Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-15T23:14:13.275Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2022

Mark Esposito
Affiliation:
Hult International Business School and Harvard University’s Division of Continuing Education
Amit Kapoor
Affiliation:
Institute for Competitiveness, India

Summary

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is reshaping the globe at a rate far quicker than earlier revolutions. It is also having a greater influence on society and industry. We are currently witnessing extraordinary technology such as self-driving cars and 3D printing, as well as robots that can follow exact instructions. And hitherto unconnected sectors are combining to achieve unfathomable effects. It is critical to comprehend this new era of technology since it will significantly alter life during the next several years in this age of technological advancement. In particular, one of the most significant findings is that 4IR technologies must be used responsibly and to benefit people, companies and countries as a whole; as a result, the development of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and robotics systems will be advanced most effectively by grouping a multidisciplinary team from areas such as computer science, education and social sciences.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009092142
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 11 August 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Abdoola, S. (2019). Smart cities and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Presentation at SAIEE Conference, Sandton International Conference Centre. Available at: https://az817975.vo.msecnd.net/wm-418498-cmsimages/ShafraazAbdool.pdf.Google Scholar
Adhikari, R. (2020). Fourth Industrial Revolution: from least developed countries to knowledge societies. In Aneel, S. S. et al. (eds.), Corridors of Knowledge for Peace and Development. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, pp. 4166, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24374.13.Google Scholar
Aker, M. and Herrera, L. J. P. (2020). Smart literacy learning in the 21st century: facilitating PBSL pedagogic collaborative clouds. In Yu, S., Ally, M., and Tsinakos, A. (eds.), Emerging Technologies and Pedagogies in the Curriculum. Singapore: Springer, pp. 429–46.Google Scholar
Ally, M. (2019). Competency profile of the digital and online teacher in future education. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 20(2): 302–18, https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.4206.Google Scholar
Ally, M. and Wark, N. (2019, September). Learning for sustainable development in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Proceedings of the Pan-Commonwealth Forum 9 (PCF9), Commonwealth of Learning. Available at: http://oasis.col.org/handle/11599/3393.Google Scholar
Ally, M. and Wark, N. (2019, November). Online education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution era. Paper presented at the International Council on Distance Education (ICDE), World Conference on Online Learning (WCOL) 2019, Dublin, Ireland. Available at: https://wcol2019.ie/wp-content/uploads/presentations/CP_052,%20ALLY.pdf.Google Scholar
Ally, M. and Wark, N. (2020). Sustainable development and education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Available at: http://oasis.col.org/bitstream/handle/11599/3698/2020_Ally_Wark_SustainDev_in_4IR.pdf?sequence=1Google Scholar
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (2020). International energy efficiency scorecard. Available at: https://habitatx.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2016_ACEEE_country_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Asghar, S., Rextina, G., Ahmed, T., and Tamimy, M. I. (2020). The Fourth Industrial Revolution in the developing nations: challenges and road map. Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South Research Paper.Google Scholar
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2017). APEC 2017 high-level policy dialogue on human resources development in the digital age. Available at: www.apec.org:443/Meeting-Papers/Sectoral-Ministerial-Meetings/Human-Resources-Development/2017_hrdGoogle Scholar
Ayentimi, D. T. and Burgess, J. (2019). Is the fourth industrial revolution relevant to Sub-Sahara Africa? Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 31(6): 641–52.Google Scholar
Ayres, R. U. (1989). Technological Transformations and Long Waves. Vienna: Novographic.Google Scholar
Azoulay, A. (2018). Making the most of artificial intelligence. The UNESCO Courier, https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-3/audrey-azoulaymaking-most-artificial-intelligence.Google Scholar
Bandyopadhyay, D. and Sen, J. (2011). Internet of Things: applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications 58(1): 4969.Google Scholar
Barker, K. (2021). How leaders are navigating a post-pandemic world. People Matters. Available at: www.peoplematters.in/article/leadership/how-leaders-are-navigating-a-post-pandemic-world-30259.Google Scholar
Berawi, M. A. (2018). Utilizing big data in industry 4.0: managing competitive advantages and business ethics. International Journal of Technology 3(1): 430–3.Google Scholar
