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Prosecutor v. Bemba

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Yvonne McDermott
Yvonne McDermott*
Affiliation:
Bangor University, United Kingdom
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Type
International Decisions
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 110 , Issue 3 , July 2016 , pp. 526 - 533
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2016

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References

1 Prosecutor v. Bemba, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08-3343, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute (Mar. 21, 2016), at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2016_02238.PDF [hereinafter Judgment]. Decisions and documents of the Court cited herein are available online at its website, http://www.icc-cpi.int.

2 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 17, 1998, 2187 UNTS 3 [hereinafter Rome Statute].

3 Situation in the Central African Republic, Case No. ICC-01/05-1, Decision Assigning the Situation in the Central African Republic to Pre-trial Chamber III (Jan. 19, 2005), at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR 2007_03762.PDF.

4 Prosecutor v. Bemba, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08-424, Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor (June 15, 2009), at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR 2009_04528.PDF [hereinafter Confirmation of the Charges] (reported by Johan D. van der Vyer at 104 AJIL 241 (2010)).

5 Citing Confirmation of the Charges, supra note 4, paras. 412–13.

6 Rome Statute, supra note 2, Art. 28(a), (b).

7 Judgment, Separate Opinion of Judge Kuniko Ozaki, ICC-01/05-01/08-3343-AnxII, paras. 9, 11[hereinafter Ozaki, J., sep. op.], at http://www.icc-cpi.int (search for “ICC-01/05-01/08-3343,” then follow hyperlink to Judgment) [hereinafter Links Page].

8 Judgment, Separate Opinion of Judge Sylvia Steiner, ICC-01/05-01/08-3343-AnxI, para. 14 (emphasis added), at Links Page, supra note 7.

9 Ozaki, J., sep. op., supra note 7, para. 17.

10 Regulations of the Court, May 26, 2004, as amended, ICC-BD/01-03-11 (Nov. 2, 2011).

11 Prosecutor v. Blašskicć, Case No. IT-95-14-A, Appeals Judgment, para. 83 (July 29, 2004); Prosecutor v. Orić, Case No. IT-03-68-T, para. 326 (June 30, 2006). These cases and those cited infra at notes 13–14 are available at http://www.icty.org.

12 Prosecutor v. Bemba, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08-3399, Decision on Sentence Pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute (June 21, 2016), at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2016_04476.PDF.

13 Prosecutor v. Halilović, Case No. IT-01-48-T, paras. 42–54 (Nov. 16, 2005).

1 Prosecutor v. Delalić, Case No. IT-96-21-T, paras. 396-400 (Nov. 16, 1998).

15 See Amnesty International, Amicus Curiae Observations on Superior Responsibility Submitted Pursuant to Rule 103 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-01/05-01/08-406 (Apr. 20, 2009), at https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/record.aspx?uri=669669 (making this argument).

16 See Guénaël M Ettraux, The Law of Command Responsibility 33, 82–89 (2009).

17 Confirmation of the Charges, supra note 4, para. 425.

18 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), Art. 87(2), June 8, 1977, 1125 UNTS 3 (establishing this duty, among other instruments).

19 See Amann, Diane Marie, Case Report: Prosecutor v. Lubanga, 106 AJIL 809, 812 (2012)Google Scholar.

20 See further Sivakumaran, Sandesh, Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict, 18 Eur. J. Int’l L. 253 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hayes, Niamh, The Bemba Trial Judgement—A Memorable Day for the Prosecution of Sexual Violence by the ICC , PhD Studies in Human Rights (Mar. 21, 2016, 6:32 PM GMT), at http://humanrights doctorate.blogspot.com Google Scholar.

21 Elements of Crimes, Art. 8(2)(e)(v), para. 2 n. 61, Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Official Records, First Session, at 150, UN Doc. ICC-ASP/1/3 & Corr.1, UN Sales No. E.03.V2 (2002).