Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T07:01:01.326Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

State Secularization and Religious Resurgence: Diverging Fates of Secularism in Turkey and Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 September 2013

Birol Baskan
Birol Baskan*
Affiliation:
Georgetown University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Birol Baskan, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, (Street mailing address here). E-mail-bb389@georgetown.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The recent Arab revolutions/rebellions/protests have raised once again an old question: what features should the Arab political systems ideally have? Inescapably, perhaps, the case of Turkey frequently appears as a model to be emulated in the Arab world. A variety of actors, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama, from Rashid Ganouchi to Hillary Clinton has in fact viewed Turkey in that role. Even though, many intellectuals and academics usually raise doubts about the suitability of Turkish model for the Arab world (see, for example, Mamedov and Makarov 2011), it may still prove fruitful to consider the case of Turkey more seriously.

Type
Articles
Information
Politics and Religion , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , March 2014 , pp. 28 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahmad, Feroz. 1981. “Military Intervention and the Crisis in Turkey.” Middle East Research and Information Project Reports 93:5–24.Google Scholar
Akhavi, Shahrough. 1980. Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran: Clergy-State Relations in the Pahlavi Period. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. 1983. The Roots of Islamic Revolution. London: The Open Press.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. 1990. “Borujerdi, Ayatollah Hajj Aqa Hosayn Tabatabai (English translation here).” In Encyclopaedia Iranica IV (English translation here), ed. Ehsan, Yarshater. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. 1991. “Religious Forces in the Twentieth Century Iran.” In The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. Gavin, Hambly, Avery, Peter, Fisher, William B., and Melville, Charles V.. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. 2003. “Haeri, Shaikh Abd al-Karim Yazdi (English translation here).” Encyclopaedia Iranica XI (English translation here), ed. Ehsan, Yarshater. New York, NY: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.Google Scholar
Ashraf, Ahmad, and Banuazizi, Ali. 1985. “The State, Classes, and Modes of Mobilization in the Iranian Revolution.” State, Culture and Society 1:3–40.Google Scholar
Atasoy, Yildiz. 2009. Islam's Marriage with Neoliberalism. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayata, Sencer. 1996. “Patronage, Party and State: The Politicization of Islam in Turkey.” Middle East Journal 50:40–56.Google Scholar
Banani, Amin. 1961. The Modernization of Iran 1921–1941. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Baskan, Birol. 2010. “What Made Ataturk Reforms Possible?” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 21:143–156.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asaf. 2007. Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkes, Niyazi. 1964. The Development of Secularism in Turkey. Montreal: McGill University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bora, Tanil. 1998. Turk Saginin Uc Hali (English translation here). Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2010. “Unrequited Moderation: Credible Commitments and State Repression in Egypt.” Studies in Comparative International Development 45:468–489 Google Scholar
Bugra, Ayse. 1994. State and Business in Modern Turkey. Albany, NY: State University of New York.Google Scholar
Casanova, Jose. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cizre, Umit. ed. 2007. Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey: The Making of the Justice and Development Party. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clark, Janine A. 2006. “The Conditions of Islamist Moderation: Unpacking Cross-Ideological Cooperation in Jordan.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 38:539–560.Google Scholar
El Ghobashy, Mona. 2005. “The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37:373–395.Google Scholar
Esposito, John. 1998. Islam and Politics. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L., and Voll, John O.. 1996. Islam and Democracy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Faghfoory, Mohammed H. 1978. The Role of the Ulama in Twentieth Century Iran with Particular Reference to Ayatullah Haj Sayyid Abul-Qasim Kashani. Doctoral Diss. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin–Madison.Google Scholar
Fischer, Michael M. 1980. Iran: from Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gole, Nilufer. 1997. The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Gole, Nilufer. 2000. “Snapshots of Islamic Modernities.” Daedalus 129:91–117.Google Scholar
Gorski, Philip. 2000. “Historicizing the Secularization Debate: Church, State, and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, CA. 1300 to 1700.” American Sociological Review 65:138–167.Google Scholar