Berry, J. E. (2020). The Internet: an educational system for equalizing educational opportunity. In Papa, R. (ed.), Handbook on Promoting Social Justice in Education. Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 15871607.Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, D., Paul, A., Kim, J. H., and Karthigaikumar, P. (2018). An immersive learning model using evolutionary learning. Computers & Electrical Engineering 65: 236–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.08.023.Google Scholar
Bloem, J. et al. (2014). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: things to tighten the link between IT and OT. Available at: www.sogeti.com/globalassets/global/special/sogeti-things3en.pdf.Google Scholar
BloombergQuint, . (n.d.). Modi’s marquee schemes. Available at: www.bqprime.com/labs/modi-marquee-schemes/.Google Scholar
Bogoviz, A. V., Lobova, S. V., Ragulina, Y. V., and Alekseev, A. N. (2017). A comprehensive analysis of energy security in the member states of the Eurasian economic union, 2000–2014. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 7(5): 93101.Google Scholar
Boyle, M. J. (2015). The legal and ethical implications of drone warfare. The International Journal of Human Rights 19(2): 105–26.Google Scholar
Bremicker, M. and Heynitz, H. V. (2016). The Factory of the Future: Industry 4.0 – the Challenges of Tomorrow. KPMG.Google Scholar
Breunig, M., Kelly, R., Mathis, R., and Wee, D. (2016). Industry 4.0 after the initial hype: where manufacturers are finding value and how they can best capture it. Available at: www.mckinsey.com/business/functions/operations/our-insights/industry-40-looking-beyond-the-initial-hype.Google Scholar
Brynjolfsson, E. and McAfee, A. (2011). Race against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy. Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.Google Scholar
Buhr, D. (2015). Social innovation policy for Industry 4.0. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Division for Social and Economic Policies.Google Scholar
Cann, O. (2018). Machines will do more tasks than humans by 2025 but robot revolution will still create 58 million net new jobs in next five years. World Economic Forum. Available at: https://ideas4development.org/en/frugal-innovation-new-approach-pioneered-in-the-global-south/.Google Scholar
Chui, M., Manyika, J., and Miremadi, M. (2016). Where machines could replace humans – and where they couldn’t (yet). Available at: www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/business-technology/ourinsights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet.Google Scholar
Cissé, M. (2018). Democratizing AI in Africa. The UNESCO Courier. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-3/democratizing-ai-africa.Google Scholar
Condliffe, J. (2018). Strategies to cope with job-taking robots. New York Times, 9 June. www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/business/dealbook/automation-developing-world.html.Google Scholar
Cotteleer, M. and Sniderman, B. (2017). Forces of change: Industry 4.0. Deloitte Insights, 18 December. Available at: www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/industry-4-0/overview.html.Google Scholar
De le Rue du Can, S., Pudleiner, D., and Pielli, K. (2018). Energy efficiency as a means to expand energy access: a Uganda roadmap. Energy Policy 120: 354–64.Google Scholar
Insights, Deloitte (2018). The Fourth Industrial Revolution is here: are you ready? Available at: www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/tr/Documents/manufacturing/Industry4-0_Are-you-ready_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
DESA, UN (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division) (2019). World population prospects. Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/.Google Scholar
Donovan, J. (2013). The 4th Industrial Revolution is upon us. Available at: www.ecnmag.com/article/2013/10/4th-industrial-revolution-upon-us.Google Scholar
Dutschke, E., Hirzel, S., Idrissova, F., Mielicke, U., and Nabitz, L. (2018). Energy efficiency networks – what are the processes that make them work? Energy Efficiency 11(5): 1177–95.Google Scholar
Esen, H. and Esen, M. (2017). Modelling and experimental performance analysis of solar assisted ground source heat pump system. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 29(1): 117.Google Scholar
Eyre, N. (1997). Barriers to energy efficiency: more than just market failure. Energy and Environment 8(1): 2543, https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9700800103.Google Scholar
Forbes India Magazine (2017). Going digital is the fourth industrial revolution. Available at: www.forbesindia.com/article/forbes-india-leaderspeak/going-digital-is-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/45395/1.Google Scholar
Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Fortson, D. (2018). Jaron Lanier’s 10 reasons why you should delete your social media accounts right now. The Times, 20 May.Google Scholar
Gaspar, R., Antunes, D., Faria, A., and Meiszner, A. (2017). Sufficiency before efficiency: consumers’ profiling and barriers/facilitators of energy efficient behaviours. Journal of Cleaner Production 165: 134–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gereffi, G. (2014). Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Review of International Political Economy 21(1): 937.Google Scholar
