Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T05:14:13.881Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

AS OTHERS PLUCK FRUIT OFF THE TREE OF OPPORTUNITY

Immigration, Racial Hierarchies, and Intergroup Relations Efforts in the United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2017

Angela Stuesse ,
Cheryl Staats  and
Andrew Grant-Thomas
Angela Stuesse*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Cheryl Staats
Affiliation:
Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University
Andrew Grant-Thomas
Affiliation:
Proteus Fund
*
*Corresponding author: Dr. Angela Stuesse, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Anthropology, 207 East Cameron Ave., 301 Alumni Building, Campus Box 3115, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3115 E-mail: astuesse@unc.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The foreign-born population in the United States has reached new heights, and experts predict that the country will be “majority minority” by 2042, possibly earlier. Despite its growing ethnic, racial, national, and other forms of diversity, the fundamental location of Blackness at the bottom of the pyramid of structural racism endures. In attempts to overcome the real and perceived tensions that characterize relationships between immigrants and African Americans, efforts to create space for interpersonal connection and shared structural analysis have proliferated in organizations across the country. Drawing from seventy-five interviews with individuals leading these initiatives and the review of over fifty different pedagogical resources they have developed and used, this article presents a classification and assessment of these programs. We consider these programs using an anti-racist, African Americanist framework reflected in Steinberg’s “standpoint of [the] black figure, crouched on the ground as others pluck fruit off the tree of opportunity” (2005, p. 43), and analyze their successes and shortcomings. Successes include the creation of spaces for interaction across difference and the building of a shared analysis. We find evidence of transformative effects at the intra- and interpersonal levels. The greatest limitations include immigrant-centricity in relationship-building efforts and a reluctance to engage immigrants in conversation about their relationships to Whiteness, Blackness, and racial hierarchies in the United States and in their countries of origin.

Keywords

Intergroup RelationsCoalitionsImmigrantsAfrican AmericansBlack-BrownAlliance BuildingCross-racialColor Line
Type
State of the Art
Information
Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , Spring 2017 , pp. 245 - 271
Copyright
Copyright © Hutchins Center for African and African American Research 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alba, Richard D. (1990). Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Alba, Richard, and Nee, Victor (2003). Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York and Jackson, TN: New Press; Distributed by Perseus Distribution.Google Scholar
Allport, Gordon (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Alvarado, Joel, and Jaret, Charles (2009). Building Black-Brown Coalitions in the Southeast: Four African American-Latino Collaborations . Atlanta, GA: Southern Regional Council <http://www.southerncouncil.org/pdf/BlackBrownCoalitions.pdf> (accessed February 18, 2010).Google Scholar
Barrett, James R., and Roediger, David (1997). Inbetween Peoples: Race, Nationality and the ‘New Immigrant’ Working Class. Journal of American Ethnic History, 16(3): 3–45.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrick (1969). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Bayor, Ronald H. (2009). Another Look at “Whiteness”: The Persistence of Ethnicity in American Life. Journal of American Ethnic History, 29(1): 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, Frank, and Bell-Rose, Stephanie (1999). Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Bean, Frank D., Bachmeier, James D., Brown, Susan K., and Tafoya-Estrada, Rosaura (2011). Immigration and Labor Market Dynamics. In Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States, Telles, Edward, Sawyer, Mark Q., and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar (Eds.), pp. 37–60. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Betancur, John J., and Gills, Douglas C. (2000). The Collaborative City: Opportunities and Struggles for Blacks and Latinos in U.S. Cities. New York: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2014). Racism without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. Fourth edition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Borjas, George J. (1990). Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Borjas, George J. (1999). Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Briggs, Vernon M Jr.. (2003). The Economic Well-Being of Black Americans: The Overarching Influence of U.S. Immigration Policies. The Review of Black Political Economy, 31(1): 15–42.Google Scholar
