¹ See, for example, Deutsch, Karl, et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton 1957Google Scholar), and Haas, Ernest, The Uniting of Europe (Stanford 1958Google Scholar).

² For some of the recent trends in the literature on political integration, see Jacob, Philip E and Toscano, James V., eds., The Integration of Political Communities (Phila delphia 1964Google Scholar), passim.

³ See, for example, die various writings by Deutsch, including his several essays in The Integration of Political Communities; by Etzioni, Amitai, including Political Uni fication: A Comparative Study of Leaders and Forces (New York 1964Google Scholar); and essays col lected in International Political Communities: An Anthology (New York 1966Google Scholar).

⁴ , Haas and , Schmitter, “Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration: Projections about Unity in Latin America,” International Organization, xviii (Autumn 1964Google Scholar), revised and reprinted in International Political Communities, 259–99.

⁵ Ibid., 261.

⁶ Ibid., 261–62, italics added.

⁷ Ibid., 265–66.

⁸ Ibid., 266.

⁹ Ibid., 274.

¹⁰ Ibid., 273.

¹¹ Ibid., 284–85, italics added.

¹² Haas, Ernst, “The ‘Uniting of Europe’ and the Uniting of Latin America,” Journal of Common Market Studies, v (June 1967), 327Google Scholar.

¹³ Etzioni, Political Unification, 54.

¹⁴ For contrasting views on the present pace of and prospects for Western European integration, see Inglehart, Ronald, “An End to European Integration?” American Po litical Science Review, LXI (March 1967Google Scholar); Karl Deutsch, “Integration and Arms Control in the European Political Environment,” ibid., LX (June 1966); and , Deutsch, et al., France, Germany and the Western Alliance (New York 1967Google Scholar). Whereas Deutsch and his collaborators believe that the integration movement “has stopped or reached a plateau since 1957–58,” Inglehart argues that the political socialization of Western Europe's postwar youth in a setting of European cooperation has produced an orientation favorable to continued moves toward political integration. These studies provide interesting examples of differing methodological approaches to the study of regional integration, including the use of transactions-flow measurements, elite- and mass-opinion survey techniques, and content analysis.

¹⁵ Nye, J. S. Jr., “Patterns and Catalysts in Regional Integration,” International Organization, xix (Autumn 1965), 870CrossRefGoogle Scholar–84.

¹⁶ Hoffmann, Stanley, “The Fate of the Nation-State,” Daedalus, vc (Summer 1966), 867Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Ibid., 882.

¹⁸ , Haas, “Technocracy, Pluralism and the New Europe,” in Graubard, Stephen, ed., A New Europe? (Boston 1963Google Scholar).

¹⁹ Hoffmann, Stanley, Gulliver's Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York 1968), 404Google Scholar, fn. 12.

²⁰ Hoffmann, “Fate of the Nation-State,” 882.

²¹ Hoffmann, “Discord in Community: The North Atlantic Area as a Partial System,” reprinted in Wilcox, Francis O. and Haviland, H. Field Jr., eds., The Atlantic Community: Progress and Prospects (New York 1963), 11Google Scholar.

²² Hoffmann, “The Fate of the Nation-State,” 864.

²³ Ibid., 864.

²⁴ Ibid., 864.

²⁵ Ibid., 865.

²⁶ Ibid., 865.

²⁷ A nation's “situation,” in Hoffmann's terms, is “made up altogether of its internal features—what, in an individual, would be called heredity and character—and of its position in the world.” Ibid., 868.

²⁸ Haas, “The ‘Uniting of Europe,’ “ 327.

²⁹ Ibid., 327–28.

³⁰ All discussions of these events are conjectural, though some are undoubtedly better reasoned than others. Leon Lindberg argues that De Gaulle's efforts were an attempt not so much to halt the process of integration as to restructure the EEC so as to provide France a maximum leverage within the Community. See , Lindberg, “Integration as a Source of Stress on the European Community System,” International Organization, xx (Spring 1966Google Scholar).

³¹ Haas, “The ‘Uniting of Europe,'” 328.

³² Ibid., 328.

³³ Ibid., 319.

³⁴ Ibid., 315.

³⁵ It may not be accidental that most successful instances of African integration occurred under colonial rule, which imposed a type of subsystem autonomy, and that the United States’ experiment in federation was undertaken during a period when the Atlantic Ocean implied extended periods of isolation from—rather than involvement at—the center of world politics.

³⁶ “The results of our surmises add up to a rebirth of nationalism and antifunctional high politics as far as France is concerned.” Haas, “The ‘Uniting of Europe,’ “ 325.

³⁷ Kaiser, Karl, “The U.S. and the EEC in the Atlantic System: the Problem of Theory,” Journal of Common Market Studies, v (June 1967), 401Google Scholar–02.

³⁸ Ibid., 404–05.

³⁹ Sec Hoffmann, Stanley, “International Relations: The Long Road to Theory,” World Politics, xi (April 1959Google Scholar).

⁴⁰ Kaiser, 410.