Gereffi, G. (2015). Global Value Chains, development and emerging economies. Working Paper, United Nations. Available at: https://open.unido.org/api/documents/9924327/download/Global%20value%20chains%2C%20development%20and%20emerging%20economies.pdf.Google Scholar
Gereffi, G. (2018). Global Value Chains and Development: Redefining the Contours of 21st-Century Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., and Sturgeon, T. (2005). The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political Economy 12(1): 78104.Google Scholar
Golove, W. H. and Eto, J. H. (1996). Market Barriers to Energy Efficiency: A Critical Reappraisal of the Rationale for Public Policies to Promote Energy Efficiency. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Google Scholar
Golpira, H. and Khan, S. A. R. (2019). A multi-objective risk-based robust optimization approach to energy management in smart residential buildings under combined demand and supply uncertainty. Energy 170: 1113–29. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544218325593.Google Scholar
Goncharov, V. V. (2020). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: challenges, risks and opportunities. Eruditio, 13 September, http://eruditio.worldacademy.org/volume-2/issue-6/article/fourth-industrial-revolution-challenges-risks-and-opportunities.Google Scholar
Goralskia, M. A. and Tan, T. K. (2020). Artificial intelligence and sustainable development. International Journal of Management Education 18: 19.Google Scholar
Habanik, J., Grencikova, A., and Krajco, K. (2019). The impact of new technology on sustainable development. Engineering Economics 30(1): 41–9, https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.30.1.20776.Google Scholar
Hadjadj, R., Deak, C., Palotas, A. B., Mizsey, P., and Viskolcz, B. (2019). Renewable energy and raw materials – the thermodynamic support. Journal of Cleaner Production 241: 118221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haller, S., Karnouskos, S., and Schroth, C. (2008). The Internet of Things in an enterprise context. In Future Internet Symposium. Berlin: Springer, pp. 1428.Google Scholar
Hewett, M. (1998). Achieving Energy Efficiency in a Restructured Electric Utility Industry Prepared for Minnesotians and for Energy Efficiency Economy. Center for Energy and Environment, Minneapolis, MN.Google Scholar
Hofmann, E., and Rüsch, M. (2017). Industry 4.0 and the current status as well as future prospects on logistics. Computers in Industry 89(1): 2334.Google Scholar
Islam, M. A. and Jantan, A. H. (2017). The glass ceiling: career barriers for female employees in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh. Academy of Strategic Management Journal 16(3), http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3414583.Google Scholar
Jaffe, A. and Stavins, , R. (1994). The energy-efficiency gap: what does it mean? Energy Policy 22(10): 804–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(94)90138-4.Google Scholar
Joseph, N. A. and Nanjunga, T. (2020). The 4IR and financial inclusion in the age of Fintech. Mmegi Online, 26 June, www.mmegi.bw/opinion-analysis/the-4ir-and-financial-inclusion-in-the-age-of-fintech/news.Google Scholar
Kalaria, C. (2019). Industry 4.0: basic understanding and readiness of India. Sourcing and Supply Chain, 24 April, https://sourcingandsupplychain.com/industry-4-0-basic-understanding-and-readiness-of-india/.Google Scholar
Katzev, R. and Johnson, T. (1987). Promoting Energy Conservation: An Analysis of Behavioural Approaches. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kay, J. (2021), Adam Smith and the Pin Factory. Panmure House. Available at: www.panmurehouse.org/perspectives/articles/adam-smith-and-the-pin-factory/.Google Scholar
Kollmuss, A. and Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research 8(3): 239–60.Google Scholar
Kounetas, K., Skuras, D., and Tsekouras, K. (2011). Promoting energy efficiency policies over the information barrier. Information Economics and Policy 23: 7284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, M.-C., Wu, P.- 1., Liou, J.-L., Chen, Y., and Chen, H. (2019). The impact of promoting renewable energy in Taiwan – how much hail is added to snow in farmland prices? Journal of Cleaner Production 241: 118519.Google Scholar
Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H., Feld, T., and Hoffmann, M. (2014). Industry 4.0. Business & Information Systems Engineering 6(1): 239–42.Google Scholar
Lee, K. (2013). Schumpeterian Analysis of Economic Catch-up: Knowledge, Path-Creation, and the Middle-Income Trap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. (2018). How emerging economies can take advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Available at: www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/the-4th-industrial-revolution-is-a-window-of-opportunity-for-emerging-economies-to-advance-by-leapfrogging/.Google Scholar
Lee, K. (2019). The Art of Economic Catch-up: Barriers, Detours and Leapfrogging in Innovation Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. (2021). How developing countries can take advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Available at: https://iap.unido.org/articles/how-developing-countries-can-take-advantage-fourth-industrial-revolution.Google Scholar