Bristor, Julia M., Gravois Lee, Renee, and Hunt, Michelle R. (1995). Race and Ideology: African-American Images in Television Advertising. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing: 48–59.Google Scholar
Browne-Dianis, Judith, Lai, Jennifer, Hincapie, Marielena, and Soni, Saket (2006). And Injustice for All: Workers’ Lives in the Reconstruction of New Orleans <http://www.blackalliance.org/main/sites/default/files/New Orleans workers report.pdf> (accessed July 7, 2010).+(accessed+July+7,+2010).>Google Scholar
Carson, Emmett D. (2006). The Black and Brown Divide: What Is It, What’s Causing It and What Can Philanthropy Do about It? Perspectives, 2(1): 1–8.Google Scholar
Cashin, Sheryll D. (2005). Shall We Overcome? Transcending Race, Class, and Ideology through Interest Convergence. St. John’s Law Review, 79: 253–291.Google Scholar
Cherry, Robert (2003). Immigration and Race: What We Think We Know. Review of Black Political Economy, 31(1–2): 157–184.Google Scholar
Ciscel, David H., Ellen Smith, Barbara, and Mendoza, Marcela (2003). Ghosts in the Global Machine: New Immigrants and the Redefinition of Work. Journal of Economic Issues, 37(2): 333–341.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill (2000 [1990]). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Second ed. Boston, MA and London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Cornelius, Wayne (2002). Ambivalent Reception: Mass Public Responses to the ‘New’ Latino Immigration to the United States. In Latinos: A Research Agenda for the 21st Century, Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. (Ed.), pp. 165–189. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cramer Walsh, Katherine (2006). Communities, Race, and Talk: An Analysis of the Occurrence of Civic Intergroup Dialogue Programs. The Journal of Politics, 68(1): 22–33.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6): 1241–1299.Google Scholar
Delgado, Gary (2003). MultiRacial Formations: New Instruments for Social Change. Applied Research Center. <http://www.arc.org/content/view/287/161/> (accessed September 8, 2009).+(accessed+September+8,+2009).>Google Scholar
Dixon, Travis L. (2008). Crime News and Racialized Beliefs: Understanding the Relationship between Local News Viewing and Perceptions of African Americans and Crime. Journal of Communication, 58(1): 106–125.Google Scholar
Doherty, Caroll (2006). Attitudes Toward Immigration: In Black and White. Pew Research Center Publications. April 26. <http://pewresearch.org/pubs/21/attitudes-toward-immigration-in-black-and-white> (accessed September 1, 2011).+(accessed+September+1,+2011).>Google Scholar
Duncan, Brian, and Trejo, Stephen J. (2007). Ethnic Identification, Intermarriage, and Unmeasured Progress by Mexican Americans. In Mexican Immigration to the United States, edited by Borjas, George J., pp. 229–267. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dzidzienyo, Anani, and Oboler, Suzanne (2005). Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fink, Deborah (1998). Cutting into the Meatpacking Line: Workers and Change in the Rural Midwest. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Fink, Leon (2003). The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Fink, Leon (2009). New People of the Newest South: Prospects for the Post-1980 Immigrants. Journal of Southern History, LXXV(3): 739–750.Google Scholar
Foner, Nancy, and Fredrickson, George M. (2004). Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Fraga, Luis Ricardo, Garcia, John A., Hero, Rodney E., Jones-Correa, Michael, Martinez-Ebers, Valerie, and Segura, Gary M. (2010). Latino Lives in America: Making it Home. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Reanne, Akresh, Ilana Redstone, and Lu, Bo (2010). Latino Immigrants and the U.S. Racial Order: How and Where Do They Fit In? American Sociological Review, 75(3): 378–401.Google Scholar
Gay, Claudine (2006). Seeing Difference: The Effect of Economic Disparity on Black Attitudes toward Latinos. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4): 982–997.Google Scholar