Haddad, Yvonne Y., Voll, John O., and Esposito, John L.. 1991. The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Hashemi, Nader. 2009. Islam, Secularism and Liberal Democracy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heffner, Robert W. 2000. Civil Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1996. The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991. New York, NY: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Juergensmeyer, Mark. 1993. The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karasipahi, Sena. 2009. “Comparing Islamic Resurgence Movements in Turkey and Iran.” The Middle East Journal 63:87–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katouzian, Homa. 1981. The Political Economy of Modern Iran. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira, and Jones, Gareth S.. eds. 2010. Religion and the Political Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 1994. The Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World, translated by Braley, A. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 2002. Jihad the Political Trial of Political Islam, translated by Roberts, A.F. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Keyder, Caglar. 1989. State and Class in Turkey. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Kılıç, Rüya. 2009. Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete Sufi Geleneğin Taşıyıcıları. İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları.Google Scholar
Kisakurek, Necip Fazil. 2005. Son Devrin Din Mazlumlari (English translation here). Istanbul: Buyuk Dogu.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2003. “The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978.” Social Science History 27:287–325.Google Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet. 2009. Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France and Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. 1968. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mamedov, Eldar, and Makarov, Victor. 2011. “Turkish Model for the Arab World? Think Twice.” Turkish Policy Quarterly 10:43–47.Google Scholar
Manaz, Abdullah. 2003 Dunyada ve Turkiye'de Siyasal Islamcilik (English translation here) Ankara: Ayrac Yayinevi.Google Scholar
Martin, Vanessa. 2000. Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran. London: I.B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moin, Baqer. 1999. Khomeini Life of the Ayatollah. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Moussavi, Ahmed K. 1994. “The Institutionalization of Marja'-i Taqlid in the Nineteenth Century Shi'ite Community.” The Muslim World 83:279–299.Google Scholar
Moussavi, Ahmed K. 1985. “The Establishment of the Position of Marja'iyat-i Taqlid in the Twelver-Shi'i Community.” Iranian Studies 18:35–51.Google Scholar
Moussavi Ahmed, K. 2003. “Golpayagani, Ayotallah Seyyed Mohammad-Reza,” Encyclopaedia Iranica XI, ed. Ehsan, Yarshater. New York, NY: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. 2004. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pamuk, Sevket. 1981. “Political Economy of Industrialization in Turkey.” Middle East Research and Information Project Reports 931:5–24.Google Scholar
Parsa, Misagh. 1989. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Pasha, Mustafa Kemal. 2004. “Religious Resurgence in South Asia.” In Gods, Guns & Globalization, ed. Tetreault, Mary Ann, and Denemark, Robert A.. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Richards, Alan, and Waterbury, John. 1996. A Political Economy of the Middle East. Bouolder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Rizk, Huda. 2011. “The Arab World's Islamists: Turkish Islam as a Model.” Alakhbar English http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/arab-world/s-islamists-turkish-islam-model (Accessed on September 11, 2011).Google Scholar
Sahiner, Necmettin. 1978. Son Sahitler, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi'yi Anlatiyor (English translation here). Istanbul: Yeni Asya Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Sakallioglu, Umit Cizre. 1996. “Parameters and Strategies of Islam-State Interaction in Republican Turkey.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 28:231–251.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, Kalim. 1983. “A New Phase in the Islamic Movement.” In The Roots of the Islamic Revolution, ed. Algar, Hamid. London: The Open Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Donald Eugene. 1970. Religion and Political Development. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Stark, Rodney, and Finke, Roger. 2000. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Swatos, William H., and Olson, Daniel A.. 2000. The Secularization Debate. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2006. Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tezcür, Güneş M. 2010. Muslim Reformers in Iran and Turkey: The Paradox of Moderation. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Tschannen, Olivier. 1991. “The Secularization Paradigm: A Systematization.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30:395–415.Google Scholar
Tugal, Cihan. 2009. Passive Revolution: Absorbing the Islamic Challenge to Capitalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Turam, Berna. 2007. Between Islam and the State: The politics of Engagement. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
White, Jenny. 2002. Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Wickham, Carrie R. 2003. Mobilizing Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Utvik, Bjorn Olav. 2003. “The Modernizing Face of Islam.” In Modernizing Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere in Europe and the Middle East, eds. Esposito, John, and Boyat, Francois. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Yesilada, Birol, and Fisunoglu, Mahir. 1992. “Assessing the January 24, 1980 Economic Stabilization Program in Turkey.” In The Politics of Economic Reform in the Middle East, ed. Barkey, Henry J. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Yildirim, Suat, et al. 2002. Sahabeden Gunumuze Allah Dostlari, v.9–10 (English translation here). Istanbul: Sule Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Vakkasoglu, Vehbi. 1987. Osmanli'dan Cumhuriyete Din Alimleri (English translation here). Istanbul: Cihan Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Yavuz, Hakan. 2005. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yavuz, Hakan. 2009. Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar