Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-p566r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T08:48:37.233Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A loess–paleosol record of climate and glacial history over the past two glacial–interglacial cycles (~ 150 ka), southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kenneth L. Pierce*
Affiliation:
US Geological Survey, 2327 University Way, Box 2, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
Daniel R. Muhs
Affiliation:
US Geological Survey, MS 980, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Maynard A. Fosberg
Affiliation:
Soil and Land Resources Division, Box 442339, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA
Shannon A. Mahan
Affiliation:
US Geological Survey, MS 974, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Joseph G. Rosenbaum
Affiliation:
US Geological Survey, MS 980, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Joseph M. Licciardi
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
Milan J. Pavich
Affiliation:
US Geological Survey, 955 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA
*
Corresponding author. Fax: + 1 406 994 6556. E-mail address:kpierce@usgs.gov (K.L. Pierce).

Abstract

Loess accumulated on a Bull Lake outwash terrace of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6 (MIS 6) age in southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The 9 m section displays eight intervals of loess deposition (Loess 1 to Loess 8, oldest), each followed by soil development. Our age-depth model is constrained by thermoluminescence, meteoric 10Be accumulation in soils, and cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure ages. We use particle size, geochemical, mineral-magnetic, and clay mineralogical data to interpret loess sources and pedogenesis. Deposition of MIS 6 loess was followed by a tripartite soil/thin loess complex (Soils 8, 7, and 6) apparently reflecting the large climatic oscillations of MIS 5. Soil 8 (MIS 5e) shows the strongest development. Loess 5 accumulated during a glacial interval (~ 76–69 ka; MIS 4) followed by soil development under conditions wetter and probably colder than present. Deposition of thick Loess 3 (~ 43–51 ka, MIS 3) was followed by soil development comparable with that observed in Soil 1. Loess 1 (MIS 2) accumulated during the Pinedale glaciation and was followed by development of Soil 1 under a semiarid climate. This record of alternating loess deposition and soil development is compatible with the history of Yellowstone vegetation and the glacial flour record from the Sierra Nevada.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, M.J. Thermoluminescence Dating. (1985). Academic Press, London. 359 pp.Google Scholar
Aleinikoff, J.N., Muhs, D.R., Sauer, R., and Fanning, C.M. Late Quaternary loess in northeastern Colorado, Part II—Pb isotopic evidence for the variability of loess sources. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, (1999). 18761883.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aleinikoff, J.N., Muhs, D.R., Bettis, E.A. III, Johnson, W.C., Fanning, C.M., and Benton, R. Isotopic evidence for the diversity of late Quaternary loess in Nebraska: glaciogenic and non-glaciogenic sources. Geological Society of America Bulletin 120, (2008). 13621377.Google Scholar
Baker, R.G. Sangamonian (?) and Wisconsinan paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park. Geological Society of America Bulletin 97, (1986). 717736.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balco, G., Stone, J.O., Lifton, N.A., and Dunai, T.J. A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements. Quaternary Geochronology 3, (2008). 174195.Google Scholar
Berger, G.W. Dating Quaternary events by luminescence. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 227, (1988). 1350.Google Scholar
Bettis, E.A. III, Muhs, D.R., Roberts, H.M., and Wintle, A.G. Last glacial loess in the conterminous U.S.A.. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, (2003). 19071946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkeland, P.W. Soils and Geomorphology. (1999). Oxford University Press, New York. 423 pp.Google Scholar
Bischoff, J.L., and Cummins, K. Wisconsin glaciation of the Sierra Nevada (79,000–15,000 yr BP) as recorded by rock flour in sediments of Owens Lake, California. Quaternary Research 55, (2001). 1424.Google Scholar
