Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T00:56:01.669Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The blessings of work: the cistercian view

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

Christopher J. Holdsworth*
Affiliation:
University College, university of London

Extract

Around 1180 Conrad of Eberbach writing about the history of his own order, the cistercian, noticed that it had been founded the year before Jerusalem was freed from the saracens and close to the beginning of the Carthusian and premonstratensian orders. This seemed to him a significant cluster of events, for as the holy city was restored to the Christians, so the orders of monks, hermits and canons were being brought back to their old and proper ways of life by the new orders. Whilst today we may find Conrad’s chronology a little puzzling (La Grande Chartreuse and Prémontré were founded in 1084 and 1120, Cîteaux in 1098, whilst Jerusalem was freed in 1099), we can recognise that the first cistercians were aware that they were attempting a new thing; they called their first home at Cîteaux the New Monastery, thus distinguishing it from Molesmes, the old monastery from which they had come, and from the monastic world at large.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Exordium Parvum, ed Griesser, B., Series Scriptorum S. Ordinis Cisterciensis II (Rome 1961) bk I, cap 19, p 73 Google Scholar.

2 Marilier, J., Charles et Documents concernant l’abbaye de Cîteaux, 1098-1182, Bibliotheca Cistercienses I (Rome 1961) pp 22-7Google Scholar.

3 For a clear summary to 1963 see Knowles, M. D., Great Historical Enterprises (London 1962) pp 197224 Google Scholar, and [The] Monastic Order [in England] (2 ed Cambridge 1963) pp 752-3. Subsequent contributions are noticed in ASOC, RB, and SM.

4 P. Claudius Noschitzka, ‘Codex manuscriptus 31 Bibliothecae Universitatis Labacensis’, ASOC (1950) pp 7-8.

5 Jacques Dubois, ‘L’Institution des Convers au XIIe siècle. Forme de vie monastique propre aux laics’, in I Laici [Nella ‘Societas Christiana’ dei Secoli XI e XII] (Univ del Sacro Cuore, Milan 1968, being Miscellanea del Centro di Studi Medioevali 5) pp 183-261. There is a useful summary of the literature about origins in Knowles, Monastic Order pp 754-5.

6 Platt, Colin, The Monastic Grange in Medieval England (London 1969)Google Scholar passim.

7 I owe most to J. Leclercq, ‘Comment vivaient les frères convers’, in I Laici pp 152-76. It also appears in ASOC 21 (1965) pp 239-58 which itself depends on Mikkers, E., ‘L’idéal religieux des frères convers dans l’Ordre de Cîteaux aux XIIe et XIIIe siècle’, COCR, 24 (1962) pp 113-29Google Scholar, and Othon, Dom (Ducourneau). ‘De l’Institution et des Us des convers dans l’Ordre de Cîteaux’, in St Bernard et son temps II, Assoc. bour guignonne des sociétés savantes, Congres de 1927 (Dijon 1928) pp 139201 Google Scholar.

8 Leclercq, J., Vandenbrouke, F., Bouyer, Louis, La Spiritualité du Moyen Age (Paris 1961) pp 270-1Google Scholar.

9 Opera, S. Bernardi, [edd Leclercq, J., Rochais, H.,] V (Rome 1968) Sermo in Feria IV Hebdomodae Sanctae 12, p 65 Google Scholar.

10 Exordium Parvtim, cap XV, ed Noschitzka, C., ASOC 6 (1950) p 14 Google Scholar.

11 Sermo L in Nativitate Petri et Pauli, PL 194 (1855) col 1858. The whole sermon is analysed by Leclercq, Le travail: ascèse sociale d’après Isaac de l’Etoile’, COCR 33 (1971) pp 159-66Google Scholar.

12 Col 1860.

13 Smalley, Beryl, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages (2 ed Oxford 1952) pp 242-63Google Scholar, and see the essay by Lewis, C. S., ‘The Literary Impact of the Authorised Version’ in They Asked for a Paper (London 1962) pp 2650, esp pp 28-30Google Scholar.

14 PL 194 (1855) col 1861.

15 Gen. 19:1 ff; Tobit 5:5 ff; Metamorphoses VIII, 611 ff. There is a nice version from Melrose in Jocelyn of Furness, Vita Waldeni, ASB, August, I, pp 262-3.

16 Sermo 33 in C [antica] C[anticoruin], 3: PL 184 (1854) col 120.

17 Speculum Caritatis ii, 15, Aelredi Rievallensis Opera Omnia, edd Hoste, A. and Talbot, C. H., 1, Corpus Christianorum Continuano Mediaevalis, 1 (Turnholt 1971) p 83 Google Scholar.