Lee, K. and Malerba, F. (2017). Catch-up cycles and changes in industry leadership: windows of opportunity and the responses by actors in sectoral systems. Research Policy 46(2): 338–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K., Malerba, F., and Primi, A. (2020). The Fourth Industrial Revolution, changing global value chains and industrial upgrading in emerging economies. Journal of Economic Policy Reform 23(4): 359–70, https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2020.1735386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K., Szapiro, M., and Mao, Z. (2018). From global value chains (GVC) to innovation systems for local value chains and knowledge creation. The European Journal of Development Research 30(3): 424–41.Google Scholar
Lee, K., Wong, C.-Y., Intarakumnerd, P., and Limapornvanich, C. (2019). Is the 4th Industrial Revolution a window of opportunity for upgrading or reinforcing the middle-income trap? Journal of Economic Policy Reform 23(4): 408–25, https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2019.1565411.Google Scholar
Lihtmaa, L., Hess, D. B., and Leetmaa, K. (2018). lntersection of the global climate agenda with regional development: unequal distribution of energy efficiency-based renovation subsidies for apartment buildings. Energy Policy 119(32): 738.Google Scholar
Liu, P., Tuo, J., Liu, F., Li, C., and Zhang, X. (2018). A novel method for energy efficiency evaluation to support efficient machine tool selection. Journal of Cleaner Production 191: 5766.Google Scholar
Loo, K. (2017). How the gig economy could drive growth in developing countries. Forbes My Say, 23 March. Available at: www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2017/03/23/how-the-gig-economy-could-drive-growth-in-developing-countries/?sh=42181d9e4a49.Google Scholar
Lundvall, B.-Å. (1992). National Systems of Innovation: Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
Lundvall, B.-Å. (2016). The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope. London: Anthem Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahapatra, K., Alm, R., Hallgren, R., Yang, Y., and Umoru, I. (2018). A behavioral change-based approach to energy efficiency in a manufacturing plant. Energy Efficiency 11(5): 1103–16.Google Scholar
Maiorano, J. (2018). Beyond technocracy: forms of rationality and uncertainty in organizational behaviour and energy efficiency decision making in Canada. Energy Research and Social Science 44: 385–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.007.Google Scholar
Makridakis, S. (2017). The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: its impact on society and firms. Futures 90: 4660, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2017.03.006.Google Scholar
Malerba, F. (2002). Sectoral systems of innovation and production. Research Policy 31(2): 247–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinelli, A., Mina, A., and Moggi, M. (2019). The Enabling Technologies of Industry 4.0: Examining The Seeds of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Available at: https://siecon3-607788.c.cdn77.org/sites/siecon.org/files/media_wysiwyg/257-martinelli.pdf.Google Scholar
Mavrikios, D., Alexopoulos, K., Georgoulias, K., Makris, S., Michalos, G., and Chryssolouris, G. (2019). Using holograms for visualizing and interacting with educational content in a Teaching Factory. Procedia Manufacturing 31: 404–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.063.Google Scholar
Mavropoulos, A. (2016). Waste industry must prepare for 4th industrial revolution. ISWA Blog. Available at: https://waste-management-world.com/a/iswa-blog-waste-industry-must-prepare-for-4th-industrial-revolution.Google Scholar
McGinnis, D. (2020). What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? Salesforce, 27 October, www.salesforce.com/blog/what-is-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-4ir/.Google Scholar
Merriam, S. B. (1988) Case Study Research in Education: A Qualitative Approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Middleton, C. (2018). Why China gains most from the Fourth Industrial Revolution – according to PwC. Diginomica, 24 September, https://diginomica.com/why-china-gains-most-from-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-according-to-pwc.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (2016). Natural language: the user interface for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Opus Research Report. Available at: https://opusresearch.net/wordpress/2016/11/04/opus-research-report-natural-language-the-user-interface-for-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/.Google Scholar
Monivisal, T. (2020). Emerging technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Cambodia Development Center 2(8). Available at: https://cd-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/P127_20200520_V2IS8.pdf.Google Scholar
Naudé, W. (2017). Entrepreneurship, education and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10855. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2998964 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2998964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, A. (1994) Demand-side management overcoming market barriers or obscuring real costs? Energy Policy 22(10): 840–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(94)90143-0.Google Scholar