Blackwelder, Eliot, (1915). Post Cretaceous history of the mountains of central western Wyoming. Journal of Geology 23, no. 4, 97117., 193217., 307340.Google Scholar
Briner, J.P., Kaufman, D.S., Manley, W.R., Finkel, R.C., and Caffee, M.W. Cosmogenic exposure dating of late Pleistocene moraine stabilization in Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, (2005). 11081120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busacca, A.J., Begét, J.E., Markewich, H.W., Muhs, D.R., Lancaster, N., and Sweeney, M.R. Eolian Sediments. Gillespie, A.R., Porter, S.C., and Atwater, B.F. The Quaternary Period in the United States. (2004). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 275309.Google Scholar
Chadwick, O.A., Hall, R.D., and Phillips, F.M. Pleistocene glaciations in the Rocky Mountains: Bull Lake revisited. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, (1997). 14431452.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, R.L. The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 729 G. (2001). 145 pp.Google Scholar
Colman, S.M., and Pierce, K.L. Weathering Rinds on Andesitic and Basaltic Stones as a Quaternary age Indicator, Western United States. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1210. (1981). 56 pp.Google Scholar
Colman, S.M., and Pierce, K.L. The glacial sequence near McCall, Idaho—weathering rinds, soil development, morphology, and other relative-age criteria. Quaternary Research 25, (1986). 2542.Google Scholar
Colman, S.M., and Pierce, K.L. Varied Records of Early Wisconsin Alpine Glaciation in the Western United States Derived from Weathering-Rind Thicknesses. Clark, P.U., and Lea, P.D. The Last Interglacial–glacial Transition in North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper 270, (1992). 269278.Google Scholar
Curry, B.B., and Pavich, M.J. Absence of glaciation in Illinois during marine isotope stages 3 and 5. Quaternary Research 46, (1996). 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dechert, T.V., McDaniel, P.A., Pierce, K.L., Falen, A.L., and Fosberg, M.A. Late Quaternary Stratigraphy, Idaho National Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. Idaho Geological Survey Technical Report 06–1. (2006). 17 pp.Google Scholar
Despain, Don G. Yellowstone Vegetation — Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting. (1990). Roberts Rinehart, Boulder, Colo.. 239 ppGoogle Scholar
Duller, G.A.T. Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments: recent advances. Journal of Quaternary Science 19, (2004). 183192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlop, D., and Özdemir, Ö. Rock Magnetism — Fundamentals and Frontiers. (1997). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 573 ppGoogle Scholar
Fairbanks, R.G., Mortlock, R.A., Chiu, T.C., Cao, Li, Kaplan, A., Guilderson, T.P., Fairbanks, T.W., Bloom, A.L., Grootes, P.M., and Nadeau, M.J. Radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 0 to 50,000 years BP based on paired 230Th/234U/228U and 14C dates on pristine corals. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, (2005). 17811796.Google Scholar
Farnes, P.E. Summary of Soil Moisture Measurements for Montana, 1949–1978. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. (1978). 113 pp.Google Scholar
Feeley, T.C. Origin and tectonic implications of across-strike geochemical variations in the Eocene Absaroka volcanic province, United States. Journal of Geology 111, (2003). 329346.Google Scholar
Forman, S.L., Smith, R.P., Hackett, W.R., Tullis, J.A., and McDaniel, P.A. Timing of late Quaternary Glaciations in the western United States based on the age of loess on the Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. Quaternary Research 40, (1993). 3037.Google Scholar
Frechen, M. Upper Pleistocene loess stratigraphy in southern Germany. Quaternary Geochronology (Quaternary Science Reviews) 18, (1999). 243269.Google Scholar
Frechen, M., Horvath, E., and Gabris, G. Geochronology of Middle and Upper Pleistocene loess sections in Hungary. Quaternary Research 48, (1997). 291312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frechen, M., Zander, A., Cilek, V., and Lozek, V. Loess chronology of the last interglacial/glacial cycle in Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, (1999). 4671493.Google Scholar
