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Predicting childhood effortful control from interactions between early parenting quality and children's dopamine transporter gene haplotypes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2015

Yi Li ,
Michael J. Sulik ,
Nancy Eisenberg ,
Tracy L. Spinrad ,
Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant ,
Daryn A. Stover  and
Brian C. Verrelli
Yi Li
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Michael J. Sulik
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Nancy Eisenberg*
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Tracy L. Spinrad
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Daryn A. Stover
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Brian C. Verrelli
Affiliation:
Virginia Commonwealth University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Nancy Eisenberg, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104; E-mail: Nancy.Eisenberg@asu.edu.
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Abstract

Children's observed effortful control (EC) at 30, 42, and 54 months (n = 145) was predicted from the interaction between mothers' observed parenting with their 30-month-olds and three variants of the solute carrier family C6, member 3 (SLC6A3) dopamine transporter gene (single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron8 and intron13, and a 40 base pair variable number tandem repeat [VNTR] in the 3′-untranslated region [UTR]), as well as haplotypes of these variants. Significant moderating effects were found. Children without the intron8-A/intron13-G, intron8-A/3′-UTR VNTR-10, or intron13-G/3′-UTR VNTR-10 haplotypes (i.e., haplotypes associated with the reduced SLC6A3 gene expression and thus lower dopamine functioning) appeared to demonstrate altered levels of EC as a function of maternal parenting quality, whereas children with these haplotypes demonstrated a similar EC level regardless of the parenting quality. Children with these haplotypes demonstrated a trade-off, such that they showed higher EC, relative to their counterparts without these haplotypes, when exposed to less supportive maternal parenting. The findings revealed a diathesis–stress pattern and suggested that different SLC6A3 haplotypes, but not single variants, might represent different levels of young children's sensitivity/responsivity to early parenting.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , February 2016 , pp. 199 - 212
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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