18 Squire, Aelred, Aelred [of Rievaulx A Study] (London 1969) pp 86, 97Google Scholar.

19 Loyn, H. R., Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (London 1962) p 349 Google Scholar.

20 William of St. Thierry, Vita Prima S. Bernardi, PL 185 (1855) cols 240-1Google Scholar.

21 Dialogus [inter Cluniacensem monachum et Cisterciensem], edd Martène, E. and Durand, U., Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, V (Paris 1717) col 1623Google Scholar.

22 Dialogus, col 1624.

23 Speculum Monachorum, PL 184 (1854) col 1175.

24 Sermo III in Assumptione B. Mariae 2, PL 185 (1855) col 194.

25 Sermo 23 in CC 3, PL 184 (1854) cols 120-1.

26 S. Bernardi Opera VI pt i, De Diversis III, 4, p 89.

27 Ibid II, Sermo 51 in CC I, 2, p 85; Gilbert, Sermo 43 in CC 9, PL 184 (1854) col 230.

28 Butler, Cuthbert, Western Mysticism (2 ed London 1926) pp 159-60Google Scholar. Compare the Glossa Ordinaria, PL 114 (1879) col 287.

29 Leclercq, J., ‘Contemplation et VIe Contemplative du VIe au XIIe siècle’ in DS II.2 (1950), cols 1929-48Google Scholar; the article by J-M. Déchanet, ‘La Contemplation au XIIesiècle’, cols 1948-66 is also useful. Merton, M. L., ‘Action and Contemplation in St Bernard’, COCR, 15 (1953) pp 2631, 203-16Google Scholar; 16 (1954) pp 105-21 is suggestive.

30 Compare Luke 10: 38-42, Gen. 29: 16 ff.

31 Guerric of Igny, Sermo III in Assumptione, 2 PL 185 (1855) col 194 Google Scholar.

32 Opera, S. Bernardi, V, In Assumptione B. Mariae, Sermo III, 1, pp 238-9Google Scholar.

33 Opera, S. Bernardi, II, Sermo 51 in CCI, 2, p 85 Google Scholar.

34 Sermo XVIII in Assumptione B. Mariae, PL 195 (1855) col 306, as translated by Aelred Squire, Aelred p 56.

35 Wilmart, [A.], ‘Les Mélanges [de Mathieu Préchantre de Rievaulx au début du XIIIe siècle’,] RB 52 (1940) p 74 Google Scholar.

36 Van Dijk, Clemens, ‘L’instruction et la culture des frères convers dans les premiers siècles de l’Ordre de Cîteaux’, COCR 24 (1964) p 254 Google Scholar.

37 Ed J. Strange (Cologne 1851) 2 vols. There is an English translation by von, H. Scott, E. and Bland, C. C. Swinton, 2 vols (London 1929)Google Scholar.

38 Exordium Magnum, dist IV, cap 18, pp 243-4.

39 Dialogus Miraculorum, dist 3, cap xxxiii, ed Strange i, pp 150-6.

40 Ibid i, p 151.

41 For example Dialogus Miraculorum, dist 7, caps xii, xiii, lii, ed Strange ii, pp 151, 6, 73.

42 Knowles, Monastic Order p 660.

43 Ibid p 27.

44 Ibid p 467.

45 Chenu, M-D., ‘Arts “mécaniques” et œuvres serviles’, Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, 29 (Paris 1940) pp 313-15Google Scholar.

46 Soliloquium de Instructione Anime, bk 1, cap 8, PL 198 (1855) cols 855-6.

47 Dialogus Miraculorum, dist 4, cap iv, ed Strange i, p 205.

48 Exordium Magnum, dist iv, cap 13, pp 176-7.

49 Epistola, bk I, no xxviii, PL 189 (1890) col 128. The reference is to [S. Benedirti] Regula, cap XLVIII. Peter’s view is discussed by Knowles, David, in ‘Cistercians and Cluniacs’, in The Historian and Character (Cambridge 1963) pp 5075 Google Scholar.

50 Regula, cap XLI; Rupert of Deutz, In Regulam S. Benedirti, bk 3, cap IV, PL 170 (1894) col 513 Google Scholar.

51 Wilmart,], [A.Une riposte [de l’ancien monachisme au manifeste de S. Bernard’], RB 46 (1934) p 335 Google Scholar. Compare Leclercq, J., ‘Une nouvelle réponse de l’ancien mona chisme aux critiques des Cisterciens’, RB 57 (1957) pp 7794 Google Scholar for another reply prob ably produced in the mid-twelfth century in England.

52 Nigel de Longchamps Speculum Stultomm, edd Mozley, John H. and Raymo, Robert R. (Berkeley Calif 1960) p 78 Google Scholar.

