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⁸¹ Focusing on Graunt's use of averages, Buchwald and Feingold (Newton, 44–106) downplay the significance of political arithmetic; but however flawed, Graunt's use of “doubling periods” to estimate of global population increase represented a new application of empirical methodology to history.

⁸² William Petty, “The Scale of Creatures,” Osborn Shelves MS fb.135, document 3, f. 8v, Beinecke Library. See Lewis, Rhodri, ed., William Petty and the Order of Nature: An Unpublished Manuscript Treatise (Tempe, 2012)Google Scholar; McCormick, William Petty, 224–30.

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⁸⁴ Petty, Essays, 25.

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⁹⁰ Livingstone, Adam's Ancestors, 53–54; Egerton, “Longevity.”

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¹⁴⁵ Ibid., 13.

¹⁴⁶ Ibid., 236–41.

¹⁴⁷ Ibid., 1.

¹⁴⁸ Ibid., 249–57.

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