Ackerman, Bruce A. and Hassler, William T. 1981, Clean Coal/Dirty Air: Or How the Clean Air Act Became a Multibillion-Dollar Bail-Out for High-Sulfur Coal Producers and What Should Be Done About It, New Haven: Yale University Press
Ackerman, Bruce A. and Stewart, Richard B. 1985, “Reforming Environmental Law,” Stanford Law Review 37: 1333–65
Alchian, Armen A. 1950, “Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory,” Journal of Political Economy 58: 211–21
Allen, Tom 2000, The Right to Property in Commonwealth Constitutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
American Law Institute 1963–7, Restatement (2d) Torts, St. Paul, Minn.: American Law Institute Publishers
American Law Institute 2001, A Concise Restatement of Property, St. Paul, Minn.: American Law Institute Publishers
Anderson, Terry L. 1994, “Enviro-Capitalism vs. Enviro-Socialism,” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 4: 35–40
Anderson, Terry L. and Hill, Peter J. 1975, “The Evolution of Property Rights: a Study of the American West,” Journal of Law and Economics 12: 163–79
Anderson, Terry L. and Hill, Peter J. 1983, “Privatizing the Commons: an Improvement?,” Southern Economics Journal 50: 438–50
Anderson, Terry L. and Leal, Donald R. 1991, Free Market Environmentalism, Boulder, Col.: Westview Press
Anderson, Terry L. and Leal, Donald R. 1992, “Free Market Versus Political Environmentalism,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 15: 297–310
Andrews, Richard N. L. 1999, Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: a History of American Environmental Policy, New Haven: Yale University Press
Antal-Mokos, Zoltan 1998, Privatization, Politics, and Economic Performance in Hungary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Aristotle 1941, “Politica,” trans. B. Jowett, in Richard McKeon (ed.), The Basic Works of Aristotle, New York: Random House, pp. 1113–316
Arnold, Frank S. 1995, Economic Analysis of Environmental Policy and Regulation, New York: Wiley
Arrow, Kenneth 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values, New York: Wiley
Arthur, W. Brian 1989, “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns and Lock-in by Historical Events,” Economic Journal 99: 116–31
Ault, Warren O. 1965, “Open Field Husbandry and the Village Community,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 55: 5–102
Ault, W. O. 1972, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England/ a Study of Village By-Laws, London: Allen and Unwin
Baden, John and Stroup, Richard 1990, “Natural Resource Scarcity, Entrepreneurship, and the Political Economy of Hope,” in Walter E. Block (ed.), Economics and the Environment: a Reconciliation, Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute, pp. 117–36
Baldwin, Melissa Waller 1997, “Conservation Easements: a Viable Tool for Land Preservation,” Land and Water Law Review 32: 89–123
Barnes, David W. 1982–3, “Enforcing Property Rights: Extending Property Rights Theory to Congestible and Environmental Goods,” Environmental Affairs 10: 583–638
Barzel, Yoram 1989, Economic Analysis of Property Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Baumol, William J. and Oates, Wallace E. 1971, “The Use of Standards and Prices for Protection of the Environment,” in Peter Bohm and Allen V. Kneese (eds.), The Economics of Environment: Papers from Four Nations, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 53–65
Baumol, William J. and Oates, Wallace E. 1988, The Theory of Environmental Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Beerman, Jack M. 1991, “Interest Group Politics and Judicial Behavior: Macey's Public Choice,” Notre Dame Law Review 67: 183–229
Bell, George Joseph 1899, Principles of the Law of Scotland, Edinburgh: Law Society of Scotland/Butterworths
Berkes, Fikret 1992, “Success and Failure in Marine Coastal Fisheries of Turkey,” in Daniel W. Bromley (ed.), Making the Commons Work, San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, pp. 161–82
Berkes, F., Feeny, D., McCay, B. J. and Acheson, J. M. 1989, “The Benefits of the Commons,” Nature 340 (July 13): 91–3
Bethell, Tom 1998, The Noblest Triumph: Property and Prosperity Through the Ages, New York: St. Martin's Griffin
Black, Bernard S., Krakman, Rainer and Tarassova, Anna 2000, “Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?,” Stanford Law Review 52: 1731–808
Blackie, Jeffrey A. 1989, “Conservation Easements and the Doctrine of Changed Conditions,” Hastings Law Journal 40: 1187–222
Blackstone, William [1766] 1979, Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol. Ⅱ, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Block, Walter E. 1990, “Environmental Problems, Private Property Rights Solutions,” in Walter E. Block (ed.), Economics and the Environment: a Reconciliation, Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute, pp. 281–332
Blumm, Michael C. 1992, “The Fallacies of Free Market Environmentalism,” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 15: 371–89
Bohi, Douglas R. 1994, “Utilities and State Regulators are Failing to Take Advantage of Emission Allowance Trading,” Electricity Journal 7(2): 20–7
Bonyhady, Tim 1987, The Law of the Countryside: the Rights of the Public, Milton Park Estate, Abingdon, UK: Professional Books
Borcherding, Thomas E. 1990, “Natural Resources and Transgenerational Equity,” in Walter E. Block (ed.), Economics and the Environment: a Reconciliation, Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute, pp. 95–115
Bork, Robert H. 1990, The Tempting of America: the Political Seduction of the Law, New York: Free Press
Bosselman, Fred, Callies, David, and Banta, John 1973, The Taking Issue: an Analysis of the Constitutional Limits of Land Use Control, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office
Bosselman, Fred P. and Stroud, Nancy E. 1985, “Pariah to Paragon: Developer Exactions in Florida 1975–85,” Stetson Law Review 14: 527–63
Brenner, Joel Franklin 1974, “Nuisance Law and the Industrial Revolution,” Journal of Legal Studies 3: 403–33
Brimblecombe, Peter 1987, The Big Smoke: a History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times, London: Methuen
Bromley, Daniel W. 1989, Economic Interests and Institutions: the Conceptual Foundations of Public Policy, Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Bromley, Daniel W. 1991, Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy, Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Bromley, Daniel W. (ed.) 1992, Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy, San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies
Brunet, Edward 1992, “Debunking Wholesale Private Enforcement of Environmental Rights,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 15: 311–24
Buchanan, James and Tullock, Gordon 1962, The Calculus of Consent, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Buchanan, James and Tullock, Gordon 1975, “Polluters' ‘Profit’ and Political Response,” American Economic Review 65: 139–47
Burtraw, Dallas 1996, “Cost Savings Sans Allowance Trades? Evaluating the SO2 Emission Trading Program to Date,” Discussion Paper 95–30-REV, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future
