Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T21:07:18.978Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Psychometric Properties of the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services (Chinese Version)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 March 2018

Yvonne Tieu
Affiliation:
Kings Regional Rehabilitation Centre, Waterville, Nova Scotia
Candace Konnert*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
Leanne Quigley
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
*
*La correspondance et les demandes de tirés-à-part doivent être adressées à : / Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to: Candace Konnert, Ph.D. Department of Psychology University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 <konnert@ucalgary.ca>

Abstract

Research on underutilization patterns of mental health services among older Chinese immigrants is limited, partly due to the absence of translated, psychometrically sound measures for assessing attitudes towards seeking help. In this study we interviewed 200 older Chinese Canadian immigrants using a translated version of the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services scale (IASMHS), and assessed mental health care utilization over the past 12 months and intentions to seek help. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to replicate the original three-factor structure; thus, we used exploratory factor analysis to create a 20-item Chinese version, the C-IASMHS. It had acceptable internal consistency and was positively correlated with intentions to seek help. The Help-Seeking Propensity subscale had the strongest psychometric properties whereas the Psychological Openness subscale performed poorly based on factor analysis results and unacceptable internal consistency. Future research should focus on the conceptual equivalence of psychological openness among Chinese older adults.

Résumé

La recherche sur les profils de sous-utilisation des services de santé mentale chez les immigrants chinois plus âgés est en partie limitée par l’absence d’outils de mesures traduits et possédant une bonne fiabilité psychométrique pour évaluer les attitudes liées à la recherche d’aide. Dans cette étude, 200 immigrants sino-canadiens ont été interviewés avec une version traduite du IASMHS. Les mesures collectées comprennent l’utilisation de soins de santé mentale au cours des 12 derniers mois et décrivent les intentions de recherche d’aide. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires n’ont pas répliqué la structure originale à trois facteurs, donc l’analyse factorielle exploratoire a été utilisée pour créer une version chinoise à 20 items, le C-IASMHS. Cette version a présenté une consistance interne acceptable et était positivement corrélée avec les intentions de recherche d’aide. La sous-échelle sur la propension à la recherche d’aide a présenté les plus fortes propriétés psychométriques, tandis que la sous-échelle sur l’ouverture psychologique a affiché de faibles résultats dans l’analyse factorielle et une consistance interne insatisfaisante. De plus amples recherches sur l’équivalence conceptuelle du construit de l’ouverture psychologique chez les adultes chinois plus âgés sont nécessaires.