Gerring, John (2007). Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Godreau, Isar P. (2006). Folkloric “Others”: Blanqueamiento and the Celebration of Blackness as an Exception in Puerto Rico. In Globalization and Race: Transformations in the Cultural Production of Blackness, Maxine Clarke, Kamari and Thomas, Deborah A. (Eds.), pp. 171–187. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Golash-Boza, Tanya, and Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2013). Rethinking Race, Racism, Identity, and Ideology in Latin America. Ethnic & Racial Studies, 36(10): 1485–1489.Google Scholar
Gomberg-Munoz, Ruth (2012). Inequality in a “Postracial” Era. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 9(2): 339–353.Google Scholar
Gordon, Edmund T. (1991). Anthropology and Liberation. In Decolonizing Anthropology, Harrison, Faye V. (Ed.), pp. 149–167. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.Google Scholar
Gordon, Jennifer, and Lenhardt, R. A. (2007a). Citizenship Talk: Bridging the Gap between Immigration and Race Perspectives. Fordham Law Review, 75: 2493–2519.Google Scholar
Gordon, Jennifer, and Lenhardt, R. A.. (2007b). Conflict and Solidarity between African American and Latino Immigrant Workers. Berkeley, CA: The Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity, and Diversity. University of California, Berkeley Law School.Google Scholar
Grant-Thomas, Andrew, Sarfati, Yusuf, and Staats, Cheryl (2009). African American-Immigrant Alliance Building. <http://4909e99d35cada63e7f757471b7243be73e53e14.gripelements.com/publications/african_american-immigrant_alliance_building_kirwan_institute_may_2009.pdf> (accessed January 12, 2010).+(accessed+January+12,+2010).>Google Scholar
Guinier, Lani, and Torres, Gerald (2002). The Miner’s Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hale, Charles R. (2008). Engaging Contradictions: Theory, Politics and Methods of Activist Scholarship. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hanchard, Michael (1999). Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hartigan, John Jr. (2010). Race in the 21st Century: Ethnographic Approaches. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, David (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hayduk, Ron, and Jones, Susanna (2008). Immigrants and Race in the U.S.: Are Class-Based Alliances Possible? Socialism and Democracy, 22(3): 75–95.Google Scholar
hooks, bell (1989). Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Earl Ofari (2007). The Latino Challenge to Black America: Towards a Conversation Between African Americans and Hispanics. Chicago, IL: Middle Passage Press.Google Scholar
Institute on Race & Poverty (2003). Structural Racism and Multiracial Coalition Building. A report to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, prepared by Maya D. Wiley. <http://www.centerforsocialinclusion.org/publications/?url=structural-racism-and-multiracial-coalition-building> (accessed February 19, 2010).+(accessed+February+19,+2010).>Google Scholar
Johannsson, Hannes, and Shulman, Steven (2003). Immigration and the employment of African American workers. The Review of Black Political Economy, 31(1–2): 95–110.Google Scholar
Johnson, Kevin R., and Hing, Bill Ong (2007a). The Immigrant Rights Marches of 2006 and the Prospects for a New Civil Rights Movement. Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review, 42(1): 99–138.Google Scholar
Johnson, Kevin R., and Hing, Bill Ong (2007b). The Immigrant Rights Marches of 2006 and the Prospects for a New Civil Rights Movement. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 42: 99–138.Google Scholar
Kandel, Jonathan, and Parrado, Emilio (2005). Restructuring of the US Meat Processing Industry and New Hispanic Migrant Destinations. Population and Development Review, 31(3): 447–471.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Karen M. (2003). Cracks in the Rainbow: Group Commonality as a Basis for Latino and African-American Political Coalitions. Political Research Quarterly, 56(3): 199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann, Karen M. (2005). Divided We Stand: Mass Attitudes and the Prospects for Black-Latina/o Urban Political Coalitions. In Black and Latina/o Politics: Issues in Political Development in the United States, Nelson, William E. Jr. and Monforti, Jessica Lavariega (Eds.), pp. 158–168. Miami, FL: Barnhardt & Ashe Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Karen M. (2007). Immigration and the Future of Black Power in U.S. Cities. Du Bois Review, 4(1): 79–96.Google Scholar
Kelley, Robin D. G. (1997). Yo’ Mama’s DisFUNKtional!: Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Sears, David O. (1981). Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(3): 414–431.Google Scholar