Burtraw, Dallas, Krupnick, Alan J., Mansur, Erin, Austin, David and Farrell, Deirdre 1997, “The Costs and Benefits of Reducing Acid Rain,” Discussion Paper 97–31-REV, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future
Calabresi, Guido and Melamed, A. Douglas 1972, “Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral,” Harvard Law Review 85: 1089–128
Callander, Robin 1998, How Scotland is Owned, Edinburgh: Canongate
Campbell, Bruce M. S. and Godoy, Ricardo A. 1992, “Commonfield Agriculture: the Andes and Medieval England Compared,” in Daniel W. Bromley (ed.), Making the Commons Work, San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, pp. 99–127
Carl Bro International 1984, An Evaluation of Livestock Management and Production with Special References to Communal Areas, Glostrup, Denmark: Carl Bro International
Carlson, Curtis, Burtraw, Dallas, Cropper, Maureen and Palmer, Karen L. 2000. “Sulfur-Dioxide Control by Electric Utilities: What are the Gains from Trade?,” Journal of Political Economy 108: 1292–326
Carson, Rachel 1962, Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Castle, Emery N. 1965, “The Market Mechanism, Externalities, and Land Economics,” Journal of Farm Economics 47: 542–56
Chambers, J. D. 1964, Laxton: the Last English Open Field Village, London: HMSO
Cheever, Frederico 1996, “Public Good and Private Magic in the Law of Land Trusts and Conservation Easements: a Happy Present and a Troubled Future,” Denver University Law Review 73: 1077–102
Chertow, Marian R. and Esty, Daniel C. (eds.) 1997, Thinking Ecologically: the Next Generation of Environmental Policy, New Haven: Yale University Press
Cheung, Steven N. S. 1986, Will China Go Capitalist?, Hobart Paper 94, London: Institute of Economic Affairs
Cheung, Steven N. S. 1998, “The Transaction Costs Paradigm,” Economic Inquiry 36: 514–21
Chippindale, Christopher 1990, “The Stonehenge Phenomenon,” in Christopher Chippindale, Paul Devereux, Peter Fowler, Rhys Jones, and Tim Sebastian (eds.), Who Owns Stonehenge?, London: Batsford, pp. 9–34
Church, Albert M. 1982, Conflicts Over Resource Ownership, Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books
Ciriacy-Wantrup, S. V. and Bishop, Richard C. 1975, “‘Common Property’ as a Concept in Natural Resources Policy,” Natural Resources Journal 15: 713–27
Clark, Colin W. 1973a, “Profit Maximization and the Extinction of Animal Species,” Journal of Political Economy 81: 950–61
Clark, Colin W. 1973b, “The Economics of Overexploitation,” Science 181: 630–34
Clawson, Marian and Held, Burnell 1957, The Federal Lands: their Use and Management, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press for Resources for the Future
Coase, Ronald H. 1937, “The Theory of the Firm,” Economica 4: 386–405
Coase, Ronald H. 1959, “The Federal Communications Commission,” Journal of Law and Economics 2: 1–40
Coase, Ronald H. 1960, “The Problem of Social Cost,” Journal of Law and Economics 3: 1–44
Coase, Ronald H. 1964, “Discussion: the Regulated Industries,” American Economic Review 54: 194–7
Coase, Ronald H. 1984, “How Should Economists Choose?,” in R. H. Coase, Essays on Economics and Economists, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 15–33
Coase, Ronald H. 1988, The Firm, the Market and the Law, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Coase, Ronald H. 1994, Essays on Economics and Economists, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Coggins, George Cameron, Wilkinson, Charles F. and Leshy, John D. 1993, Federal Public Lands and Resources Law, Westbury, NY: Foundation Press
Cohen, Felix 1970 [1944], “Indian Claims,” in Lucy Kramer Cohen (ed.), The Legal Conscience: Selected Papers of Felix S. Cohen, New York: Archon Books, pp. 264–72
Cohen-Tanugi, Laurent 1985, Le droit sans létat: sur la démocratie en France et en Amérique, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
Cole, Daniel H. 1998, Instituting Environmental Protection: From Red to Green in Poland, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Cole, Daniel H. 1999, “New Forms of Property Rights: Property Rights in Environmental Goods,” in Boudwijn Bouckaert and Gerrit de Geest (eds.), Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, vol. Ⅱ, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 274–314
Cole, Daniel H. 2000a, “The Importance of Being Comparative: the M. Dale Palmer Professorship Inaugural Lecture,” Indiana Law Review 33: 921–36
Cole, Daniel H. 2000b, “Clearing the Air: Four Propositions on Property Rights and Environmental Protection,” Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 10: 103–30
Cole, Daniel H. and Grossman, Peter Z. 1999, “When is Command-and-Control Efficient? Institutions, Technology, and the Comparative Efficiency of Alternative Regulatory Regimes for Environmental Protection,” Wisconsin Law Review: 887–938
Cole, Daniel H. and Grossman, Peter Z. (forthcoming a), “The Meaning of Property Rights: Law vs. Economics,” Land Economics 78(3)
Cole, Daniel H. and Grossman, Peter Z. (forthcoming b), “Toward a Total-Cost Approach to Environmental Instrument Choice,” in Timothy Swanson (ed.), Research in Law and Economics, Stamford, Conn.: JAI Press
Cordell, John and McKean, Margaret A. 1992, “Sea Tenure in Bahia, Brazil,” in Daniel W. Bromley (ed.), Making the Commons Work, San Francisco, Institute for Contemporary Studies, pp. 183–205
Cox, Susan J. B. 1985, “No Tragedy on the Commons,” Environmental Ethics 7: 49–61
Crocker, Thomas D. 1966, “The Structuring of Atmospheric Pollution Control Systems,” in Harold Wolozin (ed.), The Economics of Air Pollution, New York: Norton, pp. 61–86
Cropper, Maureen L., Evans, William N., Berardi, Stephen J., Ducla-Soares, Maria M. and Portney, Paul R. 1992, “The Determinants of Pesticide Regulation: a Statistical Analysis of EPA Decision Making,” Journal of Political Economy 100: 175–97
Dagan, Hanoch and Heller, Michael 2001, “The Liberal Commons,” Yale Law Journal 110: 549–623
Dahlman, Carl. J. 1979, “The Problem of Externality,” Journal of Law and Economics 22: 141–62
Dahlman, Carl. J. 1980, The Open-Field System and Beyond: Property Rights Analysis of an Economic Institution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Dales, J. H. 1968, Pollution, Property and Prices: an Essay in Policy-Making and Economics, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Daniels, Tom and Bowers, Deborah 1997, Holding Our Ground: Protecting America's Farms and Farmland, Washington, DC: Island Press
Dasgupta, Partha 1982, The Control of Resources, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Davies, Clarence J. and Mazurek, Jan 1998, Pollution Control in the United States: Evaluating the System, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future
Davis, Otto A. and Kamien, Morton I. 1969, “Externalities, Information, and Alternative Collective Action,” in Joint Economic Committee, United States Congress, The Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures: The PPB System, vol. Ⅰ, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 67–86
Dellapenna, Joseph W. 2000, “The Importance of Getting Names Right: the Myth of Markets for Water,” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 25: 317–77
Demsetz, Harold 1964, “The Exchange and Enforcement of Property Rights,” Journal of Law and Economics 7: 11–26
