Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T17:11:37.164Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diamond Energy Levels and Photoemission Characteristics from 300 – 425 K

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2018

Susanna E. Challinger ,
Iain D. Baikie  and
A. Glen Birdwell
Susanna E. Challinger*
Affiliation:
KP Technology Ltd, Wick, Caithness, KW1 5AF, United Kingdom
Iain D. Baikie
Affiliation:
KP Technology Ltd, Wick, Caithness, KW1 5AF, United Kingdom
A. Glen Birdwell
Affiliation:
US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland, USA
*
*(Email: susanna@kptechnology.ltd.uk)
Get access

Abstract

The unique electronic structure of diamond and its excellent thermal properties allow a broad range of possible applications; from electron sources to RF electronics. However, knowledge of the surface energy levels is essential to produce efficient, high-quality devices. We investigate the valence band position and resulting negative electron affinity for hydrogen terminated diamond under ambient, low vacuum and ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. There was a -0.5 eV change in valence band position causing a negative electron affinity shift from -1.1 eV under UHV to -0.6 eV in ambient pressure. We compare the photoemission current under each environment to predict the ability of the sample to be used as an electron source. The maximum emission was observed when the sample displayed the largest negative affinity. A scanning photoemission measurement is demonstrated to highlight the superior photoemission yield from the hydrogen terminated diamond surface compared to the stainless steel contact. A scanning Kelvin probe measurement is shown to illustrate a method of analyzing the contact potential difference across the diamond surface. Within high-power RF electronics, devices are likely to be operating at increased temperatures so knowledge of the impact of temperature on the energy levels is important. We study the valence band and Fermi level positions for hydrogen terminated diamond from room temperature (300K) to 425K under low and UHV conditions. The Fermi level moved below the valence band edge at increased temperature, illustrating the effect of the 2D hole gas at the surface. We also analyzed the photoemission characteristics and found an increase in yield with increasing temperature. The measurement techniques used to evaluate the energy levels of diamond: photoemission spectroscopy and Kelvin probe measurements, in ambient and vacuum, allow analysis to be completed in minutes. This offers an initial analysis alternative to elucidate more information and predict performance prior to the more time-consuming full device manufacture and characterization.

Keywords

diamondphotoemissionelectronic structure
Type
Articles
Information
MRS Advances , Volume 3 , Issue 33: Electronics, Magnetics and Photonics , 2018 , pp. 1937 - 1942
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Hayashi, K., Yamanaka, S., Okushi, H. and Kajimura, K., Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(3), 376–378 (1996).Google Scholar
Maier, F., Riedel, M., Mantel, B., Ristein, J. and Ley, L., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(16), 3472–3475 (2000).Google Scholar
Nebel, C., Rezek, B. and Zrenner, A., Phys. Status Solidi A 201(11), 2432–2438 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isberg, J., Hammersberg, J., Johansson, E., Wikström, T., Twitchen, D. J., Whitehead, A. J., Coe, S. E. and Scarsbrook, G. A., Science 297 (5587), 1670-1672 (2002).Google Scholar
Trew, R. J., Yan, J.-B. and Mock, P. M., Proc. IEEE 79 (5), 598–620 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J., Ohsato, H., Wang, X., Liao, M. and Koide, Y., Sci Rep 6, 34757 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasu, M., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 56 (1S), 01AA01 (2016).Google Scholar
Kleshch, V. I., Purcell, S. T. and Obraztsov, A. N., Sci Rep 6, 7 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pace, E., Di Benedetto, R. and Scuderi, S., Diam. Relat. Mat. 9 (3-6), 987–993 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwell, J. R., Baikie, T. K., Baikie, I. D., Payne, J. L., Ni, C., Irvine, J. T. S., Turnbull, G. A. and Samuel, I. D. W., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (29), 19738–19745 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rietwyk, K. J., Keller, D. A., Majhi, K., Ginsburg, A., Priel, M., Barad, H.-N., Anderson, A. Y. and Zaban, A., Adv. Mater. Interfaces 4 (16), 1700136 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baikie, I. D., Grain, A. C., Sutherland, J. and Law, J., Appl. Surf. Sci. 323, 45–53 (2014).Google Scholar
Baikie, I. D., Grain, A., Sutherland, J. and Law, J., Phys. Status Solidi C 12 (3), 259–262 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezek, B., Sauerer, C., Nebel, C. E., Stutzmann, M., Ristein, J., Ley, L., Snidero, E. and Bergonzo, P., Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (14), 2266–2268 (2003).Google Scholar
Takeuchi, D., Kato, H., Ri, G. S., Yamada, T., Vinod, P. R., Hwang, D., Nebel, C. E., Okushi, H. and Yamasaki, S., Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 3 (2005).Google Scholar
Spicer, W. E. and Herreragomez, A., in Proc. SPIE 2022, Photodetectors and Power Meters (October 15, 1993), Vol. 18.Google Scholar