Klor de Alva, J. Jorge, and West, Cornel (1997). Black-Brown Relations: Are Alliances Possible? Social Justice, 24(2): 65–84.Google Scholar
Koelsch, David C. (n.d.). Voices of Concern, Voices of Hope: Experiences of African Immigrants in Detroit. The Warren Institute/Berkeley School of Law <www.law.berkeley.edu/files/Koelschpaper.pdf> (accessed October 19, 2010).+(accessed+October+19,+2010).>Google Scholar
LeDuff, Charlie (2000). At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die. New York Times, June 16, A1, June 16.Google Scholar
Lee, Jennifer, and Bean, Frank (2007). Reinventing the Color Line: Immigration and America’s New Racial/Ethnic Divide. Social Forces, 86(2): 561–586.Google Scholar
Lee, Silas and Associates (2008). Building Common Ground: How Shared Attitudes and Concerns Can Create Alliances between African-Americans and Latinos in a post-Katrina New Orleans. New Orleans, LA: Oxfam America.Google Scholar
Lipsitz, George (1998). The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Loewen, James W. (1971). The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lorde, Audre (1998). Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference. In Race, Class, and Gender, Andersen, Margaret L. and Collins, Patricia Hill (Eds.), pp. 187–194. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Lyon-Callo, Vincent (2008). Inequality, Poverty, and Neoliberal Governance: Activist Ethnography in the Homeless Sheltering Industry. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Marrow, Helen B. (2009). New Immigrant Destinations and the American Colour Line. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(6): 1037–1057.Google Scholar
Marrow, Helen (2011). New Destination Dreaming: Immigration, Race, and Legal Status in the Rural American South. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Marrow, Helen (forthcoming). The Difference a Decade of Enforcement Makes: Hispanic Racial Incorporation and Changing Intergroup Relations in the American South’s Black Belt (2003–2016). In Transatlantic Perspectives on New Immigrant Destinations, Chambers, Stefanie, Evans, Diana, Messina, Anthony M., and Williamson, Abigail Fisher (Eds.), Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, Ardis (2008). Television media as a potential negative factor in the racial identity development of African American youth. Academic Psychiatry, 32(4): 338–342.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S. (2008). New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
McClain, Paula, Carter, Niambi M., DeFrancesco Soto, Victoria M., Lyle, Monique L., Grynaviski, Jeffrey D., Nunnally, Shayla C., Scotto, Thomas J., Alan Kendrick, J., Lackey, Gerald F., and Cotton, Kendra Davenport (2006). Racial Distancing in a Southern City: Latino Immigrants’ Views of Black Americans. Journal of Politics, 68(3): 571–584.Google Scholar
McClain, Paula D., Lyle, Monique L., Carter, Niambi M., DeFrancesco Soto, Victoria M., Lackey, Gerald F., Cotton, Kendra Davenport, Nunnally, Shayla C., Scotto, Thomas J., Grynaviski, Jeffrey D., and Alan Kendrick, J. (2007). Black Americans and Latino Immigrants in a Southern City: Friendly Neighbors or Economic Competitors? Du Bois Review, 4(1): 97–117.Google Scholar
Millard, Ann V., and Chapa, Jorge (2004). Apple Pie and Enchiladas: Latino Newcomers in the Rural Midwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas.Google Scholar
Mindiola, Tatcho, Flores Niemann, Yolanda, and Rodriguez, Néstor (2002). Black-Brown Relations and Stereotypes. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Mohl, Raymond (1990). On the Edge: Blacks and Hispanics in Metropolitan Miami since 1959. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 69(1): 37–56.Google Scholar
Mohl, Raymond (2003). Globalization, Latinization, and the Nuevo New South. Journal of American Ethnic History, 22(4): 31–66.Google Scholar