Demsetz, Harold 1967, “Toward a Theory of Property Rights,” American Economic Review 57: 347–59, reprinted in Harold Demsetz, Ownership, Control and the Firm, vol. Ⅰ, The Organization of Economic Activity, Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1988, pp. 104–16
Demsetz, Harold 1968, “The Costs of Transacting,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 82: 33–53
Demsetz, Harold 1969, “Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint,” Journal of Law and Economics 12: 1–22
Demsetz, Harold 1988, Ownership, Control and the Firm, vol. Ⅰ, The Organization of Economic Activity, Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Denman, D. R. 1978, The Place of Property: a New Recognition of the Function and Form of Property Rights in Land, The Keep, Berkmansted, Herts., UK: Geographical Publications
Dennis, Jeanne M. 1993, “Smoke for Sale: Paradoxes and Problems of the Emissions Trading Program of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,” UCLA Law Review 40: 1101–144
De Soto, Hernando 2000, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, New York: Basic Books
Devlin, Rose Ann 2000, “Property Rights, Tenure Systems and Managing Natural Capital,” in Michael D. Kaplowitz (ed.), Property Rights, Economics, and the Environment, Stamford, Conn.: JAI Press, pp. 103–19
Diehl, Janet and Barrett, Thomas S. 1988, The Conservation Easement Handbook, Washington, DC: Land Trust Alliance
Downing, Paul B. and Kimball, James N. 1982, “Enforcing Pollution Control Laws in the US,” Policy Studies Journal 1: 55–65
Downs, Anthony 1957, An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York: Harper
Driesen, David M. 1998, “Is Emissions Trading an Economic Incentive Program?: Replacing the Command and Control/Economic Incentive Dichotomy,” Washington and Lee Law Review 55: 289–350
Eggertsson, Thráinn 1990, Economic Behavior and Institutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Eggertsson, Thráinn 1996, “The Economics of Control and the Cost of Property Rights,” in Susan S. Hanna, Carl Folke and Karl-Gören Mäler (eds.), Rights to Nature: Ecological, Economic, Cultural, and Political Principles of Institutions for the Environment, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 157–75
Ellickson, Robert C. 1991, Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Ellickson, Robert C. 1993, “Property in Land,” Yale Law Journal 102: 1315–400
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 1909, “Self-Reliance,” in Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and English Traits, New York: P. F. Collier
Engel, Kirsten 1997, “State Environmental Standard-Setting: Is There a ‘Race’ and Is It ‘To the Bottom?,’”Hastings Law Journal 48: 271–376
Ensminger, Jean 1990, “Co-Opting the Elders: the Political Economy of State Incorporation in Africa,” American Anthropologist 92: 662–75
Enterprise for the Environment 1998, The Environmental Protection System in Transition: Toward a More Desirable Future, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Epstein, Richard A. 1985, Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Epstein, Richard 1994, “On the Optimal Mix of Private and Common Property,” in Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller Jr. and Jeffrey Paul (eds.), Property Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–41
Epstein, Richard 1995, Simple Rules for a Complex World, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Ercmann, Sevine 1996, “Enforcement of Environmental Law in United States and European Law: Realities and Expectations,” Environmental Law 26: 1213–39
Lord Ernle 1968, English Farming, Past and Present, London: Heinemann
Evans, David 1992, A History of Nature Conservation in Britain, New York: Routledge
Lord Eversley 1910, Commons, Forests and Footpaths: the Story of the Battle During the Last Forty-Five Years for Public Rights over the Commons, Forests and Footpaths of England and Wales, London: Cassell and Co
Farber, Daniel A. and Frickey, Philip P. 1991, Law and Public Choice: a Critical Introduction, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Featherstone, Allen M. and Goodwin, Barry K. 1993, “Factors Influencing a Farmer's Decision to Invest in Long-Term Conservation Improvements,” Land Economics 69: 67–81
Feeny, D., Berkes, F., McCay, B. J. and Acheson, J. M. 1990, “The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later,” Human Ecology 18: 1–19
Feeny, David, Hanna, Susan, and McEvoy, Arthur F. 1996, “Questioning the Assumptions of the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ Model of Fisheries,” Land Economics 72: 187–205
Feldman, Franklin and Weil, Stephen E. 1986, Art Law, Boston: Little, Brown
Fenner, Randee Gorin 1980, “Land Trusts: an Alternative Method of Preserving Open Spaces,” Vanderbilt Law Review 33: 1039–99
Fenoaltea, Stefano 1988, “Transaction Costs, Whig History, and the Common Fields,” Politics and Society 16: 171–240
Fidzanu, N. H. 2000, “The Botswana Tribal Grazing Land Policy: a Property Rights Study,” in Jennifer Rietbergen-McCracken and Hussein Abaza (eds.), Economic Instruments for Environmental Management, London: Earthscan for the United Nations Environment Programme, pp. 19–30
Field, Barry 1989, “The Evolution of Property Rights,” Kyklos 42: 319–45
Fischel, William A. 1995, Regulatory Takings: Law, Economics, and Politics, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Foster, Vivien and Hahn, Robert W. 1995, “Designing More Efficient Markets: Lessons from Los Angeles Smog Control,” Journal of Law and Economics 38: 19–48
Fowler, Peter 1990a, “Stonehenge: Academic Claims and Responsibilities,” in Christopher Chippindale, Paul Devereux, Peter Fowler, Rhys Jones and Tim Sebastian (eds.), Who Owns Stonehenge?, London: Batsford, pp. 120–38
Fowler, Peter 1990b, “Stonehenge in a Democratic Society,” in Christopher Chippindale, Paul Devereux, Peter Fowler, Rhys Jones, and Tim Sebastian (eds.), Who Owns Stonehenge?, London: Batsford, pp. 139–59
Fraschini, Angela and Cassone, Alberto 1994, “Instrument Choice in Water Pollution Policy in Italy,” in Hans Opschoor and Kerry Turner (eds.), Economic Incentives and Environmental Policies, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 89–112
Freeman, A. Myrick 1982, Air and Water Pollution Control: a Benefit-Cost Assessment, New York: Wiley
Freund, Ernst, 1904, The Police Power: Public Policy and Constitutional Rights, Chicago: Callaghan and Co
Funk, William 1992, “Free Market Environmentalism: Wonder Drug or Snakeoil?,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy: 511–16
Furubotn, Eirik G. and Richter, Rudolf 1998, Institutions and Economic Theory: the Contribution of the New Institutional Economics (Economics, Cognition and Society), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Gaines, Sanford E. and Westin, Richard A. 1991, Taxation for Environmental Protection: a Multinational Legal Study, New York: Quorum Books
Garrett, Kemble Hagerman 1984, “Conservation Easements: the Greening of America?,” Kentucky Law Journal 73: 255–73
Geisler, Charles 2000, “Property Pluralism,” in Charles Geisler and Gail Daneker (eds.), Property and Values: Alternatives to Public and Private Ownership, Washington: Island Press, pp. 65–87
Gerhardt, Paul H. 1969, “Incentives to Air Pollution Control,” in Clark Havighurst (ed.), Air Pollution Control, Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, pp. 162–72