Frechen, M., van Vliet-Lanoe, Brigitte, and van den Haute, Peter The Upper Pleistocene loess record at Harmingnies/Belgium—high resolution terrestrial archive of climate forcing. Palaeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 173, (2001). 175195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallet, S., Jahn, B., and Torii, M. Geochemical characterization of the Luochuan loess–paleosol sequence, China, and paleoclimatic implications. Chemical Geology 133, (1996). 6788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallet, S., Jahn, B., Van Vliet-Lanoe, B., Dia, A., and Rossello, E.A. Loess geochemistry and its implications for particle origin and composition of the upper continental crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 156, (1998). 157172.Google Scholar
Gillespie, A.R., and Molnar, P. Asynchronous maximum advances of mountain and continental glaciers. Reviews in Geophysics 33, (1995). 311364.Google Scholar
Glenn, W.R., Nettleton, W.D., Fowkes, C.J., and Daniels, D.M. Loessial deposits and soils of the Snake and tributary river valleys of Wyoming and eastern Idaho. Soil Science Society of America Journal 47, (1983). 547552.Google Scholar
Gosse, J.C., Klein, J., Evenson, E.B., Lawn, B., and Middleton, R. Beryllium-10 dating of the duration and retreat of the last Pinedale glacial sequence. Science 268, (1995). 13291333.Google Scholar
Graham, I.J., Ditchburn, R.G., and Whitehead, N.E. Be isotope analysis of a 0–500 ka loess–paleosol sequence from Rangitatau East, New Zealand. Quaternary International 76, 77 (2001). 2942.Google Scholar
Grimley, D.A. Glacial and nonglacial sediment contributions to Wisconsin Episode loess in the central United States. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, (2000). 14751495.Google Scholar
Hironaka, M., Fosberg, M.A., and Winward, A.H. Sagebrush–grass Habitat Types of Southern Idaho. University of Idaho Forestry and Range Experiment Station Bulletin. (1983). 44, 44 pp.Google Scholar
Izett, G.A., and Wilcox, R.E. Map Showing Localities and Inferred Distributions of the Huckleberry Ridge, Mesa Falls, and Lava Creek Ash Beds (Pearlette Family Ash Beds) of Pliocene Age in the Western United States and Southern Canada. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1325. (1982). Google Scholar
Kaplan, M.R., Douglass, D.C., Singer, B.S., Ackert, R.P.J., and Caffee, M.W. Cosmogenic nuclide chronology of pre-last glacial maximum moraines at Lago Buenos Aires, 46S, Argentina. Quaternary Research 63, (2005). 301315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamphere, M.A., Champion, D.E., Christiansen, R.L., Izett, G.A., and Obradovich, J.D. Revised ages for tuffs of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field: assignment of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff to a new geomagnetic polarity event. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, (2002). 559568.Google Scholar
Lewis, G.C., and Fosberg, M.A. Distribution and Character of Loess and Loess Soils in Southeastern Idaho. Bonnichsen, Bill, and Breckenridge, R.M. Cenozoic Geology of Idaho. Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 26, (1982). 705716.Google Scholar
Licciardi, J.M., and Pierce, K.L. Cosmogenic exposure-age chronologies of Pinedale and Bull Lake glaciations in greater Yellowstone and the Teton Range, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, (2008). 814831.Google Scholar
Licciardi, J.M., Clark, P.U., Brook, E.J., Pierce, K.L., Kurz, M.D., Elmore, D., and Sharma, P. Cosmogenic 3He and 10Be chronologies of the northern outlet glacier of the Yellowstone ice cap, Montana, USA. Quaternary Research 29, (2001). 10951098.Google Scholar
Link, P.K., Fanning, C.M., and Beranek, L.P. Reliability and longitudinal change of detrital-zircon age spectra in the Snake River system, Idaho and Wyoming: an example of reproducing the bumpy barcode. Sedimentary Geology 182, (2005). 101142.Google Scholar
Love, J.D., Reed, J.C. Jr, and Christiansen, A.C., (1992). Geologic Map of Grand Teton National Park. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2031, scale 1:62,500.Google Scholar
Love, J.D., Reed, J.C. Jr., and Pierce, K.L. Creation of the Teton Landscape, a Geological Chronicle of Jackson Hole and the Teton Range. Grand Teton Natural History Association, Moose, Wyoming. (2007). 132 pp.Google Scholar
