography, environment, and evolution in middle and Late Devonian brachiopods and bivalves. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeogeography, 211:345–359.Google Scholar
Rode, A. L., and Lieberman, B. S. 2005. Integrating biogeography and evolution using phylogenetics and PaleoGIS: A case study involving Devonian crustaceans. Journal of Paleontology, 79:267–276.Google Scholar
Ronquist, F. 1997. Dispersal–Vicariance analysis: a new biogeographic approach to the quantification of historical biogeography. Systematic Biology, 46:195–203.Google Scholar
Rosen, B.R., and Smith, A.B. 1988. Tectonics from fossils? Analysis of reef-coral and sea-urchin distributions from late Cretaceous to Recent, using a new method, p. 275–306. In Audley-Charles, M.B. and Hallam, A. (eds.), Gondwana and Tethys. Geological Society Special Publication, no. 37.Google Scholar
Ross, M. I., and Scotese, C. R. 2000. PaleoGIS/Arcview 3.5. PALEOMAP Project, University of Texas, Arlington.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. 1996. Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: a prospective from global data bases, p. 35–51. In Walliser, O. H. (ed.), Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic. Springer, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, G.G. 1951. Horses: The Story of the Horse Family in the Modern World and through Sixty Million Years of History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 247 p.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 2007. An analysis of the history of marine animal diversity. Paleobiology Memoirs, 4:1–55.Google Scholar
Stigall, A. L. 2007. Do invasive species cause extinction?: Comparing invasion events during intervals of Late Ordovician and Late Devonian biotic turnover. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 39:370.Google Scholar
Stigall, A. L. 2008. Integrating GIS and phylogenetic biogeography to assess species-level biogeographic patterns: A case study of Late Devonian faunal dynamics. In Upchurch, P., McGowan, A., and Slater, C., (eds.), Palaeogeography and Palaeobiogeography: Biodiversity in Space and Time. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Stigall, A.L. In review. Speciation decline during the Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis related to species invasions. Nature.Google Scholar
Stigall, A. L., and Lieberman, B. S. 2006. Quantitative Paleobiogeography: GIS, Phylogenetic Biogeographic Analysis, and Conservation Insights. Journal of Biogeography, 33 (12):2051–2060.Google Scholar
Stigall Rode, A. L. 2005a. The application of Geographic Information Systems to paleobiogeography: Implications for the study of invasions and mass extinctions, p. 77–88. In Lieberman, B.S. and Stigall Rode, A.L. (eds.) Paleobiogeography: Generating New Insights into the Coevolution of the Earth and Its Biota. The Paleontological Society Papers, Volume 11.Google Scholar
Stigall Rode, A. L. 2005b. Systematic revision of the Devonian brachiopods Schizophoria (Schizophoria) and “Schuchertella” from North America. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3(2): 133–167.Google Scholar
Stigall Rode, A. L., and Lieberman, B. S. 2005. Using environmental niche modelling to study the Late Devonian biodiversity crisis, p. 93–180. In Over, D. J., Morrow, J. R., and Wignall, P.B. (eds.), Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events: Towards an Integrated Approach. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Stockwell, D., and Peters, D. 1999. The GARP modelling system: problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 13:143–158.Google Scholar
Upchurch, P., McGowan, A., and Slater, C., (eds.). 2008. Palaeogeography and Palaeobiogeography: Biodiversity in Space and Time. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Van Geldern, R., Alvarez, F., Day, J., Jansen, U., Joachimski, M. M., Ma, X. P., Yolkin, E. A. 2006. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope records of Devonian brachiopod shell calcite. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 240: 47–67.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. 1987. Ecology in relation to speciation rates: some case histories of Miocene- Recent mammal clades. Evolutionary Ecology, 1:283–300.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. 1992. Mammals as key to evolutionary theory. Journal of Mammalogy, 73:1–28.Google Scholar
Webb, S.D., 1983. The rise and fall of the Late Miocene ungulate fauna in North America. In Nitecki, M.H. (Ed.), Coevolution. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 267–306.Google Scholar
Wiley, E. O., and Mayden, R. L. 1985. Species and speciation in phylogenetic systematics, with examples from North American fish fauna. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 72:596–635.Google Scholar
Wojcicki, M., and Brooks, D. R. 2005. PACT: an efficient and powerful algorithm for generating area cladograms. Journal of Biogeography, 32:755–774.Google Scholar