Goetze, David 1987, “Identifying Appropriate Institutions for Efficient Use of Common Pools,” Natural Resources Journal 27: 187–99
Goodstein, Eban 1995, “The Economic Roots of Environmental Decline: Property Rights or Path Dependence?,” Journal of Economic Issues 29: 1029–43
Gordon, H. Scott 1954, “The Economic Theory of a Common Property Resource: the Fishery,” Journal of Political Economy 62: 122–42
Gordon, Scott 1958, “Economics and the Conservation Question,” Journal of Law and Economics 1: 110–21
Grant, Malcolm 1996, “If Tigard Were an English City: Exactions Law in England Following the Tesco Case,” in David L. Callies (ed.), Takings: Land-Development Conditions and Regulatory Takings After Dolan and Lucas, Chicago: Section of State and Local Government Law, American Bar Association, pp. 332–53
Grapel, William (trans.) 1994 (reprint), The Institutes of Justinian, with the Novel as to Successions, Holmes Beach, Fla.: Wm. W. Gaunt and Sons
Green, Donald P. and Shapiro, Ian 1994, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: a Critique of Applications in Political Science, New Haven: Yale University Press
Grossman, Margaret Russo 2000, “Leasehold Interests and the Separation of Ownership and Control in US Farmland,” in Charles Geisler and Gail Daneker (eds.), Property and Values: Alternatives to Public and Private Ownership, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 119–48
Gustanski, Julie Ann 2000, “Protecting the Land: Conservation Easements, Voluntary Actions, and Private Lands,” in J. A. Gustanski and R. H. Squires (eds.), Protecting the Land: Conservation Easements Past, Present, and Future, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 9–25
Hagevik, George 1969, “Legislating for Air Quality Management: Reducing Theory to Practice,” in Clark Havighurst (ed.), Air Pollution Control, Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, pp. 173–202
Hahn, Robert W. 1990, “The Politics and Religion of Clean Air,” Regulation: Cato Review of Business and Government (winter): 21–30
Hahn, Robert W. and Hester, Gordon L. 1989a, “Where Did All the Markets Go? An Analysis of EPA's Emissions Trading Program,” Yale Journal on Regulation 6: 109–53
Hahn, Robert W. and Hester, Gordon L. 1989b, “Marketable Permits: Lessons for Theory and Practice,” Ecology Law Quarterly 16: 361–406
Hahn, Robert W. and Noll, Roger G. 1982, “Designing a Market for Tradeable Emissions Permits,” in Wesley A. Magat (ed.), Reform of Environmental Regulation, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing, pp. 119–46
Hamilton, James T. 1995, “Pollution as News: Media and Stock Market Reactions to the Toxics Release Inventory Data,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 28: 98–113
Hanna, Susan, Folke, Carl, and Mäler, Karl-Gören 1996, “Property Rights and the Natural Environment,” in Susan Hanna, Carl Folke, and Karl-Gören Mäler (eds.), Rights to Nature: Ecological, Economic, Cultural, and Political Principles of Institutions for the Environment, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 1–10
Hanna, Susan and Munasinghe, Mohan 1995, “An Introduction to Property Rights and the Environment,” in Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe (eds.), Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues, Washington, DC: Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and the World Bank, pp. 3–11
Hardin, Garrett 1968, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162: 1243–8
Hardin, Garrett 1978, “Political Requirements for Preserving our Common Heritage,” in H. P. Brokaw (ed.), Wildlife and America, Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality, pp. 310–17
Harrison, David, Jr. and Portney, Paul R. 1981, “Making Ready for the Clean Air Act,” AEI Journal on Government and Society (Mar./Apr.): 24–31
Hart, John 1996, “Colonial Land Use Law and its Significance for Modern Takings Doctrine,” Harvard Law Review 109: 1252–300
Heal, Geoffrey (ed.), 1999, The Economics of Increasing Returns, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Heaton, Herbert 1948, Economic History of Europe, London: Harper and Row
Heinzerling, Lisa 1995, “Selling Pollution, Forcing Democracy,” Stanford Environmental Law Journal 14: 300–44
Heller, Michael A. 1998, “The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets,” Harvard Law Review 111: 621–88
Hines, N. William 1966, “Nor Any Drop to Drink: Public Regulation of Water Quality,” Iowa Law Review 52: 186–235
Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb 1913, “Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning,” Yale Law Journal 23: 16–59
Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb 1917, “Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning,” Yale Law Journal 26: 710–70
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 1872, “Book Review,” American Law Review 6: 140–2
Honoré, Toni 1961, “Ownership,” in Anthony Gordon Guest (ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 107–47
Horwitz, Morton J. 1977, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860: the Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hotelling, Harold 1931, “The Economics of Exhaustible Resources,” Journal of Political Economy 39: 137–75
Howe, Charles W. 1979, Natural Resource Economics, New York: Wiley
Huffman, James L. 1994, “The Inevitability of Private Rights in Public Lands,” University of Colorado Law Review 65: 241–77
Humbach, John A. 1993, “Evolving Thresholds of Nuisance and the Takings Clause,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 18: 1–29
Hurst, James Willard 1984, Law and Economic Growth: the Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836–1915, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
Hyde, William F. 1981, “Compounding Clearcuts: the Social Failures of Public Timber Management in the Rockies,” in John Baden and Richard Stroup (eds.), Bureaucracy Versus the Environment, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 186–202
Jahnke, James A. 1993, Continuous Emission Monitoring, New York: Wiley
Jodha, N. S. 1985, “Population Growth and the Decline of Common Property Resources in Rajasthan, India,” Population and Development Review 11: 247–64
Jung, Chulho, Krutilla, Kerry and Boyd, Roy 1996, “Incentives for Advanced Pollution Abatement Technology at the Industry Level: an Evaluation of Policy Alternatives,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 30: 95–111
Kamiński, Bartłomiej and Sołtan, Karol 1989, “The Evolution of Communism,” International Political Science Review 10: 371–91
Kanner, Gideon 1996, “Not with a Bang, but a Giggle: the Settlement of the Lucas Case,” in David Callies (ed.), Takings: Land-Development Conditions and Regulatory Takings after Dolan and Lucas, Chicago: Section of State and Local Government Law, American Bar Association, pp. 308–11
Kantor, Shawn Everett 1998, Politics and Property Rights: the Closing of the Open Range in the Postbellum South, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Kendall, Douglas T. and Lord, Charles P. 1998, “The Takings Project: a Critical Analysis and Assessment of the Progress So Far,” BC Environmental Affairs Law Review 25: 509–87