Murphy, Arthur D., Blanchard, Colleen, and Hill, Jennifer A. (2001). Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Neubeck, Kenneth J., and Cazenave, Noel A. (2001). Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card Against America’s Poor. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Odem, Mary, and Lacy, Elaine (2009). Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Pastor, Manuel, De Lara, Juan, and Scoggins, Justin (2011). All Together Now?: African Americans, Immigrants and the Future of California. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA: Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Tropp, Linda R. (2006). A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5): 751–783.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Tropp, Linda R. (2011). When Groups Meet: The Dynamics of Intergroup Contact. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Piatt, Bill (1997). Black and Brown in America: The Case for Cooperation, Critical America. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Pitts, Steven (2007). The Race Question and Building Labor Power in the Context of the Immigrant Upsurge. Labor and Working-Class History Association Newsletter, fall, <http://www.lawcha.org/newsletters/fall07.pdf%3E> (accessed March 23, 2010).+(accessed+March+23,+2010).>Google Scholar
Pitts, Steven (2008). Job Quality and Black Workers, Second edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Berkeley Labor Center <http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/blackworkers/blackworkers_07.pdf> (accessed March 23, 2010).+(accessed+March+23,+2010).>Google Scholar
powell, john a., Reece, Jason, Rogers, Christy, and Gambhir, Samir (2007). Communities of Opportunity: A Framework for a More Equitable and Sustainable Future for All . Columbus, OH: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity.Google Scholar
Raphael, Steven, and Ronconi, Lucas (2007). The Effects of Labor Market Competition with Immigrants on the Wages and Employment of Natives: What Does Existing Research Tell Us? Du Bois Review, 4(2): 413–432.Google Scholar
Ribas, Vanesa (2015). On the Line: Slaughterhouse Lives and the Making of the New South. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Helena Alves, and Segura, Gary M. (2004). A Place at the Lunch Counter: Latinos, African-Americans, and the Dynamics of American Race Politics. Paper prepared for the Latino Politics: The State of the Discipline conference at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. April 30–May 1.Google Scholar
Rogers, Reuel R. (2004). Race-Based Coalitions among Minority Groups: Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and African Americans in New York City. Urban Affairs Review, 39: 283–317.Google Scholar
Rose, Mariel (2008). South meets South: Work, Immigration, and Neoliberalism in the Carolina Appalachians. PhD Dissertation, American Studies, New York University.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Gabriel R. (2008). Latino Group Consciousness and Perceptions of Commonality with African Americans. Social Science Quarterly, 89(2): 428–444.Google Scholar
Saucedo, Leticia (2008). African American-Immigrant Tensions: Myths, Realities, and Policy Implications. Prepared for “Beyond Conflict or Coalition: The Role of Policy in African American-Immigrant Relations,” Berkeley, CA, June 13. <http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/Saucedo_African_Am_Immigrant_Tensions_Final_brief.pdf%3E> (accessed September 15, 2009).+(accessed+September+15,+2009).>Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1995). The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a Militant Anthropology. Current Anthropology, 36(3): 409–440.Google Scholar
Schwartzman, Kathleen C. (2008). Lettuce, Segmented Labor Markets, and the Immigration Discourse. Journal of Black Studies, 39: 129–156.Google Scholar
Simmons, Kimberly Eison (2008). Navigating the Racial Terrain: Blackness and Mixedness in the United States and the Dominican Republic. Transforming Anthropology, 16(2): 95–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Audrey (2004). The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways . Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Smith, Barbara (2000). The Truth that Never Hurts: Writings on Race, Gender, and Freedom. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Barbara Ellen (2009). Market Rivals or Class Allies? Relations between African American and Latino Immigrant Workers in Memphis. In Global Connections & Local Receptions: New Latino Immigration to the Southeastern United States, Ansley, Fran and Shefner, Jon (Eds.), pp. 299–317. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Heather A., and Furuseth, Owen J. (2006). Latinos in the New South: Transformations of Place. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Sonenshein, Raphael J. (2005). When Ideologies Agree and Interests Collide, What’s A Leader to Do? The Prospects for Latino-Jewish Coalition in Los Angeles. In Governing American Cities: Inter-Ethnic Coalitions, Competition, and Conflict, Jones-Correa, Michael (Ed.), pp. 210–229. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Speed, Shannon (2006). At the Crossroads of Human Rights and Anthropology: Toward a Critically Engaged Activist Research. American Anthropologist, 108(1): 66–76.Google Scholar