Njuguna, N. and Signe, L. (2020). The Fourth Industrial Revolution and digitization will transform Africa into a global powerhouse. Available at: www.brookings.edu/research/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-and-digitization-will-transform-africa-into-a-global-powerhouse/.Google Scholar
OECD. (2019a). Scoping the OECD AI principles: deliberations of the expert group on artificial intelligence at the OECD (AIGO). OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 291. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/d62f618a-en.Google Scholar
OECD. (2019b). Artificial intelligence in society. OECD Publishing. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/eedfee77-en.Google Scholar
O’Halloran, D. and Kvochko, E. (2015). Industrial Internet of Things: unleashing the potential of connected products and services. World Economic Forum report. Available at: www.weforum.org/press/2015/01/industrial-internet-of-things-unleashing-the-potential-of-connected-products-and-services.Google Scholar
Parsa, A. (2018). The 4th Industrial Revolution and impact on urban development: the role of real estate. Available at: www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2018/ppt/PS01/1.2-Parsa.pdf.Google Scholar
Pates, D. (2020). The holographic academic: rethinking telepresence in higher education. In Yu, S., Ally, M., and Tsinakos, A. (eds.), Emerging Technologies and Pedagogies in the Curriculum. Singapore: Springer, pp. 215–30.Google Scholar
Philbeck, T. and Davis, N. (2019). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: shaping a new era. Journal of International Affairs 72(1): 1722.Google Scholar
Pollitzer, E. (2019). Creating a better future: four scenarios for how digital technologies could change the world. Journal of International Affairs 72(1): 7590, www.jstor.org/stable/26588344.Google Scholar
Popkova, E. G., De Bernardi, P., Tyurina, Y. G., Sergi, B. S. (2022). A theory of digital technology advancement to address the grand challenges of sustainable development. Technology in Society 68: 101831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popkova, E. G., Inshakova, A. O., Bogoviz, A. V., and Lobova, S. V. (2021). Energy efficiency and pollution control through ICTs for sustainable development. Frontiers in Energy Research 9: 735551.Google Scholar
Popkova, E. G. and Sergi, B. S. (2021). Energy efficiency in leading emerging and developed countries. Energy 221: 119730.Google Scholar
Popkova, E. G. and Zavyalova, E. (2021). Introduction: neo-institutional look at modern socio-economic development. In New Institutions for Socio-Economic Development: The Change of Paradigm from Rationality and Stability to Responsibility and Dynamism. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. vvi.Google Scholar
Porter, M. E. and Heppelmann, J. E. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition. Harvard Business Review 92(11): 6488.Google Scholar
Primi, A. and Toselli, M. (2020). A global perspective on Industry 4.0 and development: new gaps or opportunities to leapfrog? Journal of Economic Policy Reform 23(4): 371–89, https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2020.1727322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proskuryakova, L. and Filippov, , S. (2015). Energy technology foresight 2030 in Russia: an outlook for safer and more efficient energy future. Energy Procedia 75: 2798–806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.550.Google Scholar
Reddy, K. and Sasidharan, S. (2021). A portrait of global value chain linkages of Indian manufacturing. Journal of Asian Economic Integration 3(2), September: 235–50, https://doi.org/10.1177/26316846211039419.Google Scholar
Rohdin, P. and Thollander, P. (2006). Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden. Energy 31(12): 1836–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.10.010.Google Scholar
Rosa, W. (ed.). (2017). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. In A New Era in Global Health. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02.Google Scholar
Rotatori, D., Lee, E. J., and Sleeva, S. (2021). The evolution of the workforce during the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Human Resource Development International 24(1): 92103, https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1767453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, A. and Brown, A. (2019). Unlocking the future of learning by redesigning educator learning. In Cook, J. W. (ed.), Sustainability, Human Well-Being, and the Future of Education. Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 235–68.Google Scholar
Rudge, P. (2019). Small island developing states and the fourth industrial revolution. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Available at: https://unctad.org/meetings/en/Contribution/cep2019-29.10-contribution_PRudge_SIDS_UK.pdf.Google Scholar
Runde, D., Bandura, R., and Hammond, M. (2019). Making the Future Work for Us: Technological Impacts on Labor in the Developing World. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies.Google Scholar
Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P., and Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries. Boston Consulting Group 9(1): 5489.Google Scholar
Safarzadeh, S. and Rasti-Barzoki, M. (2019). A game theoretic approach for pricing policies in a duopolistic supply chain considering energy productivity, industrial rebound effect, and government policies. Energy 167: 92105.Google Scholar
Sardianou, E. (2008). Barriers to industrial energy efficiency investments in Greece. Journal of Cleaner Production 16(13): 1416–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.08.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metals, Sage (2019). Indian Manufacturing Industry has a shining future. Available at: https://sagemetals.com/indian-manufacturing-industry-has-a-shining-future/.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (2015). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond. Available at: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-12-12/fourth-industrial-revolution.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. London: Portfolio Penguin.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (2018a). Globalization 4.0: shaping a global architecture in the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. A report for the Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils, Dubai.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (2018b). Globalization 4.0 – what it means and how it could benefit us all. World Economic Forum Agenda, 5 November. Available at: www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/globalization-4-what-does-it-mean-how-it-will-benefiteveryone/.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (2019). Foreword. Journal of International Affairs 72(1): 1316, www.jstor.org/stable/26588338.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. and Davis, N. (2018). Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Currency.Google Scholar
Senate of the Italian Republic. (2017). The impact of the fourth Insutrial Revolution on the jobs market. Available at: www.bollettinoadapt.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/the-impact-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-on-the-jobs-market.pdf.Google Scholar
Sergi, B. S. and Popkova, E. G. (2022). Towards a ‘wide’ role for venture capital in OECD countries’ Industry 4.0. Heliyon 8(1): e08700.Google Scholar
Seric, A. and Tong, Y. S. (2019). What are Global Value Chains and why do they matter. Industrial Analytics Platform. Available at: https://iap.unido.org/articles/what-are-global-value-chains-and-why-do-they-matter.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, O., Dincer, I., Yilbas, B. S. (2019). Development of a novel renewable energy system integrated with biomass gasification combined cycle for cleaner production purposes. Journal of Cleaner Production 241: 118345.Google Scholar
Singh, A. and Prasad Painuly, J. (2009). Financing energy efficiency: lessons from experiences in India and China. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 3(3): 293307, https://doi.org/10.1108/17506220910986815.Google Scholar
Smeets, M. (2021). Converging thoughts on digital trade in preparing for the future. World Trade Organization. Available at: www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/20_adtera_chapter_16_e.pdf.Google Scholar
Soh, C. and Connolly, D. (2021). New frontiers of profit and risk: the Fourth Industrial Revolution’s impact on business and human rights. New Political Economy 26(1): 168–85, https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2020.1723514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sudhakara Reddy, B. (2013). Barriers and drivers to energy efficiency – a new taxonomical approach. Energy Conversion and Management 74: 403416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.06.040.Google Scholar
Sutherland, R. J. (1991). Market barriers to energy-efficiency investments. Energy Journal 12(3), https://doi.org/10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No3-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, T. (2022). Economic survey 2022: R&D key to transitioning to clean energy. Money Control, 31 January. Available at: www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/economic-survey-2022-rd-key-to-transitioning-to-clean-energy-8009231.html.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. (1997). Evaluating energy efficiency investments: accounting for risk in the discounting process. Energy Policy 25(12): 989–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(97)00125-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timilsina, G., Hochman, G., and Fedets, , I. (2016). Understanding energy efficiency barriers in Ukraine: insights from a survey of commercial and industrial firms. Energy 106: 203–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.009.Google Scholar
Trappey, A. J., Trappey, C. V., Govindarajan, U. H., Chuang, A. C., and Sun, J. J. (2017). A review of essential standards and patent landscapes for the Internet of Things: a key enabler for industry 4.0. Advanced Engineering Informatics 33(1): 208–29.Google Scholar
UN (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld.Google Scholar
UN (2020). Goals in the sphere of sustainable development 2020. Available at: www.un.org/sustainbledevelopmet/ru/sustainable-development-goals/.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (2013). Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development. World Investment Report. New York & Geneva: UNCTAD.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (2017). Robots, industrialization and inclusive growth. Chapter 3 of Trade and Development Report. Geneva: UNCTAD.Google Scholar
UNESCO (2019). Meeting commitments: are countries on track to achieve SDG4? Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNESCO-2019-HLPF_UIS_Meeting-EN-v7-web_aer.pdf.Google Scholar
USDOE (US Department of Education) (1983). A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Available at: www.edreform.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/A_Nation_At_Risk_1983.pdf.Google Scholar
Vaninsky, A. (2018). Energy-environmental efficiency and optimal restructuring of the global economy. Energy 153: 338–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vikas, N. (2018). India’s leap towards a sustainable Fourth Industrial Revolution. The CSR Journal, 7 July, https://thecsrjournal.in/leap-sustainable-fourth-industrial-revolution/.Google Scholar
Vincent-Lancrin, S. and van der Vlies, R. (2020). Trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) in education: promises and challenges. OECD Education Working Paper, No. 218, https://doi.org/10.1787/a6c90fa9-en.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Pan, C., Wang, Q., and Zhou, P. (2020). Assessing sustainability performance of global supply chains: an input-output modeling approach. European Journal of Operational Research 285(1): 393404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.01.057.Google Scholar
Wei, Y.-M. and Liao, H. (1993). Energy efficiency in developed model to compare energy-efficiency indices and CO2 emissions in developed and developing countries. Energy Policy 21(3): 276–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(93)90249-f.Google Scholar
Witkowski, K. (2017). Internet of things, big data, industry 4.0: innovative solutions in logistics and supply chains management. Procedia Engineering 182(1): 763–9.Google Scholar
Wohlfarth, K., Eichhammer, W., Schlomann, B., and Worrell, E. (2018). Tailoring cross-sectional energy-efficiency measures to target groups in industry. Energy Efficiency 11(5): 1265–79.Google Scholar
Wood, A. J., Lehdonvirta, V., and Graham, M. (2018). Workers of the Internet unite? Online freelancer organisation among remote gig economy workers in six Asian and African countries. New Technology, Work and Employment 33(2): 95112.Google Scholar
Bank, World (2010). Exploring the Middle-Income-Trap, East Asia Pacific Economic Update. Washington, DC: World Bank, vol. 2.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2017). Realizing human potential in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: an agenda for leaders to shape the future of education, gender and work. White paper, www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EGW_Whitepaper.pdf.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2020a). Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, www.weforum.org/centre-for-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2020b). India Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. https://weforum.ent.box.com/v/C4IR-India.Google Scholar
World Energy Council (2020). Energy efficiency indicators. Available at: https://wec-indicators.enerdata.net/world.php.Google Scholar
Yang, L., Wang, K.-L., and Geng, J.-C. (2018). China’s regional ecological energy efficiency and energy saving and pollution abatement potentials: an empirical analysis using epsilon-based measure model. Journal of Cleaner Production 194: 300–8.Google Scholar
Yang, Y. (2019). China takes a leading role in Fourth Industrial Revolution, China Daily, www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201907/11/WS5d26cb19a3105895c2e7cee3.html.Google Scholar
Zakaria, F. (2015). Why America’s obsession with STEM education is dangerous. Washington Post, March.Google Scholar
Zeng, S., Liu, , Y., Liu, , C., and Nan, , X. (2017). A review of renewable energy investment in the BRICS countries: history, models, problems and solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74: 860–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.016.Google Scholar
Zhao, M., Deng, D., Zhou, W., and Fan, L. (2018). Non-renewable energy efficiency optimization in energy harvesting relay-assisted system. Physical Communication 29: 183–90.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Mark Esposito, Hult International Business School and Harvard University’s Division of Continuing Education, Amit Kapoor, Institute for Competitiveness, India
  • Online ISBN: 9781009092142
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Mark Esposito, Hult International Business School and Harvard University’s Division of Continuing Education, Amit Kapoor, Institute for Competitiveness, India
  • Online ISBN: 9781009092142
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Mark Esposito, Hult International Business School and Harvard University’s Division of Continuing Education, Amit Kapoor, Institute for Competitiveness, India
  • Online ISBN: 9781009092142
Available formats
×