Keohane, Nathaniel O., Revesz, Richard L. and Stavins, Robert N. 1997, “The Positive Political Economy of Instrument Choice in Environmental Policy,” Resources for the Future Discussion Paper No. 97–25, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future
Kerr, William 1927, Kerr On Injunctions, London: Sweet and Maxwell
Kirby, Chester 1933, “The English Game Law System,” American Historical Review 38(2): 240–62
Klyza, Christopher McGrory 1996, Who Controls Public Lands?: Mining, Forestry, and Grazing Policies, 1870–1990, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
Komesar, Neil K. 1994, Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Konar, Shameek and Cohen, Mark A. 1997, “Information as Regulation: the Effect of Community Right to Know Laws on Toxic Emissions,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 32: 109–24
Kornai, János 1986, “The Soft Budget Constraint,” Kyklos 39: 3–30
Korngold, Gerald 1984, “Privately Held Conservation Servitudes: a Policy Analysis in the Context of in Gross Real Covenants and Easements,” Texas Law Review 63: 433–94
Krier, James 1970, “Environmental Litigation and the Burden of Proof,” in M. Baldwin and J. Page (eds.), Law and the Environment, New York: Walker and Co., pp. 105–22
Krier, James A. 1974, “The Irrational National Air Quality Standards: Macro- and Micro-Mistakes,” UCLA Law Review 22: 323–42
Krupnick, Alan J. 1986, “Costs of Alternative Policies for the Control of Nitrogen Dioxide in Baltimore,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13: 189–97
Laitos, Jan 1975, “Legal Institutions and Pollution: Some Intersections Between Law and History,” Natural Resources Journal 15: 423–51
Laitos, Jan 1985, Natural Resources Law: Cases and Materials, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing
Laitos, Jan 1998, Law of Property Rights Protections: Limitations on Governmental Powers, New York: Aspen Publishers
Land Trust Alliance 1994, Special Report: the 1994 National Land Trust Survey
Larson, Bruce A. and Bromley, Daniel W. 1990, “Property Rights, Externalities, and Resource Degradation: Locating the Tragedy,” Journal of Development Economics 33: 235–62
Goff, Pierrick B. 1997, “The French Approach to Corporate Liability for Damage to the Environment,” Tulane European and Civil Law Forum 12: 39–135
Leman, Christopher K. 1984, “How the Privatization Revolution Failed, and Why Public Land Management Needs Reform Anyway,” in John G. Francis and Richard Ganzel (eds.), Western Public Lands, Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and Allanheld, pp. 110–28
Lewis, James A. 1980, “Landownership in the United States, 1978,” Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 435, Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture
Libecap, Gary D. 1981, Locking up the Range: Federal Land Controls and Grazing, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing
Libecap, Gary D. 1989, Contracting for Property Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Libecap, Gary D. 1996, “Environmental Regulation and Federalism,” Arizona Law Review 38: 901–7
Lieberman, Alvin and Schipma, Peter 1969, Air Pollution-Monitoring Instrumentation: a Survey, Washington, DC: Technology Utilization Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Liroff, Richard A. 1986, Reforming Air Pollution Regulation: the Toil and Trouble of EPA's Bubble, Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation
Lockwood, Jeffrey A. 1998, “The Intent and Implementation of the Endangered Species Act: a Matter of Scale,” in Jason F. Shogren (ed.), Private Property and the Endangered Species Act, Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, pp. 70–91
Luckin, Bill 1986, Pollution and Control: a Social History of the Thames in the Nineteenth Century, Bristol: Adam Hilger
Lueck, Dean 1989, “The Economic Nature of Wildlife Law,” Journal of Legal Studies 18: 291–324
Lueck, Dean 1991, “Ownership and the Regulation of Wildlife,” Economic Inquiry 29: 249–60
Lueck, Dean and Michael, Jeffrey 2000, “Preemptive Habitat Destruction Under the Endangered Species Act,” unpublished working paper on file with the author
Lund, Thomas A. 1975, “British Wildlife Law Before the American Revolution: Lessons from the Past, Michigan Law Review 74: 49–74
Mackaay, Ejan 1999, “On Property Rights and Their Modification,” in Walter Kanning and Donald A. Walker (eds.), Economics, Welfare Policy and the History of Economic Thought – Essays in Honor of Arnold Heertje, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 245–64
Magat, Wesley A. 1982, “Reform of Environmental Regulation: an Introduction,” in Wesley A. Magat (ed.), Reform of Environmental Regulation, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing, pp. 1–12
Maloney, Frank E. and Ausness, Richard C. 1974, “The Use and Legal Significance of the Mean High Tide Water Line in Coastal Boundary Mapping,” North Carolina Law Review 53: 185–273
Maloney, Michael T. and McCormick, Robert E. 1982, “A Positive Theory of Environmental Quality Regulation,” Journal of Law and Economics 25: 99–121
Maloney, Michael T. and Yandle, Bruce 1984, “Estimation of the Cost of Air Pollution Control Regulation,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 11: 244–63
Manning, John F. 2001, “Textualism and the Equity of the Statute,” Columbia Law Review 101: 1–127
Marchak, M. Patricia 1998, “Who Owns Natural Resources in the United States and Canada?” Land Tenure Center, North America Series, Working Paper No. 20, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Mayo, Todd D. 2000, “A Holistic Examination of the Law of Conservation Easements,” in J. A. Gustanski and R. H. Squires (eds.), Protecting the Land: Conservation Easements Past, Present, and Future, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 26–54
Mazurek, Henry E. 1994, “The Future of Clean Air: the Application of Futures Markets to Title Ⅳ of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act,” Temple Environmental Law and Technology Journal 13: 1–33
McCay, Bonnie J. 1996, “Common and Private Concerns,” in Susan Hanna, Carl Folke, and Karl-Gören Mäler (eds.), Rights to Nature: Ecological, Economic, Cultural, and Political Principles of Institutions for the Environment, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 111–26
McCay, Bonnie J. 2000, “Property Rights, the Commons, and Natural Resource Management,” in Michael D. Kaplowitz (ed.), Property Rights, Economics, and the Environment, Stamford, Conn.: JAI Press, pp. 67–82
McCay, Bonnie J. and Acheson, James M. (eds.) 1987, The Question of the Commons: the Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press
McGee, Robert W. and Block, Walter E. 1994, “Pollution Trading Permits as a Form of Market Socialism and the Search for a Real Market Solution to Environmental Pollution,” Fordham Environmental Law Journal 6: 51–77
McKean, Margaret 1986, “Management of Traditional Common Lands (Iriachi) in Japan,” in Proceedings of the Conference on on Common Property Resource Management, National Research Council, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 533–89
McKean, Margaret 1992, “Management of Traditional Common Lands (Iriachi) in Japan,” in Daniel W. Bromley (ed.), Making the Commons Work, San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, pp. 63–98
