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Tensor geometry in the turbulent cascade

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2017

Joseph G. Ballouz  and
Nicholas T. Ouellette Open the ORCID record for Nicholas T. Ouellette [Opens in a new window]
Joseph G. Ballouz
Affiliation:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Nicholas T. Ouellette*
Affiliation:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: nto@stanford.edu
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Abstract

The defining characteristic of highly turbulent flows is the net directed transport of energy from the injection scales to the dissipation scales. This cascade is typically described in Fourier space, obscuring its connection to the mechanics of the flow. Here, we recast the energy cascade in mechanical terms, noting that for some scales to transfer energy to others, they must do mechanical work on them. This work can be expressed as the inner product of a turbulent stress and a rate of strain. But, as with all inner products, the relative alignment of these two tensors matters, and determines how strong the energy transfer will be. We show that this tensor alignment behaves very differently in two and three dimensions; in particular, the tensor eigenvalues affect the inner product in very different ways. By comparing the observed energy flux to the maximum possible if the tensors were in perfect alignment, we define an efficiency for the energy cascade. Using data from a direct numerical simulation of isotropic turbulence, we show that this efficiency is perhaps surprisingly low, with an average value of approximately 25 % in the inertial range, although it is spatially heterogeneous. Our results have implications for how the stress and strain-rate magnitudes influence the flux of energy between scales, and may help to explain why the energy cascades in two and three dimensions are different.

JFM classification

Turbulent Flows: Turbulence theory Turbulent Flows: Turbulent Flows
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 835 , 25 January 2018 , pp. 1048 - 1064
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Copyright
© 2017 Cambridge University Press 

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