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Licensed or Licentious? Examining Regulatory Discussions of Stripping in Ontario

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 November 2014

Tuulia Law
Tuulia Law*
Affiliation:
Department of CriminologyUniversity of Ottawa
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Abstract

This paper reflects on the moralization of the sex industry and the implications thereof in a case study of erotic dance in Ontario since the year 2000. It examines how subjects, objects, and practices are discursively formed and moralized in regulatory discussions of stripping and how subjects engage in and resist moralization. This article argues that in spite of the development of a labour discourse, a discourse moralizing stripping as prostitution, which is, in turn, framed as harmful and deviant, continues to inform regulation.

Résumé

Le présent document se penche sur la moralisation de l’industrie du sexe ainsi que sur les implications qui en découlent dans une étude de cas portant sur la danse érotique en Ontario depuis l’année 2000. Il examine comment les sujets, les objets ainsi que les pratiques sont perçus et moralisés lors de débats sur la réglementation de l’effeuillage, puis comment les sujets se comportent et résistent à une telle moralisation. Cet article soutient que, malgré l’élaboration d’un discours relatif au travail, le discours moralisateur interprétant l’effeuillage comme un acte de prostitution, c’est-à-dire un acte nuisible et déviant, continue d’influer l’élaboration de la réglementation.

Keywords

erotic dancemunicipal regulationmoral regulationsex workdiscoursestrippingdanse érotiqueréglementation municipalecontrôle des mœurstravail du sexediscourseffeuillage
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , April 2015 , pp. 31 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association / Association Canadienne Droit et Société 2014 

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References

Works Cited

AEAC. 2009a. Correspondence to Councilor H. Moscoe, January 29. Toronto: AEAC.Google Scholar
AEAC. 2009b. Correspondence to Councilor F. Nunziata, November 6. Toronto: AEAC.Google Scholar
Agustin, L. 2007. Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry. New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Bouclin, S. 2004. “Organizing resistance: The case of erotic dancers.” University of Ottawa.Google Scholar
Bouclin, S. 2006. “Dancers empowering (some) dancers: The intersections of race, class, and gender in organizing erotic labourers.” Race, Gender and Class 13 (3/4): 98–130.Google Scholar
Bouclin, S. 2009. “Bad girls like good contracts: Ontario erotic dancers’ collective resistance.” In Victim no More: Women’s Resistance to Law, Culture and Power, edited by Faulkner, E. and MacDonald, G., 46–60. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.Google Scholar
Bruckert, C. 2002. Taking it off, Putting it on: Women in the Strip Trade. Toronto: Women’s Press.Google Scholar
Bruckert, C., and Dufresne, M.. 2002. “Reconfiguring the margins: Tracing the regulatory context of Ottawa strip clubs, 1974–2000.” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 17 (1): 69–87.Google Scholar
Bruckert, C., and Parent, C.. 2007. “La danse érotique comme métier à l’ère de la vente de soi.” Cahiers de recherche sociologique 43: 95–107.Google Scholar
Corrigan, P. 1981. “On moral regulation: Some preliminary remarks.” Sociological Review 29 (2): 313–37.Google Scholar
DERA. 2002. Current Issues Concerning Exotic Dancers in Ontario. Ottawa: DERA.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Translated by Sheridan-Smith, A. M.. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1989. Foucault Live. Edited by Lotringer, S., translated by Johnson, J.. New York: Semiotext(e).Google Scholar
Frank, K., and Carnes, M.. 2009. “Gender and space in strip clubs.” In Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry, edited by Weitzer, R., 115–38. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gall, G. 2012. An Agency of their Own: Sex Worker Union Organizing. Winchester, UK: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Hall, S. 1992. “The West and the rest: Discourse and power.” In Formations of Modernity, edited by Hall, S. and Gieben, B., 275–332. Cambridge: Polity Press/The Open University.Google Scholar
Hall, S., et al. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hanna, J. 2005. “Exotic dance adult entertainment: A guide for planners and policy makers.” Journal of Planning Literature 20 (2): 116–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, P. 2009. “Opposing striptopia: The embattled spaces of adult entertainment.” Sexualities 12 (6): 721–45.Google Scholar
Hubbard, P., and Colosi, R.. 2012. “Sex, crime and the city: Municipal law and the regulation of sexual entertainment.” Social & Legal Studies, online version.Google Scholar
Hubbard, P., et al. 2008. “Away from prying eyes? The urban geographies of ‘adult entertainment.’” Progress in Human Geography 32 (3): 363–81.Google Scholar
Hunt, A. 1997. “Moral regulation and making-up the new person: Putting Gramsci to work.” Theoretical Criminology 1 (3): 275–301.Google Scholar
Hunt, A. 1999. Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation. Edited by Arup, C., Chanock, M., and O’Malley, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, C. 2011. “Revealing contemporary constructions of femininity: Expression and sexuality in strip club legislation.” Sexualities 14 (3): 354–69.Google Scholar
Jones, P., Shears, P., and Hillier, D.. 2003. “Retailing and the regulatory state: A case study of lap dancing clubs in the UK.” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 31 (4): 214–19.Google Scholar
Law, T. 2012. “Cashing in on cachet? Ethnicity and gender in the strip club.” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 24 (1): 135–53.Google Scholar
Law Commission of Canada. 2004. Is Work Working? Work Laws that do a Better Job. Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. 2000. “Controlling lap dancing: Law, morality and sex work.” In Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry, edited by Weitzer, R., 203–16. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lewis, J., and Shaver, F.. 2006. Safety, Security and the Well-being of Sex Workers: A Report to the House of Commons Subcommittee on Solicitation Laws. Windsor: Sex Trade Advocacy and Research (STAR).Google Scholar
Library of Parliament. 2007. An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Ottawa: Law and Government Division.Google Scholar
Maticka-Tyndale, E. 2004. Exotic Dancing in Ontario: Health and Safety. Windsor: Sex Trade Advocacy and Research (STAR).Google Scholar
McDonald, L., Moore, B., and Timoshkina, N.. 2000. Migrant Sex Workers from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: The Canadian Case. Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for Applied Social Research.Google Scholar
Nagy, T. 2010. Memoirs of a Sex Slave Survivor. Communication Dynamics.Google Scholar
Namaste, V. 2005. Sex Change, Social Change. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.Google Scholar
O’Connell Davidson, J. 2006. “Will the real sex slave please stand up?” Feminist Review 83: 4–22.Google Scholar
Valverde, M., and Weir, L.. [1988] 2006. “The struggles of the immoral: Preliminary remarks on moral regulation.” In Moral Regulation and Governance in Canada: History, Context and Critical Issues, edited by Glasbeek, A., 75–84. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.Google Scholar
van der Meulen, E., and Durisin, E.. 2008. “Why decriminalize? How Canada’s municipal and federal regulations increase sex workers’ vulnerability.” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 20 (2): 289–311.Google Scholar
Weitzer, R. 2012. “Sex trafficking and the sex industry: The need for evidence-based theory and legislation.” The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 101 (4): 1337–69.Google Scholar
Adult Entertainment Association of Canada (AEAC) et al. v Ottawa, [2005a] ONSC 16571.Google Scholar
AEAC et al. v Ottawa, [2005b] ONSC 30850.Google Scholar
AEAC v Ottawa, [2007] ONCA 389.Google Scholar
Canada (Attorney General) v Bedford, [2013] 3 SCR 1101.Google Scholar
Locomotion Tavern v Ontario, [2010] ONSC 1184.Google Scholar
R v DiGiuseppe, [2008] ONCJ 126.Google Scholar
R v Mara, [1997] 2 SCR 630.Google Scholar
R c Pelletier, [1993] 2 RCS 932.Google Scholar
R v Pelletier, [1999] 3 SCR 863.Google Scholar
Bill C-10 (2012), Safe Streets and Communities Act, 1st Sess, 41st Parliament.Google Scholar
Bill C-36 (2014), An Act to Amend the Criminal Code in Response to the Supreme Court of Canada Decision in Attorney General of Canada v Bedford and to Make Consequential Amendments to Other Acts, 2nd session, 41st Parliament.Google Scholar
Bill C-57 (2007), An Act to Amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 1st Sess, 39th Parliament.Google Scholar
City of Ottawa, Bylaw No L6 2000 (2000), Schedule No 27, Relating to Adult Entertainment Parlours.Google Scholar
City of Ottawa, Bylaw No 2002–189 (2004), Adult Entertainment Parlours – Schedule 11.Google Scholar
City of Ottawa, Bylaw No 2004–353 (2004), A By-law of the City of Ottawa to Amend By-law No. 2002-189 Respecting Regulating, Licensing and Governing Adult \ Entertainment Parlours.Google Scholar
City of Toronto, Bylaw No 243–2013 (2012), To Amend City of Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545, Licensing, Respecting Adult Entertainment Parlours.Google Scholar
City of Toronto, Bylaw No 719–2005 (2005), To Amend City of Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545, Licensing, Respecting Holistic Centres and Practitioners.Google Scholar
Ontario Municipal Act, SO 2001, c 25.Google Scholar
Toronto Municipal Code (2010), c 545 art 32.Google Scholar
CPS (Community and Protective Services Committee), City of Ottawa. 2007. Minutes 8, April 19.Google Scholar
Deputy City Manager, City of Ottawa. 2004. Report to Emergency and Protective Services Committee, June 3.Google Scholar
EPSC (Emergency and Protective Services Committee), City of Ottawa. 2004. Minutes 7, June 10.Google Scholar
EPSC, City of Ottawa. 2005. Minutes 16, August 25.Google Scholar
MLS (Municipal Licensing and Standards), City of Toronto. 2012a. Review of Adult Entertainment Regulations.Google Scholar
MLS, City of Toronto. 2012b. Review of Adult Entertainment Parlour Regulations - Amendments to Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545.Google Scholar
MLS, City of Toronto. 2012c. Review of Adult Entertainment Parlour Regulations - Amendments to Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545 (Background file 51361).Google Scholar
Ottawa, City of. 2013. Fees for Harmonized Licenses, By-law Services Fees and Charges as of January 1, 2013.Google Scholar
PTC (Planning and Transportation Committee), City of Toronto. 2002. Minutes of the Planning and Transportation Committee, Meeting No. 6, May 27.Google Scholar
PTC, City of Toronto. 2005a. Minutes of the Planning and Transportation Committee, Meeting No. 10, November 7.Google Scholar
PTC, City of Toronto. 2005b. Proposed Amendments to the City of Toronto Municipal Code, Chapter 545, Licensing, Regarding Hours of Operation for Body Rub Parlours, October 14.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2012a. Business Licensing Fees. Municipal Licensing & Standards.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2012b. Minutes of October 30, 31 and November 1. Item LS16.1.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2010. Licensing and Standards Committee consideration on January 14. Item LS26.8.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2005a. Minutes of the Special Meetings of the Council of the City of Toronto, February 21– March 1.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2005b. Minutes of the Council of the City of Toronto, July 19–26.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2004. Minutes of the Council of the City of Toronto, June 22–24.Google Scholar
Alcoba, N. 2012. “Pole dance used to pitch city tweaking strip club rules.” National Post, March 30, A13.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2009a. “Politicians chase naked truth.” Toronto Star, March 27, A1.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2009b. “They saw no evil.” Toronto Star, March 30, A12.Google Scholar
Bell, S., and Jimenez, M.. 2000. “Lax immigration rules encourage sex slave trade.” National Post, April 15, national edition, A1, A4.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. 2000. “40 people charged following police sting.” Ottawa Citizen, March 17, early edition, B17.Google Scholar
Corbett, R. 2004. “The naked truth behind Ottawa's stripper licence remains elusive.” Ottawa Citizen, June 5, final edition, E3.Google Scholar
Danese, R. 2004. “Better safety laws needed for strippers.” Ottawa Citizen, October 1, final edition, A5.Google Scholar
DiManno, R. 2012. “Shaking hands? That’s touchy.” Toronto Star, October 17, A2.Google Scholar
Doolittle, R. 2012. “Just relax the rules, strippers group says.” Toronto Star, October 16, GT3.Google Scholar
Ferenc, L. 2000. “Neighbours fight strip club bylaw.”Toronto Star, August 18, Ontario edition, B1.Google Scholar
Gray, K. 2000. “Cain would put lid on strip clubs.” Ottawa Citizen, October 21, final edition, C3.Google Scholar
Greenaway, N. 2005. “Strippers’ work conditions ‘barely tolerable.’” Ottawa Citizen, February 6, early edition, A4.Google Scholar
Greenberg, L. 2005. “Minister rejects call to boost inspections at strip clubs.” Ottawa Citizen, February 12, final edition, A5.Google Scholar
Gray, K. 2004 “City sheds plan to license exotic dancers.” Ottawa Citizen, June 11, final edition, E1.Google Scholar
Hanes, A. 2009. “Baring all about strip club visit.” National Post, March 28, A17.Google Scholar
Jaimet, K. 2000a. “Dancing with wolves.” Ottawa Citizen, January 28, final edition, C9.Google Scholar
Jaimet, K. 2000b. “It's war on lap dancing.” Ottawa Citizen, January 28, final edition, A1.Google Scholar
Jimenez, M., and Bell, S.. 2000. “Strip club group vows to legitimize adult entertainment business.” National Post, May 24, A11.Google Scholar
Jimenez, M., and Campbell, C.. 2004. “Volpe ends exotic-dancer program.” Globe and Mail, December 2, A4.Google Scholar
Kalinowski, T. 2007. “Strippers fight border legislation.” Toronto Star, August 16, A12.Google Scholar
Kenney, J., and Finley, D.. 2012. “Uniquely vulnerable.” Globe and Mail, July 9, A10.Google Scholar
Kolbuszewski, M. 2004. “Cash grab from strip clubs.” Ottawa Citizen, June 15, final edition, F4.Google Scholar
“Less than meets the eye.” 2008. Globe and Mail, April 25, A18.Google Scholar
McGinn, D. 2007. “Are strip clubs losing their sex appeal?” Globe and Mail, December 1, M3.Google Scholar
Popplewell, B. 2008 “Bye lap dance, hello laptop.” Toronto Star, April 28, A3.Google Scholar
Rider, D. 2012. “A city hall pole not poll. gets noticed.” Toronto Star, March 30, GT1.Google Scholar
Stonehouse, D. 2000. “Strip clubs reveal intent to fight anti-lap dance bylaw.” Ottawa Citizen, January 29, final edition, C4.Google Scholar
Swainson, G. 2000. “Residents attack strip club bylaw.” Toronto Star, August 24, Ontario edition, B1.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. 2008a. “Strip clubs ‘get creative.’” Toronto Star, June 10, A15.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. 2008b. “Stripper ban called 'unconstitutional.'” Toronto Star, September 5, A14.Google Scholar
Tralee, P. 2004. “Naked ambition.” Globe and Mail, September 11, M1.Google Scholar
Wattie, C. 2007. “Dancers tear a strip off Ottawa over bill.” National Post, August 16, A13.Google Scholar
Whittington, L. 2010. “Exotic dancing jobs not on table.” Toronto Star, October 15, A15.Google Scholar
AEAC. 2009a. Correspondence to Councilor H. Moscoe, January 29. Toronto: AEAC.Google Scholar
AEAC. 2009b. Correspondence to Councilor F. Nunziata, November 6. Toronto: AEAC.Google Scholar
Agustin, L. 2007. Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry. New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Bouclin, S. 2004. “Organizing resistance: The case of erotic dancers.” University of Ottawa.Google Scholar
Bouclin, S. 2006. “Dancers empowering (some) dancers: The intersections of race, class, and gender in organizing erotic labourers.” Race, Gender and Class 13 (3/4): 98–130.Google Scholar
Bouclin, S. 2009. “Bad girls like good contracts: Ontario erotic dancers’ collective resistance.” In Victim no More: Women’s Resistance to Law, Culture and Power, edited by Faulkner, E. and MacDonald, G., 46–60. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.Google Scholar
Bruckert, C. 2002. Taking it off, Putting it on: Women in the Strip Trade. Toronto: Women’s Press.Google Scholar
Bruckert, C., and Dufresne, M.. 2002. “Reconfiguring the margins: Tracing the regulatory context of Ottawa strip clubs, 1974–2000.” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 17 (1): 69–87.Google Scholar
Bruckert, C., and Parent, C.. 2007. “La danse érotique comme métier à l’ère de la vente de soi.” Cahiers de recherche sociologique 43: 95–107.Google Scholar
Corrigan, P. 1981. “On moral regulation: Some preliminary remarks.” Sociological Review 29 (2): 313–37.Google Scholar
DERA. 2002. Current Issues Concerning Exotic Dancers in Ontario. Ottawa: DERA.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Translated by Sheridan-Smith, A. M.. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1989. Foucault Live. Edited by Lotringer, S., translated by Johnson, J.. New York: Semiotext(e).Google Scholar
Frank, K., and Carnes, M.. 2009. “Gender and space in strip clubs.” In Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry, edited by Weitzer, R., 115–38. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gall, G. 2012. An Agency of their Own: Sex Worker Union Organizing. Winchester, UK: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Hall, S. 1992. “The West and the rest: Discourse and power.” In Formations of Modernity, edited by Hall, S. and Gieben, B., 275–332. Cambridge: Polity Press/The Open University.Google Scholar
Hall, S., et al. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hanna, J. 2005. “Exotic dance adult entertainment: A guide for planners and policy makers.” Journal of Planning Literature 20 (2): 116–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, P. 2009. “Opposing striptopia: The embattled spaces of adult entertainment.” Sexualities 12 (6): 721–45.Google Scholar
Hubbard, P., and Colosi, R.. 2012. “Sex, crime and the city: Municipal law and the regulation of sexual entertainment.” Social & Legal Studies, online version.Google Scholar
Hubbard, P., et al. 2008. “Away from prying eyes? The urban geographies of ‘adult entertainment.’” Progress in Human Geography 32 (3): 363–81.Google Scholar
Hunt, A. 1997. “Moral regulation and making-up the new person: Putting Gramsci to work.” Theoretical Criminology 1 (3): 275–301.Google Scholar
Hunt, A. 1999. Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation. Edited by Arup, C., Chanock, M., and O’Malley, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, C. 2011. “Revealing contemporary constructions of femininity: Expression and sexuality in strip club legislation.” Sexualities 14 (3): 354–69.Google Scholar
Jones, P., Shears, P., and Hillier, D.. 2003. “Retailing and the regulatory state: A case study of lap dancing clubs in the UK.” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 31 (4): 214–19.Google Scholar
Law, T. 2012. “Cashing in on cachet? Ethnicity and gender in the strip club.” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 24 (1): 135–53.Google Scholar
Law Commission of Canada. 2004. Is Work Working? Work Laws that do a Better Job. Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. 2000. “Controlling lap dancing: Law, morality and sex work.” In Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry, edited by Weitzer, R., 203–16. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lewis, J., and Shaver, F.. 2006. Safety, Security and the Well-being of Sex Workers: A Report to the House of Commons Subcommittee on Solicitation Laws. Windsor: Sex Trade Advocacy and Research (STAR).Google Scholar
Library of Parliament. 2007. An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Ottawa: Law and Government Division.Google Scholar
Maticka-Tyndale, E. 2004. Exotic Dancing in Ontario: Health and Safety. Windsor: Sex Trade Advocacy and Research (STAR).Google Scholar
McDonald, L., Moore, B., and Timoshkina, N.. 2000. Migrant Sex Workers from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: The Canadian Case. Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for Applied Social Research.Google Scholar
Nagy, T. 2010. Memoirs of a Sex Slave Survivor. Communication Dynamics.Google Scholar
Namaste, V. 2005. Sex Change, Social Change. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.Google Scholar
O’Connell Davidson, J. 2006. “Will the real sex slave please stand up?” Feminist Review 83: 4–22.Google Scholar
Valverde, M., and Weir, L.. [1988] 2006. “The struggles of the immoral: Preliminary remarks on moral regulation.” In Moral Regulation and Governance in Canada: History, Context and Critical Issues, edited by Glasbeek, A., 75–84. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.Google Scholar
van der Meulen, E., and Durisin, E.. 2008. “Why decriminalize? How Canada’s municipal and federal regulations increase sex workers’ vulnerability.” Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 20 (2): 289–311.Google Scholar
Weitzer, R. 2012. “Sex trafficking and the sex industry: The need for evidence-based theory and legislation.” The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 101 (4): 1337–69.Google Scholar
Adult Entertainment Association of Canada (AEAC) et al. v Ottawa, [2005a] ONSC 16571.Google Scholar
AEAC et al. v Ottawa, [2005b] ONSC 30850.Google Scholar
AEAC v Ottawa, [2007] ONCA 389.Google Scholar
Canada (Attorney General) v Bedford, [2013] 3 SCR 1101.Google Scholar
Locomotion Tavern v Ontario, [2010] ONSC 1184.Google Scholar
R v DiGiuseppe, [2008] ONCJ 126.Google Scholar
R v Mara, [1997] 2 SCR 630.Google Scholar
R c Pelletier, [1993] 2 RCS 932.Google Scholar
R v Pelletier, [1999] 3 SCR 863.Google Scholar
Bill C-10 (2012), Safe Streets and Communities Act, 1st Sess, 41st Parliament.Google Scholar
Bill C-36 (2014), An Act to Amend the Criminal Code in Response to the Supreme Court of Canada Decision in Attorney General of Canada v Bedford and to Make Consequential Amendments to Other Acts, 2nd session, 41st Parliament.Google Scholar
Bill C-57 (2007), An Act to Amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 1st Sess, 39th Parliament.Google Scholar
City of Ottawa, Bylaw No L6 2000 (2000), Schedule No 27, Relating to Adult Entertainment Parlours.Google Scholar
City of Ottawa, Bylaw No 2002–189 (2004), Adult Entertainment Parlours – Schedule 11.Google Scholar
City of Ottawa, Bylaw No 2004–353 (2004), A By-law of the City of Ottawa to Amend By-law No. 2002-189 Respecting Regulating, Licensing and Governing Adult \ Entertainment Parlours.Google Scholar
City of Toronto, Bylaw No 243–2013 (2012), To Amend City of Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545, Licensing, Respecting Adult Entertainment Parlours.Google Scholar
City of Toronto, Bylaw No 719–2005 (2005), To Amend City of Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545, Licensing, Respecting Holistic Centres and Practitioners.Google Scholar
Ontario Municipal Act, SO 2001, c 25.Google Scholar
Toronto Municipal Code (2010), c 545 art 32.Google Scholar
CPS (Community and Protective Services Committee), City of Ottawa. 2007. Minutes 8, April 19.Google Scholar
Deputy City Manager, City of Ottawa. 2004. Report to Emergency and Protective Services Committee, June 3.Google Scholar
EPSC (Emergency and Protective Services Committee), City of Ottawa. 2004. Minutes 7, June 10.Google Scholar
EPSC, City of Ottawa. 2005. Minutes 16, August 25.Google Scholar
MLS (Municipal Licensing and Standards), City of Toronto. 2012a. Review of Adult Entertainment Regulations.Google Scholar
MLS, City of Toronto. 2012b. Review of Adult Entertainment Parlour Regulations - Amendments to Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545.Google Scholar
MLS, City of Toronto. 2012c. Review of Adult Entertainment Parlour Regulations - Amendments to Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 545 (Background file 51361).Google Scholar
Ottawa, City of. 2013. Fees for Harmonized Licenses, By-law Services Fees and Charges as of January 1, 2013.Google Scholar
PTC (Planning and Transportation Committee), City of Toronto. 2002. Minutes of the Planning and Transportation Committee, Meeting No. 6, May 27.Google Scholar
PTC, City of Toronto. 2005a. Minutes of the Planning and Transportation Committee, Meeting No. 10, November 7.Google Scholar
PTC, City of Toronto. 2005b. Proposed Amendments to the City of Toronto Municipal Code, Chapter 545, Licensing, Regarding Hours of Operation for Body Rub Parlours, October 14.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2012a. Business Licensing Fees. Municipal Licensing & Standards.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2012b. Minutes of October 30, 31 and November 1. Item LS16.1.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2010. Licensing and Standards Committee consideration on January 14. Item LS26.8.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2005a. Minutes of the Special Meetings of the Council of the City of Toronto, February 21– March 1.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2005b. Minutes of the Council of the City of Toronto, July 19–26.Google Scholar
Toronto, City of. 2004. Minutes of the Council of the City of Toronto, June 22–24.Google Scholar
Alcoba, N. 2012. “Pole dance used to pitch city tweaking strip club rules.” National Post, March 30, A13.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2009a. “Politicians chase naked truth.” Toronto Star, March 27, A1.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2009b. “They saw no evil.” Toronto Star, March 30, A12.Google Scholar
Bell, S., and Jimenez, M.. 2000. “Lax immigration rules encourage sex slave trade.” National Post, April 15, national edition, A1, A4.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. 2000. “40 people charged following police sting.” Ottawa Citizen, March 17, early edition, B17.Google Scholar
Corbett, R. 2004. “The naked truth behind Ottawa's stripper licence remains elusive.” Ottawa Citizen, June 5, final edition, E3.Google Scholar
Danese, R. 2004. “Better safety laws needed for strippers.” Ottawa Citizen, October 1, final edition, A5.Google Scholar
DiManno, R. 2012. “Shaking hands? That’s touchy.” Toronto Star, October 17, A2.Google Scholar
Doolittle, R. 2012. “Just relax the rules, strippers group says.” Toronto Star, October 16, GT3.Google Scholar
Ferenc, L. 2000. “Neighbours fight strip club bylaw.”Toronto Star, August 18, Ontario edition, B1.Google Scholar
Gray, K. 2000. “Cain would put lid on strip clubs.” Ottawa Citizen, October 21, final edition, C3.Google Scholar
Greenaway, N. 2005. “Strippers’ work conditions ‘barely tolerable.’” Ottawa Citizen, February 6, early edition, A4.Google Scholar
Greenberg, L. 2005. “Minister rejects call to boost inspections at strip clubs.” Ottawa Citizen, February 12, final edition, A5.Google Scholar
Gray, K. 2004 “City sheds plan to license exotic dancers.” Ottawa Citizen, June 11, final edition, E1.Google Scholar
Hanes, A. 2009. “Baring all about strip club visit.” National Post, March 28, A17.Google Scholar
Jaimet, K. 2000a. “Dancing with wolves.” Ottawa Citizen, January 28, final edition, C9.Google Scholar
Jaimet, K. 2000b. “It's war on lap dancing.” Ottawa Citizen, January 28, final edition, A1.Google Scholar
Jimenez, M., and Bell, S.. 2000. “Strip club group vows to legitimize adult entertainment business.” National Post, May 24, A11.Google Scholar
Jimenez, M., and Campbell, C.. 2004. “Volpe ends exotic-dancer program.” Globe and Mail, December 2, A4.Google Scholar
Kalinowski, T. 2007. “Strippers fight border legislation.” Toronto Star, August 16, A12.Google Scholar
Kenney, J., and Finley, D.. 2012. “Uniquely vulnerable.” Globe and Mail, July 9, A10.Google Scholar
Kolbuszewski, M. 2004. “Cash grab from strip clubs.” Ottawa Citizen, June 15, final edition, F4.Google Scholar
“Less than meets the eye.” 2008. Globe and Mail, April 25, A18.Google Scholar
McGinn, D. 2007. “Are strip clubs losing their sex appeal?” Globe and Mail, December 1, M3.Google Scholar
Popplewell, B. 2008 “Bye lap dance, hello laptop.” Toronto Star, April 28, A3.Google Scholar
Rider, D. 2012. “A city hall pole not poll. gets noticed.” Toronto Star, March 30, GT1.Google Scholar
Stonehouse, D. 2000. “Strip clubs reveal intent to fight anti-lap dance bylaw.” Ottawa Citizen, January 29, final edition, C4.Google Scholar
Swainson, G. 2000. “Residents attack strip club bylaw.” Toronto Star, August 24, Ontario edition, B1.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. 2008a. “Strip clubs ‘get creative.’” Toronto Star, June 10, A15.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. 2008b. “Stripper ban called 'unconstitutional.'” Toronto Star, September 5, A14.Google Scholar
Tralee, P. 2004. “Naked ambition.” Globe and Mail, September 11, M1.Google Scholar
Wattie, C. 2007. “Dancers tear a strip off Ottawa over bill.” National Post, August 16, A13.Google Scholar
Whittington, L. 2010. “Exotic dancing jobs not on table.” Toronto Star, October 15, A15.Google Scholar