53 Leclercq, J., Otta Monastica. Etudes sur Ie vocabulaire de la contemplation au moyen âge, SA, 51 (1963)Google Scholar.

54 Dialogus, col 1574.

55 Colvin, [H. M.], [The White Canons in England] (Oxford 1951) pp 360-2Google Scholar.

56 PL 198 (1855) col 856, compare PL 189 (1890) col 128.

57 Compare Petit, F.. La Spiritualité des Prémontrés au XIIe et XIIIe siècles (Paris 1947)Google Scholarwhere manual work is scarcely mentioned.

58 Cited by Colvin p 360.

59 Knowles, Monastic Order p 206.

60 Statuta Congregationis Cluniacensis, cap xxxix, PL 189 (1890) cols 1036-7.

61 Mâle, Emile, L’Art Religieux du XIIIe siècle en France (Paris 1910) p 84 Google Scholar.

62 Zarnecki, G., English Romanesque Lead Sculpture (London 1957) pp 1718 Google Scholar and plates 56, 59, 60, 65, 68-70. The recent survey by Mile Yvonne Labande Mailfert, ‘L’iconographie des laics dans la société religieuse aux XIe et XIIe siècles’, I Laici, pp 488-522 does not consider calendars and representations of the labours.

63 Stone, L., ‘Sculpture in Britain: the Middle Ages’ (London 1955) p 89, and plate 66BGoogle Scholar.

64 First published Oxford 1933.

65 Ibid (2 cd 1961) p 568. The quotation from Huizinga is on p 162 of the 1924 English ed of The Waning of the Middle Ages.

66 Owst p 555.

67 Sermo IV in Assumptione B. Mariae, 3 PL 185 (1855) col 199 Google Scholar.

68 Compare Maisack, Helmut, William Langlands Verhältnis zum Zisterziensischeii Månchtum (Balingen 1953)Google Scholar tried to argue that Langland depended almost exclusively on Cistercian ideas which goes too far. Maisack does not refer to Owst.

69 Williams, [Gwyn], [The Burning Tree] (London 1956) pp 106-11Google Scholar.

70 Eluddiarium bk II, cap 18, PL 172 (1895) col 1149. The passage occurs on p 429 of the ed by Lefèvre, Yves, L’Elucidarium et les Lucidaires, Bibl des Ecoles Francaises d’ Athènes et de [Rome 180 (Paris 1954)Google Scholar. For Honorius see Southern, R. W., St Anselm and his Biographer (Cambridge 1963) pp 209-17Google Scholar.

71 Koschwitz, Eduard: Sechs Bearbeitungen des altfranzosischen Gedichts von Karls des Grossen Reise nach Jerusalem und Constantinopel (Heilbronn 1879) pp 118 Google Scholar gives the Welsh version. The origin of the story is noticed by Williams p 224.

72 Vitae Patrum, bk III, 55. PL 73 (1878) col 768. The translation here is derived from Wadell, Helen, The Desert Fathers (London 1936) pp 197-8Google Scholar. This story occurs in a sermon on the Assumption by Odo of Cheriton early 13th century: compare Leopold Hervieux, Les Fabulistes Latins, IV (Paris 1896) pp 144 ffGoogle Scholar. Hervieux seems to have thought it referred to a cistercian abbot. For Silvanus of Rievaulx see Wilmart, Les Mélanges P 55.

73 Dialogus, col 1622.

74 Une riposte, pp 308-9.

75 Compare L’Eremitisino in Occidente nei Secoli XI e XII (Univ del Sacro Cuore Milan 1965) being Miscellanea del Centro di Studi Medioevali, IV.

76 Reginald of Durham, Libellus de vita et miraaiHs S. Godrici, heremitae de Fincltale, caps xxvi, xxxii, ed Stevenson, J., SS 20 (1845) pp 74-5, 83Google Scholar.

77 Compare Southern, R. W., The Making of the Middle Ages(London 1953) p 233 Google Scholar.

78 Giles Constable, ‘The Popularity of Twelfth Century Spiritual Writers in the Late Middle Ages’, Renaissance Studies in Honor of Hans Baron (Florence 1971) pp 528 Google Scholar.

79 Moreau, E. de, L’abbaye de Villers-en-Brabant aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles (Brussels 1909) pp 96104 Google Scholar; Walbran, J. R., Memorials of the abbey of St Mary’s of Fountains, SS 42 (1863) pp 118-20, 123Google Scholar.

80 Moore, Robert, ‘History, economics and religion: a review of “The Max Weber Thesis” thesis’, in Max Weber and Modem Sociology, ed Sahay, Arun (London 1971) pp 8296 Google Scholar for a review of the vast ‘Weber’ literature.