Type
Research Note/Note de recherché
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barry, D. T., & Mizrahi, T. C. (2005). Guarded self-disclosure predicts psychological distress and willingness to use psychological services among East Asian immigrants in the United States. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 535539. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000172642.23147.23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, F., Lai, G. Y., & Yang, L. (2013). Mental illness disclosure in Chinese immigrant communities. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 379391. doi:10.1037/a0032620CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, F. M., Cheung, S. F., Zhang, J., Leung, K., Leong, F., & Huiyeh, K. (2008). Relevance of openness as a personality dimension in Chinese culture: Aspects of its cultural relevance. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 81108. doi:10.1177/0022022107311968CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds, C. F., & Brown, C. (2010). Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: The impact of stigma and race. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 531543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, E. H., & Turner, J. L. (1970). Orientations to seeking professional help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 7990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guruge, S., Thomson, M. S., & Seifi, S. G. (2015). Mental health and service issues faced by older immigrants in Canada: A scoping review. Canadian Journal on Aging, 34, 431444. doi:10.1017/S0714980815000379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heiniger, L. E., Sherman, K. A., Shaw, L. E., & Costa, D. (2015). Fatalism and health promoting behaviors in Chinese and Korean immigrants and Caucasians. Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 17, 165171. doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9922-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and technique for estimating the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, W., Myers, H. F., Abe-Kim, J., & Ting, J. Y. (2008). A conceptual paradigm for understanding culture’s impact on mental health: The Cultural Influences on Mental Health (CIMH) model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 211227. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyland, P., Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., Shevlin, M., Maguire, R., & Morley, K. (2015). A test of the inventory of attitudes towards seeking mental health services. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 43(4), 397412. doi:10.1080/03069885.2014.963510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, S. A., & Buttle, H. (2008). Attitudinal differences towards mental health services between younger and older New Zealand adults. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 37, 3343.Google Scholar
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 3136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, E., Agines, S., & Bowen, C. E. (2015). Attitudes towards seeking mental health services among older adults: Personal and contextual correlates. Aging & Mental Health, 19, 182191. doi:org/10.1080/13607863.2014.920300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Umemoto, D. (2001). Asian cultural values and the counseling process: Current knowledge and directions for future research. The Counseling Psychologist, 29, 570603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1978). Clinical relevance of anthropological and cross-cultural research: Concepts and strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 427431.Google ScholarPubMed
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W. L. (2000). Prevalence of depression among the elderly Chinese in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91, 6466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, D. W. L. (2004a). Health status of older Chinese in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95, 193197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, D. W. L. (2004b). Impact of culture on depressive symptoms of elderly Chinese immigrants. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 820827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lheureux, F. (2015). French validation of the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 47(4), 333336. doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H. Z., & Browne, A. J. (2000). Defining mental illness and accessing mental health services: Perspectives of Asian Canadians. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 19, 143159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, T.-Y., & Lin, M.-C. (1981). Love, denial, and rejection: Responses of Chinese families to mental illness. In Kleinman, A. & Lin, T.-Y. (Eds.), Normal and abnormal behavior in Chinese culture (pp. 387401). Boston, MA: D. Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (2006). Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging & Mental Health, 10(6), 574582. doi:10.1080/13607860600641200CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., & Macaulay, H. L. (2004). An adaptation and extension of the Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(11), 24102435. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01984.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its application. Journal of Personality, 60, 175215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus User’s guide. (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS, SAS, and MATLAB programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 32(3), 396402. doi:10.3758/BF03200807CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patil, V. H., Singh, S. N., Mishra, S., & Donavan, D. T. (2007). Parallel analysis engine to aid determining number of factors to retain [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://smishra.faculty.ku.edu/parallelengine.htmGoogle Scholar
Sadavoy, J., Meier, R., & Ong, A. Y. M. (2004). Barriers to access to mental health services for ethnic seniors: The Toronto study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 192199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, T. A. (2011). Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 304321. doi:10.1177/0734282911406653CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorkin, D. H., Pham, E., & Ngo-Metzer, Q. (2009). Racial and ethnic differences in the mental health needs and access to care of older adults in California. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(12), 23112317. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02573.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Statistics Canada. (2005). Population projections of visible minority groups, Canada, Provinces and Regions 2001–2017 (Catalogue no. 91-541-XIE). Ottawa, ON: Author.Google Scholar
Stewart, H., Jameson, J. P., & Curtin, L. (2015). The relationship between stigma and self-reported willingness to use mental health services among rural and urban older adults. Psychological Services, 12, 141148. doi:10.1037/a0038651CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Tieu, Y., & Konnert, C. (2014). Mental health help-seeking attitudes, utilization, and intentions among older Chinese immigrants in Canada. Aging & Mental Health, 18(2), 140147. doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.814104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tieu, Y., Konnert, C., & Wang, J. (2010). Depression literacy among older Chinese immigrants in Canada: A comparison with a population-based survey. International Psychogeriatrics, 22(8), 13181326. doi:10.1017/S1041610210001511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiwari, S. S., & Wang, J. (2008). Ethnic differences in mental health service use among White, Chinese, South Asian, and South East Asian populations living in Canada. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 866871. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0373-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J. E. Jr., Kosinski, M., Bjorner, J. B., Turner-Bowker, D. M., Gandek, B., & Maruish, M. E. (2008). SF-36v2 Health survey: Administration guide for clinical trial investigators. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric.Google Scholar
Westerhof, G. J., Maessen, M., de Bruijn, R., & Smets, B. (2008). Intentions to seek (preventive) psychological help among older adults: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Aging & Mental Health, 12, 317322. doi:org/10.1080/13607860802120797CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, H., Poulin, J., Ingersoll, T., & Deng, R. (2011). Older Chinese adults’ fear of intimacy with helping professionals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 26, 7183. doi:10.1007/s10823-010-9132-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woo, S. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., Longley, A., Zhang, Z., Chiu, C., & Stark, S. E. (2014). Openness to experience: Its lower level structure, measurement, and cross-cultural equivalence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 9 6, 2945. doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/Google Scholar
Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2008). Stigma and beliefs of efficacy towards traditional Chinese medicine and Western psychiatric treatment among Chinese Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(1), 1018. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.14.1.10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zane, N., & Ku, H. (2014). Effects of ethnic match, gender match, acculturation, cultural identity, and face concern on self-disclosure in counseling for Asian Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5, 6674. doi:10.1037/a0036078CrossRefGoogle Scholar