Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T23:09:57.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Storage Conditions and Physical Treatments Relating to the Dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

Niccolo Caldararo*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132 USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The Dead Sea Scrolls have been analyzed by paleographic, non-destructive and destructive testing. The dates of their creation have been in dispute since their discovery. Research has established their authenticity, but a variety of conditions including the methods of skin preparation, variation in storage conditions and post-discovery restoration treatments could have introduced changes now affecting dating efforts. Comprehensive analyses were not possible until recently. Such analysis must be performed to establish a concrete framework for all the texts.

Professor R. B. Blake told a story in response to a question of why so little remained of writing on leather. He said that on one of his expeditions to Asia Minor, one of his native servants exhibited proudly some chamois trousers of his own manufacture, upon which Professor Blake detected with sorrow, traces of medieval writing (Reed 1972).

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The American Journal of Science 

References

Allegro, J. M. 1965 The Shapira Affair. Garden City, New York, Doubleday: 139 P.Google Scholar
Araldite as an aid to archaeology1965 Ciba Technical Notes 218.Google Scholar
Baillet, M., Milik, J. T., and De Vaux, R. 1962 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Vol. 3. Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Baker, W. 1962 Notes on the opening of the Copper Scrolls from Qumran. in Baillet, M., Milik, J. T., and De Vaux, R., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Vol. 3. Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 203210.Google Scholar
Barthelemy, D. and Milik, J. T. 1955 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Vol. 1. Qumran Cave 1. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 165 P.Google Scholar
Benoit, P., Milik, J. T. and de Vaux, R. 1961 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Vol. 2. Qumran - Les Grottes de Murraba'at. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Benoit, P., et al. 1956 Editing the manuscript fragments from Qumran. The Biblical Archaeologist 19(4): 7596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonani, G., Ivy, S., Wölfli, W., Broshi, M., Carmi, I. and Strugnell, J. 1992 Radiocarbon dating of fourteen Dead Sea Scrolls. in Long, A. and Kra, R. S., Proceedings of the 14th International 14C Conference. Radiocarbon 34(3): 843849.Google Scholar
Bruce, F. F. 1950 Recent discoveries in biblical manuscripts. Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute 82: 131149.Google Scholar
Burton, D., Poole, J. B., and Reed, R. 1959 A new approach to the dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Nature 164: 533534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldararo, N. L. 1984-1985 A note on the archaeological report. North American Archaeologist 6(1): 6380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldararo, N. L. 1987 An outline history of conservation in archaeology and anthropology as presented through its publications. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 26(2): 85104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldararo, N. L. 1992 Tribal art: Authentication and “fakes”. Antiques West (February): 2, 6, 32.Google Scholar
Caldararo, N. L. and Sheldon, R. A. 1992 The discovery of hidden drawings by backing removal: Three examples including a Charles Keene drawing. Restaurator 13(1): 122.Google Scholar
Cross, F. M. 1954 The manuscripts of the Dead Sea Caves. The Biblical Archaeologist 17(1): 221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, F. M. 1958 The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies. Garden City, New York, Doubleday: 196 P.Google Scholar
Davies, P. R. 1988 How not to do archaeology. Biblical Archaeology 51: 203207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Medico, H. E. 1958 The Riddle of the Scrolls. London, Burke: 432 P.Google Scholar
de Vaux, R. 1913 Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Revised ed. London, Oxford University Press: 142 P.Google Scholar
de Vaux, R. 1963 Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Reply to Teicher). Antiquity 37: 2530.Google Scholar
Driver, G. R., ed. 1959 Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B.C. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 106 P.Google Scholar
Driver, G. R., ed. 1965 The Judaean Scrolls: The Problem and a Solution. Oxford, Basil Blackwell: 624 P.Google Scholar
Derrick, M. 1991 Evaluation of the state of degradation of Dead Sea Scroll samples using FT-IR Spectroscopy. The Book and Paper Group Annual 10: 4965.Google Scholar
Dreibholz, U. 1983 A treasure of early Islamic manuscripts on parchment, significance of the find and its conservation treatment. Preprints to the 1983 Meeting, American Institute for Conservation, Washington, D.C.: 3038.Google Scholar
Feller, R. L. and Encke, D. B. 1982 Stages in deterioration: The examples of rubber cement and transparent mending tape. in Brommelle, N. S. and Thomson, G., eds., Science and Technology in the Service of Conservation. London, International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works: 1923.Google Scholar
Frank, H. T. 1992 Discovering the Scrolls. in Shanks, H., ed. Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, Random House: 319.Google Scholar
Gibbon, E. 1932 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, New York, Modern Library.Google Scholar
Gove, H. E. 1987 Turin workshop on radiocarbon dating the Turin shroud. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 29: 193195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gove, H. E. 1990 Dating the Turin shroud - an assessment. Radiocarbon 32(1): 8792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, L. 1948/9 The Dead Sea Scrolls. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 81: 112116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, E. F., Lee, S. N. and Sobel, H. 1991 The effects of relative humidity on some physical properties of modern vellum: Implications for the optimum relative humidity for the display and storage of parchment. The Book and Paper Annual 10: 84108.Google Scholar
Horie, C. V. 1990 Deterioration of skin in museum collections. Polymer Degradation and Stability 29: 109133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonas, H. 1963 The Gnostic Religion. 2nd ed. Boston, Beacon Press: 358 P.Google Scholar
