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Daggers in the West: Early Bronze Age Daggers and Knives in the South-west Peninsula

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2013

Andy M. Jones  and
Henrietta Quinnell
Andy M. Jones
Affiliation:
Tressa, Tremorvah Crescent, Truro, Cornwall TR1 1NL Email: andjones@cornwall.gov.uk
Henrietta Quinnell
Affiliation:
Royal Cornwall Museum, River Street, Truro, Cornwall TR1 2SJ Email: h.quinnell@exeter.ac.uk
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Abstract

This paper describes the results from a project to date Early Bronze Age daggers and knives from barrows in south-west England. Copper alloy daggers are found in the earliest Beaker associated graves and continue to accompany human remains until the end of the Early Bronze Age. They have been identified as key markers of Early Bronze Age graves since the earliest antiquarian excavations and typological sequences have been suggested to provide dating for the graves in which they are found. However, comparatively few southern British daggers are associated with radiocarbon determinations. To help address this problem, five sites in south-west England sites were identified which had daggers and knives, four of copper alloy and one of flint, and associated cremated bone for radiocarbon dating. Three sites were identified in Cornwall (Fore Down, Rosecliston, Pelynt) and two in Devon (Upton Pyne and Huntshaw). Ten samples from these sites were submitted for radiocarbon dating. All but one (Upton Pyne) are associated with two or more dates. The resulting radiocarbon determinations revealed that daggers/knives were occasionally deposited in barrow-associated contexts in the south-west from c. 1900 to 1500 cal bc.

The dagger at Huntshaw, Devon, was of Camerton-Snowshill type and the dates were earlier than those generally proposed but similar to that obtained from cremated bone found with another dagger of this type from Cowleaze in Dorset: these dates may necessitate reconsideration of the chronology of these daggers

Résumé

Dagues dans l'ouest: Dagues et couteaux de l’âge du bronze ancien dans la péninsule du sud-ouest, de Andy M. jones et Henrietta Quinell

Cet article décrit les résultats d'un projet de datation de dagues et couteaux provenant de tumulus de l'Angleterre du sud-ouest. On trouve des dagues en alliage de cuivre dans les tombes les plus anciennes associées aux Beakers et elles continuent à accompagner les restes humains jusqu’à la fin de l’âge du bronze ancien. Elles furent identifiées comme étant des marqueurs clés des tombes de l’âge du bronze ancien dès les premières fouilles par des amateurs d'antiquités et on a proposé des séquences typologiques pour fournir des datations pour les tombes dans lesquelles on les a trouvées. Cependant, comparativement peu de dagues de la Grande-Bretagne du sud sont associées à des déterminations au carbone 14. Pour aider à confronter ce problème on a identifié, parmi les sites de l'Angleterre du sud-ouest, cinq qui contenaient des dagues et des couteaux, quatre en alliage de cuivre et un en silex, et des os incinérés associés pour avoir des datations au carbone 14. Trois sites ont été identifiés dans les Cornouailles (Fore Down, Rosecliston, Pelynt) et deux dans le Devon (Hupton Pyne et Huntshaw). Dix échantillons de ces sites furent soumis à une datation au carbone 14. Tous sauf un (Hupton Pyne) sont associés à deux dates ou plus. Les déterminations au C14 qui en ont résulté ont révélé que les dagues /couteaux étaient occasionnellement déposés dans des contextes associés à des tertres funéraires du sud-ouest à partir d'environ 1900 à 1500 av. J.-C. en années calibrées.