Maat, P.B., and Johnson, W.C. Thermoluminescence and new 14C age estimates for late Quaternary loesses in southwestern Nebraska. Geomorphology 17, (1996). 115128.Google Scholar
Maejima, Y., Matsuzaki, H., and Higashi, T. Application of cosmogenic 10Be to dating soils on the raised coral reef terraces of Kikai Island, southwest Japan. Geoderma 126, (2005). 388399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markewich, H.W., Wysocki, D.A., Pavich, M.J., Rutledge, E.M., Millard, H.T. Jr., Rich, F.J., Maat, P.B., Rubin, M., and McGeehin, J.P. Paleopedology plus TL, 10Be, and 14C dating as tools in stratigraphic and paleoclimatic investigations, Mississippi River Valley, U.S.A. Quaternary International 51/52, (1998). 143167.Google Scholar
Markewich, H.W., Wysocki, D.A., Pavich, M.J., and Rutledge, E.M. Age, genesis and paleoclimate interpretation of the Sangamon/Loveland complex in the upper and middle Lower Mississippi Valley, U.S.A.. Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, (2011). 2139.Google Scholar
Martinson, D.G., Pisias, G., Hays, J.D., Imbrie, John, Moore, T.C., and Shackleton, N.J. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 27, (1987). 129.Google Scholar
McGeehin, J., Burr, G.S., Jull, A.J.T., Reines, D., Gosse, J., Davis, P.T., Muhs, D., and Southon, J.R. Stepped-combustion 14C dating of sediment. A comparison with established techniques. Radiocarbon 43, (2001). 255261.Google Scholar
Millard, H.T., and Maat, P.B. Thermoluminescence Dating Procedures in Use at the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94–249. (1994). 112 ppGoogle Scholar
Muhs, D.R., and Benedict, J.B. Eolian additions to late Quaternary alpine soils, Indian Peaks Wilderness Area, Colorado Front Range. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38, (2006). 120130.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Bettis, E.A. III Quaternary Loess–paleosol Sequences as Examples of Climate-driven Sedimentary Extremes. Chan, M.A., and Archer, A.W. Extreme Depositional Environments—Mega End Members in Geologic Time. Geological Society of America Special Paper 370, (2003). 5374.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., and Budahn, J.R. Geochemical evidence for the origin of late Quaternary loess in central Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, (2006). 323337.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Bettis, E.A. III, Been, J., and McGeehin, J. Impact of climate and parent material on chemical weathering in loess-derived soils of the Mississippi River Valley. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, (2001). 17611777.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.A., Ager, T.A., Bettis, E.A.I.I.I., McGeehin, J., Been, J.M., Beget, J.S., Pavich, M.J., Stafford, T.W. Jr., and Pinney, D. Stratigraphy and paleoclimatic significance of late Quaternary loess–paleosol sequences of the last interglacial–glacial cycle in central Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, (2003). 19471986.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., McGeehin, J.P., Beann, J., and Fisher, E. Holocene loess deposition and soil formation as competing processes, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska. Quaternary Research 61, (2004). 265276.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Ager, T.A., Skipp, G., Beann, J., Budahn, J.R., and McGeehin, J.P. Paleoclimatic significance of chemical weathering in loess-derived paleosols of subarctic central Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40, (2008). 396411.Google Scholar
Musson, F., and Wintle, A.G. Luminescence dating of the loess profile at Dolni Vestonice. Czech Republic: Quaternary Geochronology (Quaternary Science Reviews) 13, (1994). 411416.Google Scholar
Nishiizumi, K., Imamura, M., Caffee, M., Southon, J.R., Finkel, R.C., and McAninch, J. Absolute calibration of 10Be standards. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 258, (2007). 03413.Google Scholar
Nugteren, Govert, Vandenberghe, Jef, van Huissteden, J.K., and Zhisheng, An A Quaternary climate record based on grain size analysis from the Luochuan loess section on the central Loess Plateau, China. Global and Planetary Change 41, (2004). 167183.Google Scholar
Or, Dani, and Wraith, J.M. Soil Water Content and Water Potential Relationships. Summer, M.E. Handbook of Soil Science. (1999). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. A53A85.Google Scholar