McKean, Margaret 1996, “Common-Property Regimes as a Solution to Problems of Scale and Linkage,” in Susan S. Hanna, Carl Folke, and Karl-Gören Mäler (eds.), Rights to Nature: Ecological, Economic, Cultural, and Political Principles of Institutions for the Environment, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 223–43
McUsic, Molly S. 1998, “Looking Inside Out: Institutional Analysis and the Problem of Takings,” Northwestern University Law Review 92: 591–664
Meidinger, Errol 1985, “On Explaining the Development of ‘Emissions Trading' in US Air Pollution Regulation,” Law and Policy 7: 447–79
Meiners, Roger E. and Yandle, Bruce 1988, “The Common Law: How it Protects the Environment,” PERC Policy Series, Issue Number PS-13, Bozeman: Political Economy Research Center
Mendelsohn, Robert 1980, “An Economic Analysis of Air Pollution from Coal-Fired Power Plants,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 7: 30–43
Menell, Peter S. 1991, “The Limitations on Legal Institutions for Addressing Environmental Risks,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5: 93–111
Menell, Peter S. 1992, “Institutional Fantasylands: From Scientific Management to Free Market Environmentalism,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 15: 489–510
Menell, Peter S. and Stewart, Richard B. 1994, Environmental Law and Policy, Boston: Little, Brown
Mercuro, Nicholas and Medema, Steven G. 1997, Economics and the Law: From Posner to Post-Modernism, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press
Michaelman, Frank 1967, “Property, Utility and Fairness: Comments on the Ethical Foundations of ‘Just Compensation’ Law,” Harvard Law Review 80: 1165–1258
Michaelman, Frank 1982, “Ethics, Economics, and the Law of Property,” in J. R. Pennock and J. W. Chapman (eds.), Nomos 24: Ethics, Economics, and the Law, New York: New York University Press, pp. 3–40
Miller, Kathleen A. 1996, “Water Banking to Manage Supply Variability,” Advances in Economics of Environmental Resources 1: 185–210
Mostaghel, Deborah M. 1995, “State Reactions to the Trading of Emissions Allowances Under Title Ⅳ of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 22: 201–24
National Society for Clean Air 1983, The History of Air Pollution and its Control in Great Britain, Brighton: National Society for Clean Air
Nef, J. U. 1977, “An Early Energy Crisis and its Consequences,” Scientific American (October): 141–51
Nellis, John 2000, “Time to Rethink Privatization in Transition Economies?,” International Finance Corporation Working Paper No. 38, Washington, DC
Nelson, Robert H. 1995, Public Lands and Private Rights: the Failure of Scientific Management. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield
Netting, Robert M. 1976, “What Alpine Peasants Have in Common: Observations on Communal Tenure in a Swiss Village,” Human Ecology 4: 135–46
Niskanen, William A., Jr. 1971, Bureaucracy and Representative Government, Chicago: Aldine-Atherton
Noll, Roger C. 1989, “Economic Perspectives on the Politics of Regulation,” in Richard Schmalensee and Robert D. Willig (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 1253–87
North, Douglass C. 1990, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
North, Douglass C. and Thomas, Robert C. 1973, The Rise of the Western World: a New Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Noss, Reed F., Schlickeisen, Rodger and Cooperrider, Allen Y. 1994, Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press
Oakland, William H. 1987, “Theory of Public Goods,” in Alan H. Averbach and Martin Feldstein (eds.), Handbook of Public Economics, vol. Ⅱ, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 485–535
Olson, Mancur, Jr. 1965, The Logic of Collective Action, New York: Schocken Books
Opschoor, J. B. and Vos, Hans B. 1989, Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection, Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 1995, Environmental Performance Reviews: Poland, Paris: OECD
Orts, Eric W. 1995, “Reflexive Environmental Law,” Northwestern University Law Review 89: 1227–340
Orzechowski, William 1977, “Economic Models of Bureaucracy: Survey, Extensions, and Evidence,” in T. C. Borcherding (ed.), Budgets and Bureaucrats: the Sources of Government Growth, Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, pp. 199–259
Ostrom, Elinor 1990, Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Ostrom, Elinor, Burger, Joanna, Field, Christopher B., Norgaard, Richard B. and Policansky, David 1999, “Rivisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges,” Science 284 (9 Apr.): 278–82
Ostrom, Elinor and Gardner, Roy 1993, “Coping with Asymmetries in the Commons: Self-Governing Irrigation Systems Can Work,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7: 93–112
Ovid 1992, Metamorphoses Ⅴ–Ⅷ, trans. D. E. Hill, Warminster, Wiltshire, UK: Aris and Phillips
Palmer, A. R., Mooz, W. E., Quinn, T. H. and Wolf, K. A. 1980, “Economic Implications of Regulation of Clorofluorocarbon Emissions from Nonaerosol Applications,” Rand Corp. Report No. R-2524-EPA, prepared for the US Environmental Protection Agency, Santa Monica: Rand Corporation
Palmer, Craig T. 1993, “Folk Management, ‘Soft Evolutionism,’ and Fishers' Motives: Implications for the Regulation of the Lobster Fisheries of Maine and Newfoundland,” Human Organization 52: 414–20
Pashigian, B. Peter 1985, “Environmental Regulation: Whose Self-Interests Are Being Protected?,” Economic Inquiry 23: 551–84
Paul, Ellen Frankel 1988, Property Rights and Eminent Domain, New Brunswick: Transaction Books
Percival, Robert, Miller, Alan S., and Schroeder, Christopher H. 1996, Environmental Regulation: Law, Science, and Policy, Boston: Little, Brown
Petersen, William F. Jr. 1994, “The Limits of Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Protection,” Environmental Law Reporter 24: 10173–6
Peterson, Andrea L. 1989, “The Takings Clause: in Search of Underlying Principles Part Ⅰ – a Critique of Current Takings Clause Doctrine,” California Law Review 77: 1301–63
Pigou, A. C. [1920] 1960, The Economics of Welfare, London: Macmillan
Pipes, Richard 1999, Property and Freedom: the Story of How Through the Centuries Private Ownership Has Promoted Liberty and the Rule of Law, New York: Knopf
Plucknett, Theodore F. T. 1956, A Concise History of the Common Law, Boston: Little, Brown
Polesetsky, Matthew 1995, “Will a Market in Air Pollution Clean the Nation's Dirtiest Air? A Study of the South Coast Air Quality Management District's Regional Clean Air Incentives Market,” Ecology Law Quarterly 22: 359–411
Poole, Robert W., Jr. 1996, “Privatization for Economic Development,” in Terry L. Anderson and Peter J. Hill (eds.), The Privatization Process: a Worldwide Perspective, Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 1–18
Portney, Paul R. 1990, “Air Pollution Policy,” in Paul R. Portney (ed.), Public Policies for Environmental Protection, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, pp. 27–96
Posner, Richard A. 1992, Economic Analysis of Law, Boston: Little, Brown
Pound, Diana draft 1999, “‘Thanet Coast – An Asset for All?,’ Consensus Building Process: a Review” (typescript)
Power, Thomas Michael 1996, Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies: the Search for a Value of Place, Washington, DC: Island Press