⁴¹ Krause, Lawrence B., European Economic Integration and The United States (Washington 1967), 20Google Scholar.

⁴² Ibid., 21.

⁴³ Balassa, Bela, The Theory of Economic Integration (Homewood, Illinois 1961), 272Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Krause, 24.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 24.

⁴⁶ The crisis over agriculture, for that matter, was an issue less of economics than of politics. All commentators on the 1965 confrontation concur that the moment was chosen by De Gaulle to press the issues of structure in and direction of the Community.

⁴⁷ See Myrdal, Gunnar, Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions (London 1957Google Scholar), chap. 3.

⁴⁸ On this point see Balassa, Theory of Economic Integration, 204.

⁴⁹ Balassa, Bela, Economic Development and Integration (Mexico City 1965), 123Google Scholar, italics added.

⁵⁰ See Nye, “East African Economic Integration,” International Political Communities, 405–36; Wionczek, Miguel, “La Commmercio Economica de Africa Oriental,” Commercio Exterior, xvii (October 1967), 837Google Scholar–40.

⁵¹ See Donald Rothchild, “Region-Building in Africa: The Implications of the Treaty for East African Cooperation for United States Policy,” paper presented at the Annual International Studies Association Conference, Washington, D.C., March 29, 1968.

⁵² Wionczek, 839.

⁵³ Ibid., 840.

⁵⁴ Segal, Aaron, “The Integration of Developing Countries: Some Thoughts on East Africa and Central America,” Journal of Common Market Studies, v (March 1967), 269Google Scholar, fn. 32. For specific examples of elite perceptions of the problem and the manner in which it becomes a major political issue, see, for example, the Tanganyikan Development Plan, and the 1966 Report to the Honduran Congress by the then Minister of Economy, Manuel Acosta Bonilla, especially 34–43.

⁵⁵ For a detailed account see Hansen, Roger D., Central America: Regional Integration and Economic Development (Washington 1967Google Scholar), chap. 4.

⁵⁶ See ibid., chaps. 4 and 5 for a more detailed discussion.

⁵⁷ Again the crucial issue is elite perception. Even though there are often more satisfactory approaches to economic development than intensified programs of industrialization, elites in most less developed countries don't believe it.

⁵⁸ Etzioni, Political Unification, 318–21.

⁵⁹ Hoffmann, “Fate of the Nation-State,” 904–05.

⁶⁰ See in particular the Deutsch essays in The Integration of Political Communities for an extended treatment of these concepts.

⁶¹ Haas, “International Integration: The European and the Universal Process,” International Political Communities, 106.

⁶² Haas and Schmitter, The Politics of Economics in Latin American Regionalism: The Latin American Free Trade Association after Four Years of Operation, Monograph Series in World Affairs, m (Denver 1965–66), 7.

⁶³ Ibid., chap. 5.

⁶⁴ See Etzioni, Political Unification; Nye, “East African Economic Integration”; Hansen.

⁶⁵ , Etzioni, “The Dialectic of Supranational Unification,” reprinted in International Political Communities (orig. The American Political Science Review), LVI, 143 (December 1962Google Scholar).

⁶⁶ A recent study by MacBean, Alasdair, Export Instability and Economic Development (Cambridge 1966Google Scholar), concludes that, with regard to the underdeveloped world as a whole, die problem of instability of export earnings has been overstated. The study does not deal with the second problem, that of longer-term trend prospects for primary commodity earnings.

⁶⁷ All measurements of terms-of-trade trends are heavily influenced by the base period chosen; different time periods would yield significantly different results. The years discussed here are chosen not because they are particularly representative of longer-term trends, but rather because they illustrate the problem that concerned Central American officials.

⁶⁸ Balassa, Economic Development and Integration, 67. For a general discussion of the degree of primary commodity export dependence in Central America, see Hansen, chaps. 1 and 2.

⁶⁹ See Johnson, Harry, Economic Policies Toward Less Developed Countries (Washington 1967Google Scholar), for a discussion of tariff structures in Europe and the United States and their effect upon the export possibilities for manufactured products from the less developed countries.

⁷⁰ See various essays in LaPalombara, Joseph and Weiner, Myron, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton 1966CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

⁷¹ For differing views on the capacity of the less developed countries to benefit from such preferences, see Patterson, Gardner, “Would Tariff Preferences Help Economic Development?”, Lloyds Bank Review, No. 76 (April 1965Google Scholar); and Harry Johnson, “Trade Preferences and Developing Countries,” ibid., No. 80 (April 1966).

⁷² If this proves to be the case, Etzioni's predictions regarding “medium-level integration, e.g., economic only, or economic with a minimum of political,” may have to be amended. Over the past decade Central America has neither become more integrated at the political level nor regressed to a lower level of integration.

⁷³ Other elements are of course important in determining attitudes in the larger member countries. Mexico has often been LAFTA's strongest proponent, principally because Mexican products arc thought to be highly competitive in a LAFTA-wide market.

⁷⁴ Nye, “patterns and Catalysts,” 882.