La dague de Huntshaw, Devon, était de type Camerton-Snowshill et les dates étaient antérieures à celles généralement avancées mais similaires à celle obtenue d'os incinérés trouvés avec une autre dague de ce type à Cowleaze dans le Dorset: il se pourrait que ces dates nous obligent à reconsidérer la chronologie de ces dagues

Zussamenfassung

Dolche im Westen: Frühbronzezeitliche Dolche und Messer auf der Südwesthalbinsel, von Andy M. Jones und Henrietta Quinnell

Dieser Beitrag legt die Resultate eines Projekts zur Datierung frühbronzezeitlicher Dolche und Messer aus Grabhügeln Südwestenglands vor. Dolche aus Kupferlegierungen finden sich in den ältesten mit der Becherkultur verbundenen Gräbern und werden Verstorbenen bis zum Ende der Frühbronzezeit mitgegeben. Sie werden seit den frühesten antiquarischen Ausgrabungen als typisches Kennzeichen frühbronzezeitlicher Gräber betrachtet und typologische Reihen wurden aufgestellt um die Datierung der dolchführenden Gräber zu ermöglichen. Jedoch sind nur recht wenige Dolche aus dem Süden Großbritanniens mit Radiokarbondaten verknüpft. Um diesem Problem zu begegnen wurden fünf Fundorte in Südwestengland ausgewählt, aus denen Dolche und Messer vorliegen, davon vier aus Kupferlegierungen und ein Flintdolch, und die zudem Leichenbrand für eine Radiokarbondatierung enthielten. Drei der Fundorte liegen in Cornwall (Fore Down, Rosecliston, Pelynt) und zwei in Devon (Upton Pyne und Huntshaw). Zehn Proben aus diesen Fundorten wurden C14-datiert. Bis auf Upton Pyne liegen aus allen Fundorten zwei oder mehr Daten vor. Die gewonnenen Radiokarbonbestimmungen zeigen, dass Dolche und Messer im Südwesten gelegentlich im Zusammenhang mit Grabhügeln in der Zeit zwischen 1900 und 1500 cal bc niedergelegt worden waren.

Der Dolch von Huntshaw, Devon, gehört zum Typ Camerton-Snowshill, und die Datierungen liegen früher als jene, die normalerweise für diesen Typ angegeben werden, aber zeitgleich zu C14-Daten, die an Leichenbrand gewonnen wurden, der mit einem weiteren Dolch dieses Typs aus Cowleaze in Dorset vergesellschaftet ist; diese Datierungen könnten eine Neubewertung der Chronologie dieser Dolche erforderlich machen

Resumen

Puñales de Occidente: puñales en el Bronce Inicial y cuchillos en la Península Sudoeste, por Andy M. Jones y Henrietta Quinnell

Este artículo describe los resultados de un proyecto centrado en la datación de los puñales y cuchillos del Bronce Inicial procedentes de túmulos del suroeste de Inglaterra. Los puñales de aleación de cobre se documentan en el Campaniforme inicial asociados a tumbas y aparecen junto a restos humanos hasta el final del Bronce Inicial. Se han considerado como elementos clave desde las primeras excavaciones realizadas por anticuarios, y su secuencia tipológica se ha empleado para datar las tumbas en las que aparecen. Sin embargo, comparativamente pocos puñales del sur de Inglaterra están asociados a dataciones radiocarbónicas. Como contribución a la resolución de este problema, se han seleccionado para su datación por radiocarbono cinco yacimientos del suroeste de Inglaterra con puñales y cuchillos, cuatro de aleación de cobre y uno de sílex, asociados a huesos cremados. Tres sitios fueron identificados en Cornualles (Fore Down, Rosecliston, Pelynt) y dos en Devon (Upton, Pyne y Huntshaw). En total 10 muestras procedentes de estos yacimientos se enviaron a datar mediante radiocarbono. Todos los yacimientos menos uno están asociados a dos o más dataciones. Las dataciones ponen de relieve que los puñales/cuchillos en el suroeste se asocian a contextos relacionados con los túmulos desde c.1900–1500 cal bc.

El puñal de Huntshaw, Devon, es de tipo Camerton-Snowshill y su datación es más antigua de lo que se ha propuesto generalmente, aunque es similar a la obtenida de huesos quemados hallados junto a otro puñal de este mismo tipo en Cowleaze, en Dorset: estas dataciones sugieren la necesidad de reconsiderar la cronología de estos puñales

Keywords

knifedaggercopper alloyBeakerEarly Bronze AgeCornwallDevonradiocarbon datescremation burial
Type
Articles
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Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 79 , December 2013 , pp. 165 - 191
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Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2013 

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