Power, Thomas Michael 1997, “Ideology, Wishful Thinking, and Pragmatic Reform: a Constructive Critique of Free-Market Environmentalism,” in John Baden and Donald Snow (eds.), The Next West: Public Lands, Community, and Economy in the American West, Washington, DC: Gallatin Institute and Island Press
Randall, Alan and Castle, Emery N. 1985, “Land Resources and Land Markets,” in Allen V. Kneese and James L. Sweeney (eds.), Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, vol. Ⅱ, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 571–620
Rasker, Raymond 1994, “A New Look at Old Vistas: the Economic Role of Environmental Quality in Western Public Lands,” University of Colorado Law Review 65: 369–99
Rasker, Raymond, Martin, Michael V. and Johnson, Rebecca L. 1992, “Economics: Theory Versus Practice in Wildlife Management,” Conservation Biology 6: 338–49
Reitze, Arnold W. Jr. 1999, “The Legislative History of US Air Pollution Control,” Houston Law Review 36: 679–741
Repetto, Robert 1983, “Air Quality Under the Clean Air Act,” in Thomas C. Schelling (ed.), Incentives for Environmental Protection, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 221–90
Revesz, Richard L. 1996a, “The Control of Interstate Environmental Externalities in a Federal System,” Arizona Law Review 38: 883–99
Revesz, Richard L. 1996b, “Federalism and Interstate Environmental Externalities,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144: 2341–416
Roach, F., Kolstad, C., Kneese, A. V., Tobin, R. and Williams, M. 1981, “Alternative Air Quality Policy Options in the Four Corners Region,” Southwestern Review 1: 29–58
Roberts, Marc 1982, “Some Problems of Implementing Marketable Permit Schemes: the Case of the Clean Air Act,” in Wesley A. Magat (ed.), Reform of Environmental Regulation, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing, 93–117
Rose, Carol M. 1984, “Mahon Reconstructed: Why the Takings Issue is Still a Muddle,” Southern California Law Review 57: 561–99
Rose, Carol M. 1990, “Energy and Efficiency in the Realignment of Common-Law Water Rights,” Journal of Legal Studies 19: 261–96
Rose, Carol M. 1994, Property and Persuasion: Essays on History, Theory and Rhetoric of Ownership, Boulder, Col.: Westview Press
Rose, Carol 1998, “Canon's of Property Talk, or, Blackstone's Anxiety,” Yale Law Journal 108: 601–32
Rosenberg, Adam J. 1994, “Emissions Credit Futures Contracts on the Chicago Board of Trade: Regional and Rational Challenges to the Right to Pollute,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13: 501–36
Ruderman, Henry, Levine, Mark, and McMahon, James 1987, “Energy-Efficiency Choice in Purchase of Residential Appliances,” in Willett Kempton and Max Neiman (eds.), Energy Efficiency: Perspectives on Individual Behavior, Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, pp. 41–50
Russell, Clifford, Harrington, Winston, and Vaughn, William J. 1986, Enforcing Pollution Control Laws, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future
Russell, Clifford S. and Powell, Philip T. 1996, Choosing Environmental Policy Tools: Theoretical Cautions and Practical Considerations, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank
Samuels, Warren J. 1999, “Theories of Property,” Journal of Economic Issues 33: 183–8
Samuelson, Paul A. 1980, Economics, 11th edn, New York: McGraw-Hill
Sanchez, Nicolas and Nugent, Jeffrey B. 1994, “When Common Property Rights Can Be Optimal: Nineteenth-Century Cattle Grazing in the Semiarid American West,” in Terry L. Anderson and Peter J. Hill (eds.), The Political Economy of the American West, Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 43–67
Sapp, William W. 1995, “The Supply-Side and Demand-Side of Wetlands Mitigation Banking,” Oregon Law Review 74: 951–93
Savage, Howard 1998, “What We Have Learned About Properties, Owners, and Tenants from the 1995 Property Owners and Managers Survey,” Census Bureau, Current Housing Reports: Housing and Household Economic Statistics, H121/98–1
Sax, Joseph L. 1999, Playing Darts with a Rembrandt: Public and Private Rights in Cultural Treasures, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Scalia, Antonin 1989, “Originalism: the Lesser Evil,” University of Cincinnati Law Review 57: 849–65
Scalia, Antonin 1997, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law, Princeton: Princeton University Press
Schlager, Edella and Ostrom, Elinor 1992, “Property-Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: a Conceptual Analysis,” Land Economics 68: 249–62
Schmalensee, Richard, Joskow, Paul L., Ellerman, A. Denny, Montero, Juan Pablo and Bailey, Elizabeth M. 1998, “An Interim Evaluation of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Trading,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12: 53–68
Schmid, A. Allan 1999, “Government, Property, Markets … In That Order … Not Government Versus Markets,” in Nicholas Mercuro and Warren J. Samuels (eds.), The Fundamental Interrelationships Between Government and Property, Stamford, Conn.: JAI Press, pp. 233–7
Schroder, Robert L. and Johnson, S. Lee 1997, “Using Market Forces to Reduce Pollution: Michigan's Emissions Reduction Credit and Emission Averaging Rules,” Michigan Bar Journal 76: 70–3
Scott, Anthony D. 1955, “The Fishery: the Objectives of Sole Ownership,” Journal of Political Economy 63: 203–15
Seabright, Paul 1993, “Managing Local Commons: Theoretical Issues in Incentive Design,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7: 113–34
Seskin, Eugene P., Anderson, Robert J., and Reid, Robert O. 1983, “An Empirical Analysis of Economic Strategies for Controlling Air Pollution,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 10: 112–24
Shanks, Bernard 1981, “Dams and Disasters: the Social Problems of Water Development Policies,” in John Baden and Richard L. Stroup (eds.), Bureaucracy vs. Environment: the Environmental Costs of Bureaucratic Government, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 108–23
Shapiro, Sidney A. and McGarity, Thomas O. 1991, “Not So Paradoxical: the Rationale for Technology-Based Regulation,” Duke Law Journal: 729–52
Shogren, James F. and Hayward, Patricia H. 1998, “Biological Effectiveness and Economic Impacts of the Endangered Species Act,” in James F. Shogren (ed.), Private Property and the Endangered Species Act, Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 48–69
Smith, Adam [1776] 1994, The Wealth of Nations, New York: Modern Library
Smith, Henry 2000, “Semi-Common Property Rights and Scattering in the Open Fields,” Journal of Legal Studies 29: 131–69
Sohn, David and Cohen, Madeline 1996, “From Smokestacks to Species: Extending the Tradeable Permit Approach from Air Pollution to Habitat Conservation,” Stanford Environmental Law Journal 15: 405–51
Solow, Robert M. 1974, “Richard T. Ely Lecture: the Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics,” American Economic Association 64: 1–14
Spofford, Walter O., Jr. 1984, “Efficiency Properties of Alternative Source Control Policies for Meeting Ambient Air Quality Standards: an Empirical Application to the Lower Delware Valley,” Resources for the Future Discussion Paper No. D-118, Washington DC: Resources for the Future
Squillace, Mark 1992, Environmental Law: Air Pollution, Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing
State Utility Forecasting Group 1991, Indiana Electricity Demand: the 1990 Forecast, West Lafayette, Ind.: State Utility Forecasting Group
