In this chapter, the reader will find discussion of cases involving dialect minorities. The two featured cases are Okinawan speakers in Japan and African-American English (AAE) speakers in the US. Each case presents the story of a groups’ speaking the “wrong” (i.e. stigmatized) variety of a language, and being punished (economically, socially, and politically) for doing so. The former case involves speakers of a language that is not Japanese (i.e. Ryūkyūan) being presumed to speak a (stigmatized) dialect of Japanese and being made to suffer for it. In the second case, we find the language variety of English spoken by African-Americans to be especially stigmatized on account of a generally negative disposition toward the minority group itself, rather than on account of any objective features of their dialect. In the end of chapter section on extra cases for further exploration, the reader will find synopses on: Occitan in France, Singaporean English and local Chinese dialects in Singapore, and Landsmål/Bokmål in Norway