Pavich, M.J., Brown, L., Harden, J.W., Klein, J., and Middleton, R. 10Be distribution in soils from Merced River terraces, California. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, (1986). 17271735.Google Scholar
Pearce, J.A., and Cann, J.R. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 19, (1973). 290300.Google Scholar
Phillips, F.M., Zreda, M.G., Goss, J.C., Klein, Jeffrey, Evenson, E.B., Hall, R.D., Chadwick, O.A., and Sharma, Pankaj Cosmogenic 36Cl and 10Be ages of Quaternary glacial and fluvial deposits of the Wind River Range, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, (1997). 14531463.Google Scholar
Phillips, W.M., Rittenour, T.M., and Hoffmann, G. OSL chronology of late Pleistocene glacial outwash and loess deposits near Idaho Falls, Idaho. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 42, No. 6 (2009). 12 Google Scholar
Pierce, K.L. History and Dynamics of Glaciation in the Northern Yellowstone National Park Area. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 729F. (1979). 91 ppGoogle Scholar
Pierce, K.L. Pleistocene Glaciations of the Rocky Mountains. Gillespie, A.R., Porter, S.C., and Atwater, B.F. The Quaternary Period in the United States. Developments in Quaternary Science v. 1, (2004). Elsevier Amsterdam, 6376.Google Scholar
Pierce, K.L., and Good, J.D. Field Guide to the Quaternary Geology of Jackson Hole, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–504. (1992). 49 ppGoogle Scholar
Pierce, K.L., Obradovich, J.D., and Friedman, Irving Obsidian hydration dating and correlation of Bull Lake and Pinedale glaciations near West Yellowstone. Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87, (1976). 703710.Google Scholar
Pierce, K.L., Fosberg, M.A., Scott, W.E., Lewis, G.C., and Colman, S.M. Loess Deposits of Southeastern Idaho—Age and Correlation of the Upper Two Loess Units. Bonnichsen, Bill, and Breckenridge, R.M. Cenozoic Geology of Idaho. Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 26, (1982). 717725.Google Scholar
Porter, S.C. Chinese loess record of monsoon climate during the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Earth Science Reviews 54, (2001). 115128.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.R., and Hutton, J.T. Cosmic-ray contribution to dose-rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depth and long-term time variations. Radiation Measurements 23, 2–3 (1994). 497500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putkonen, J.K., and O'Neil, M. Degradation of unconsolidated Quaternary landforms in western North America. Quaternary Research 75, (2006). 408419.Google Scholar
Putkonen, J.K., and Swanson, T.W. Accuracy of cosmogenic ages for moraines. Quaternary Research 59, (2003). 255261.Google Scholar
Richmond, G.M. Glacial geology of the West Yellowstone Basin and adjacent parts of Yellowstone National Park. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 435T. (1964). pp. 223–236 Google Scholar
Richmond, G.M. Stratigraphy and Correlation of Glaciations in Yellowstone National Park. Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q., and Richmond, G.M. Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere. Quaternary Science Reviews 5, (1986). 8398.Google Scholar
Rieger, Samuel, and Juve, R.L. Soil development in recent loess in the Matanuska Valley, Alaska. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 25, (1961). 243248.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, J.G., and Reynolds, R.L. Record of Late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Journal of Paleolimnology 31, (2004). 235252.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, J.G., Reynolds, R.L., Adam, D.P., Drexler, J., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., and Whitney, G.C. Record of middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon—evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen. Geological Society of America Bulletin 108, (1996). 13281341.Google Scholar
Rousseau, D.D., Antoine, P., Hatte, C., Lang, A., Zoller, L., Fontugne, M., Othman, D.B., Luck, J.M., Moine, M., Labonne, M., Bentaleb, I., Jolly, D. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, (2002). 15771582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runge, E.C.A., Walker, T.W., and Howarth, D.T. A study of late Pleistocene loess deposits, South Canterbury, New Zealand. Part I. Forms and amounts of phosphorus compared with other techniques for identifying paleosols. Quaternary Research 4, (1974). 7684.Google Scholar