Jull, A. J. T., Donahue, D. J., Broshi, M. and Tov, E. 1995 Radiocarbon dating of scrolls and linen fragments from the Judean Desert. Radiocarbon, this issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahle, P. E. 1959 The Cairo Geniza. 2nd ed. Oxford, Basil Blackwell: 370 P.Google Scholar
Kahle, T. B. and Caldararo, N. L. 1986 State of preservation of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Nature 321: 121122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurz, O. 1948 Fakes: A Handbook for Collectors and Students. London, Faber & Faber: 328 P.Google Scholar
Lapp, P. W. 1978 Bedouin find papyri three centuries older than Dead Sea Scrolls. The Biblical Archaeology Review 3(1): 1624.Google Scholar
Libby, W. F. Radiocarbon Dating. 2nd ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 175 P.Google Scholar
McCarter, P. K. Jr. 1992 The mystery of the Copper Scroll. in Shanks, H., ed., Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, Random House: 227244.Google Scholar
Milik, J. T. 1959 Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judea. London, SCM Press: 160 P.Google Scholar
Milik, J. T., de Vaux, R. and Baker, H. W. 1962 Le rouleau de cuivre provenant de la grotte 3Q (3Q15). in Baillet, M., Mailik, J. T., and De Vaux, R. 1962 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan. Vol. 3. Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 203210.Google Scholar
Minns, E. H. 1915 Parchments of the Parthian Period from Avroman in Kurdistan. Journal of Hellenic Studies 35: 2265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedley, K. G. 1964 The Library at Qumran. Berkeley, California, Peacock Press: 23 P.Google Scholar
Plenderleith, H. J. 1955 Technical note on unwrapping of Dead Sea Scroll fragments. in Barthelemy, D. and Milik, J. T., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Vol. 1. Qumran Cave 1. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 3940.Google Scholar
Poole, J. B. and Reed, R. 1962 The preparation of leather and parchment by the Dead Sea Scrolls community. Technology and Culture 3: 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinovich, A. 1994 Inside the Israel Antiquities Authority. Biblical Archaeology Review 20(2): 4045.Google Scholar
Rebricova, N. I. and Solovyova, N. 1987 Electron microscopic and biochemical investigation of parchment. ICOM Committee for Conservation Meeting Preprints: 11971200.Google Scholar
Reed, R. 1972 Ancient Skins, Parchments and Leathers, London, Seminar Press: 331 P.Google Scholar
Reed, R. 1975 The Nature and Making of Parchment. London, The Elmete Press: 96 P.Google Scholar
Reed, R. and Poole, J. B. 1962 A study of some Dead Sea Scroll and leather fragments from Cave 4 at Qumran: Physical examination. Proceedings of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society 9(1): 113.Google Scholar
Reed, R. and Poole, J. B. 1964 A study of some Dead Sea Scroll and leather fragments from Cave 4 at Qumran: Chemical examination. Proceedings of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society 9(6): 171182.Google Scholar
Reed, S. A. 1991 Survey of the Dead Sea Scrolls fragments and photographs at the Rockefeller Museum. Biblical Archaeologist 54(March): 4451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodley, G. A. 1993 An assessment of the radiocarbon dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Radiocarbon 35(2): 335338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryder, M. L. 1958 Follicle arrangement in skin from wild sheep, primitive domestic sheep and in parchment. Nature 182: 781783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryder, M. L. 1963 Remains derived from skin. in Brothwell, D. and Higgs, E., eds., Science in Archaeology. London, Thames & Hudson: 529544.Google Scholar
Sanders, J. A. 1965 The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa). Oxford, Clarendon Press: 99 P.Google Scholar
Schilling, M. R. and Ginell, W. S. 1993 The effects of relative humidity changes on Dead Sea Scrolls parchment samples. Preprints, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington, D.C.: 5056.Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H. 1992 The Sadducean origins of the Dead Sea Scroll sect. in Shanks, H., ed., Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, Random House: 3549.Google Scholar
Scott, A. 1927 Addendum to “Mathematical leather roll in the British Museum” by Glanville, S. R. K.. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 13: 238239.Google Scholar
Shanks, H. 1992 Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, Random House: 336 P.Google Scholar
Stambolov, T. 1969 Manufacture, Deterioration and Preservation of Leather. Amsterdam, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science: 98 P.Google Scholar
Stegemann, H. 1992 How to connect Dead Sea Scroll fragments. in Shanks, H., ed., Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, Random House: 245255. [A longer version appears in Schiffman, L. H., ed., Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Sheffield, JSOT Press, 1991: 296 p.]Google Scholar
Sukenik, E. L. 1954 The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew University. Jerusalem, Magnus Press: 59 P.Google Scholar
Teicher, J. L. 1963 Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Antiquity 37: 2530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unrolling the past1956 Chemical and Engineering News, September 3: 42544259.Google Scholar
Wachter, O. 1962a Uberlegungen zum thema “Pergament-restaurierung”. Einbandung Grafik-Pflege 75(5): 344348.Google Scholar
Wachter, O. 1962b The restoration of the “Vienna Dioscorides”. Studies in Conservation 7(1): 2226.Google Scholar
Wachter, O. 1981-1982 Diagnosis and therapy in parchment and miniature restoration. Restaurator 5(1-2): 135150.Google Scholar
Weiner, S., Kustanovich, Z., Gil-Av, E., Traub, W. 1980 Dead Sea Scroll parchments: Unfolding of the collagen molecules and racemization of aspartic acid. Nature 287: 820823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilford, J. N. 1993 Space-age techniques find new meaning in Dead Sea Scroll. New York Times, November 23: B56.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. 1969 The Dead Sea Scrolls, 1947-1969. New York, Oxford University Press: 320 P.Google Scholar
Yadin, Y. 1992 The Finds from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society: 279 P.Google Scholar
Yadin, Y. 1992 The Temple Scroll - the longest Dead Sea Scroll. in Shanks, H., ed., Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, Random House: 87112.Google Scholar