Stavins, Robert 1993, “Transaction Costs and the Performance of Markets for Pollution Control,” Resources for the Future Discussion Paper No. QE 93–16, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future
Stavins, Robert 1998, “What We Can Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(3): 69–88
Stavins, Robert N. and Whitehead, Bradley W. 1992, “Dealing With Pollution: Market-Based Incentives for Environmental Protection,” Environment 34: 7–42
Steinzor, Rena 1998, “Reinventing Environmental Regulation: Back to the Past By Way of the Future,” ELR News and Analysis 28: 10361–72
Stevenson, Glenn G. 1991, Common Property Economics: a General Theory and Land Use Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Stewart, Richard B. 1981, “Regulation, Innovation, and Administrative Law: a Conceptual Framework,” California Law Review 69: 1259–377
Stewart, Richard B. 1993, “Environmental Regulation and International Competitiveness,” Yale Law Journal 102: 2039–106
Stewart, Richard B. 1996, “The Future of Environmental Regulation: United States Environmental Regulation: a Failing Paradigm,” Journal of Law and Commerce 15: 585–96
Stewart, Richard B. and Krier, James E. 1978, Environmental Law and Policy: Readings, Materials and Notes, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill
Story, Joseph [1884] 1988, Commentaries on Equity Jurisdiction, Birmingham, Ala.: Legal Classics Library
Stroup, Richard L. and Baden, John A. 1973, “Externality, Property Rights and the Management of Our National Forests,” Journal of Law and Economics 16: 303–12
Stroup, Richard L. and Baden, John A. 1983, Natural Resources: Bureaucratic Myths and Environmental Management, San Francisco: Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research
Stroup, Richard L. and Goodman, Sandra L. 1992, “Property Rights, Environmental Resources, and the Future,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 15: 427–41
Sutherland, Douglas 1988, The Landowners, London: Muller
Svendsen, Gert Tingaard 1998, Public Choice and Environmental Regulation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Swift, Byron 1997, “The Acid Rain Test,” Environmental Forum 14: 17–25
Taylor, Michael 1992, “The Economics and Politics of Property Rights and Common Pool Resources,” Natural Resources Journal 32: 633–48
Terrebonne, R. Peter 1993, “Privatizing the Commons: the Distribution of Total Product,” Eastern Economic Journal 19: 165–71
Thirsk, Joan 1964, “The Common Fields,” Past and Present 29: 3–25
Thompson, Andrew Mcfee 1996, “Free Market Environmentalism and the Common Law: Confusion, Nostalgia, and Inconsistency,” Emory Law Journal 45: 1329–72
Thompson, Barton H. 1993, “Institutional Perspectives on Water Policy and Markets,” California Law Review 81: 673–764
Thompson, Barton H. 1996, “The Search for Regulatory Alternatives,” Stanford Environmental Law Journal 15: 8–21
Thompson, Barton H. 2000, “Tragically Difficult: the Obstacles to Governing the Commons,” Environmental Law 30: 241–78
Tietenberg, Thomas 1985, Emissions Trading: an Exercise in Reforming Pollution Policy, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future
Tietenberg, T. H. 1991, “Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection,” in Dieter Helm (ed.), Economic Policy Towards the Environment, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 86–110
Tipton, Carrie A. 1995, “Protecting Tomorrow's Harvest: Developing a National System of Individual Transferable Quotas to Conserve Ocean Resources,” Virginia Environmental Law Journal 14: 381–421
Toulmin, Stephen 2001, Return to Reason, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Treanor, William Michael 1995, “The Original Understanding of the Takings Clause and the Political Process,” Columbia Law Review 95: 782–887
Tripp, James T. B. and Dudek, Daniel J. 1989, “Institutional Guidelines for Designing Successful Transferable Rights Programs,” Yale Journal on Regulation 6: 369–91
Wade, Robert 1987, “The Management of Common Property Resources: Collective Action as an Alternative to Privatisation or State Regulation,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 11: 95–106
Warming, Jens 1911, “Om ‘grundrente’ af fiskegrunde,” Nationalokonomisk Tidsskrift, 495–506, translated in P. Andersen 1983, “On Rent of Fishing Grounds: a Translation of Jens Warming's 1911 Article, with an Introduction,” History of Political Economy 15: 391–6
Wedgwood, Ruth 1994, “Constitutional Equity,” Yale Law Journal 104: 33–7
Wijewardana, Don 1990, “Sale of the Century: NZ Forestland for Sale; in a Controversial Move, the New Zealand Government is Offering for Sale its Stock of Plantation Forest as Part of a Privatization Program to Reduce National Debt,” World Wood 31(Feb.): 24–5
Wilkove, David S., Bean, Michael J., Bonnie, Robert and McMillan, Margaret 1996, “Rebuilding the Ark Toward a More Effective Endangered Species Act for Private Land,” New York: Environmental Defense Fund, available on the World Wide Web at http://www.edf.org/pubs/Reports/help-esa/index.html#problem
Williamson, Oliver 1975, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York: Free Press
Williamson, Oliver 1983, “Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange,” American Economic Review 83: 519–40
Williamson, Oliver 1985, The Economics Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press
Willick, D. and Windle, T. 1973, “Rule Enforcement by the Los Angeles Country Air Pollution Control District,” Ecology Law Quarterly 3: 507–34
Wittman, Donald A. 1995, The Myth of Democratic Failure: Why Political Institutions are Efficient, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Wolozin, Harold 1969, “The Economics of Air Pollution: Central Problems,” in Clark Havighurst (ed.), Air Pollution Control, Dobbs Ferry NY: Ocean Publications, pp. 31–42
Yandle, Bruce 1992, “Escaping Environmental Feudalism,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 15: 517–39
Yandle, Bruce 1993, “Bootleggers and Baptists – Environmentalists and Protectionists: Old Reasons for New Coalitions,” in Terry L. Anderson (ed.), NAFTA and the Environment, San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, pp. 91–103
Yandle, Bruce 1997, Common Sense and Common Law for the Environment: Creating Wealth in Hummingbird Economies, Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield
Young, Robert A. and Haveman, Robert H. 1985, “Economics of Water Resources: a Survey,” in Allen V. Kneese and James L. Sweeney (eds.), Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, vol. Ⅱ, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 465–529
Youngman, Joan 1993, “Concepts of Property and Taxation,” in Gene Wunderlich (ed.), Land Ownership and Taxation, Boulder, Col.: Westview Press., pp. 45–59
Zupko, Ronald E. and Laures, Robert A. 1996, Straws in the Wind: Medieval Urban Environmental Law, Boulder, Col.: Westview Press
Żylicz, Tomasz 1995, “Will New Property Right Regimes in Central and Eastern Europe Serve the Purposes of Nature Conservation?,” in Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe (eds.), Property Rights in a Social and Ecological Context: Case Studies and Design Applications, Washington, DC: Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and the World Bank, pp. 63–74