Scott, W.E. Surficial Geologic map of the Eastern Snake River Plain and Adjacent Areas, 111° to 115°W. Idaho and Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-1372, Scale 1:250,000. (1982). Google Scholar
Sharp, Warren, Ludwig, K.R., Chadwick, O.A., Amundson, R., and Glaser, L.L. Dating fluvial terraces by 230Th/U on pedogenic carbonate, Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Quaternary Research 59, (2003). 139150.Google Scholar
Shen, C.D., Beer, J., Liu, T.S., Oeschger, H., Bonani, G., Suter, M., and Wolfli, W. 10Be in Chinese loess. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 109, (1992). 169177.Google Scholar
Singer, M.J., and Verosub, K.L. Mineral Magnetic Analysis. Elias, S. The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences. (2007). Elsevier, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 20962102.Google Scholar
Singhvi, A.K., Sharma, Y.P., and Agrawal, D.P. Thermoluminescence dating of sand dunes in Rajasthan, India. Nature 295, (1982). 313315.Google Scholar
Singhvi, A.K., Bluszcz, A., Bateman, M.D., and Rao, M.S. Luminescence dating of loess–palaeosol sequences and coversands: Methodological aspects and palaeoclimatic implications. Earth-Science Reviews 54, (2001). 193211.Google Scholar
Soil Survey Staff Soil Survey Manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook. (1993). 18 Google Scholar
Soil Survey Staff Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. (2010). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC. 331 ppGoogle Scholar
Sun, J. Source regions and formation of loess sediments on the high mountain regions of northwestern China. Quaternary Research 58, (2002). 341351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, J. Provenance of loess material and formation of loess deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203, (2002). 845859.Google Scholar
Thackray, G.D. Extensive early and middle Wisconsin glaciation on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the variability of Pacific Moisture delivery to the Pacific Northwest. Quaternary Research 55, (2001). 257270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thackray, G.D. Varied climatic and topographic influences on Late Pleistocene mountain glaciation in the western United States. Journal of Quaternary Science 23, 6 (2008). 671681.Google Scholar
Thorson, R.R., and Bender, G. Eolian deflation by ancient katabatic winds: a late Quaternary example from the north Alaska Range. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, (1985). 702709.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., Huijzer, B.S., Mücher, H., and Laan, W. Short climatic oscillations in a western European loess sequence (Kesselt, Belgium). Journal of Quaternary Science 13, (1998). 471485.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitlock, C. Postglacial vegetation and climate of Grand Teton and southern Yellowstone National Parks. Ecological Monographs 63, (1993). 173198.Google Scholar
Winograd, I.J., Landwehr, J.M., Ludwig, K.R., Coplen, T.B., and Riggs, A.C. Duration and structure of the past four interglaciations. Quaternary Research 48, (1997). 141154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintle, A.G., and Huntley, D.J. Thermoluminescence dating of ocean sediments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17, (1980). 348360.Google Scholar
Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center Yellowstone South quadrangle and Jackson Lake quadrangle, 1: 100,000 land cover maps. available at http://www.wygisc.uwyo.edu (2007). accessed 13 October 2007 Google Scholar
Young, J.F. Soil Survey of Teton of Teton County, Wyoming, Grand Teton National Park Area. (1982). U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. 173 ppGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Pierce et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pierce et al. Supplementary Material(File)
File 45.6 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pierce et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pierce et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 23.2 KB