Staats, Cheryl, with contributions from Patton, Charles (2013). State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review. <kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/reports/2013/03_2013_SOTS-Implicit_Bias.pdf> (accessed July 7, 2015).+(accessed+July+7,+2015).>Google Scholar
Steinberg, Stephen (2005). Immigration, African Americans, and Race Discourse. New Politics, 10(3): 42–54.Google Scholar
Stuesse, Angela C. (2009). Race, Migration, and Labor Control: Neoliberal Challenges to Organizing Mississippi’s Poultry Workers. In Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South, Odem, Mary and Lacy, Elaine (Eds.), pp. 91–111. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Stuesse, Angela (2015). Anthropology for Whom? Challenges and Prospects of Activist Scholarship. In Public Anthropology in a Borderless World, Beck, Sam and Maida, Carl (Eds.), pp. 221–246. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Stuesse, Angela (2016). Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stuesse, Angela, and Helton, Laura E. (2013). Low-wage Legacies, Race, and the Golden Chicken in Mississippi: Where Contemporary Immigration Meets African American Labor History. Southern Spaces <http://southernspaces.org/2013/low-wage-legacies-race-and-golden-chicken-mississippi> (accessed May 6, 2014).+(accessed+May+6,+2014).>Google Scholar
Stull, Donald D., Broadway, Michael J., and Griffith, David (1995). Any Way You Cut It: Meat Processing and Small-Town America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Telles, Edward, Sawyer, Mark Q., and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar (2011). Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Tiffany, Jennifer S. (2006). Respondent-Driven Sampling in Participatory Research Contexts: Participant-Driven Recruitment. Journal of Urban Health, 83: 113–124.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau (2010). Foreign Born, Current Population Survey — March 2010 Detailed Tables. <http://www.census.gov/population/foreign/data/cps2010.html> (accessed April 4, 2013).+(accessed+April+4,+2013).>Google Scholar
Vargas, João H. Costa (2006). Catching Hell in the City of Angels: Life and Meanings of Blackness in South Central Los Angeles. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Vasconcelos, José (1925). La Raza Cósmica. Mexico, DF: Espasa Calpe, S.A.Google Scholar
Vickerman, Milton (2007). Recent Immigration and Race: Community and Change. Du Bois Review, 4(1): 141–165.Google Scholar
Waldinger, Roger (2001). Strangers at the Gates: New Immigrants in Urban America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Walters, Nathan P., and Trevelyn, Edward N. (2011). The Newly Arrived Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 2010. American Community Survey Briefs. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.Google Scholar
Warren, Jonathan W., and Twine, France Winddance (1997). White Americans, the New Minority?: Non-Blacks and the Ever-Expanding Boundaries of Whiteness. Journal of Black Studies, 28(2): 200–218.Google Scholar
Waters, Mary C., and Kasinitz, Philip (2013). Immigrants in New York City: Reaping the Benefits of Continuous Immigration. Daedalus, 142(3): 92–106.Google Scholar
Waterston, Alisse (2006). Are Latinos becoming “White” Folk? And What That Still Says about Race in America. Transforming Anthropology, 14(2): 133–150.Google Scholar
Weise, Julie (2009). Fighting for Their Place: Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. South, 1910–2008. PhD Dissertation, History Department, Yale University.Google Scholar
Williams, Brett (2008). The Precipice of Debt. In New Landscapes of Inequality: Neoliberalism and the Erosion of Democracy in America, Collins, Jane L., di Leonardo, Micaela, and Williams, Brett, (Eds.), pp. 66–89. Sante Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Frank Harold (2005). Recent Changes in the African American Population within the United States and the Question of the Color Line at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Journal of African American Studies, 9(3): 15–32.Google Scholar
Winders, Jamie (2005). Changing Politics of Race and Region: Latino Migration to the US South. Progress in Human Geography, 29(6): 683–699.Google Scholar
Yancey, George (2003). Who is White?: Latinos, Asians, and the New Black/Nonblack Divide. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Zúñiga, Victor, and Hernández-León, Rubén (2006). New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar