Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T17:03:01.443Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - The Crimes against Peace Precedent

from Part I - History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2017

Claus Kreß
Affiliation:
Universität zu Köln
Stefan Barriga
Affiliation:
United Nations, New York
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Crime of Aggression
A Commentary
, pp. 49 - 112
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Appleman, J. A., Military Tribunals and International Crimes (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merril, 1954).Google Scholar
Brownlie, I., International Law and the Use of Force by States (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).Google Scholar
Crawford, J., The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Cryer, R., Friman, H., Robinson, D. and Wilmshurst, E., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (Cambridge University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defence, 3rd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Ferencz, B. B., Defining International Aggression: The Search for World Peace: A Documentary History and Analysis, vol. I (2 vols., New York: Oceana, 1975).Google Scholar
Glueck, S., The Nuremberg Trial and Aggressive War (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1946).Google Scholar
Heller, K. J., The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittichaisaree, K., International Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Kemp, G., Individual Criminal Responsibility for the International Crime of Aggression (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2010).Google Scholar
May, L., Aggression and Crimes Against Peace (Cambridge University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
McDougall, C., The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Cambridge University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
McMahon, M. M., Conquest and Modern International Law: The Legal Limitations on the Acquisition of Territory by Conquest (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1940).Google Scholar
Minear, R. H., Victors’ Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial (Princeton University Press, 1971).Google Scholar
Pompe, C. A., Aggressive War: An International Crime (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1953).Google Scholar
Rifaat, A. M., International Aggression: A Study of the Legal Concept (Stockholm: Anqvist & Wiksell, 1979).Google Scholar
Sellars, K., ‘Crimes against Peace’ and International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Simpson, J., Law, War and Crime (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Solera, O., Defining the Crime of Aggression (London: Cameron May, 2007).Google Scholar
Stone, J., Aggression and World Order: A Critique of United Nations Theories of Aggression (Sydney: Maitland, 1958).Google Scholar
White, N. D., Keeping the Peace: The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security (Manchester University Press, 1993).Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Barriga, S., ‘Against the Odds: the Results of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression’, in Barriga, S., Danspreckguber, W. and Wenaweser, C. (eds.), The Princeton Process on the Crime of Aggression (Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, Princeton University, 2009), 120.Google Scholar
Greppi, E., ‘State Responsibility for Acts of Aggression Under the United Nations Charter: A Review of Cases’, in Bellelli, R. (ed.), International Criminal Law: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to its Review (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 499518.Google Scholar
Ko, K., ‘The Tokyo Judgment on Crimes against Peace and the Crime of Aggression’, in Universität zu Köln/Japanisches Kulturinstitut (eds.), Beiträge aus dem Symposium Japan and Germany – 150 Years of Cooperation. Dynamics of Traditional Research Societies in a Rapidly Changing World (Munich: Iudicium, 2013), 81101.Google Scholar
Kreß, C., ‘The Nuremberg Judgment on Crimes against Peace and the Crime of Aggression’, in Universität zu Köln/Japanisches Kulturinstitut (eds.), Beiträge aus dem Symposium Japan and Germany – 150 Years of Cooperation. Dynamics of Traditional Research Societies in a Rapidly Changing World (Munich: Iudicium, 2013), 6980.Google Scholar
Lukashuk, I. I., ‘International Illegality and Criminality of Aggression’, in Ginsburgs, G. and Kudriavtsev, V. N. (eds.), The Nuremberg Trial and International Law (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1990), 121–53.Google Scholar
McDougall, C., ‘The Crime of Aggression: Born of the Failure of Collective Security – Still Shackled to its Fate? Time to Catch Up or Part Ways’, in Blumenthal, D. A. and McCormack, T. L. H. (eds.), The Legacy of Nuremberg (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2007), 131–67.Google Scholar
Reisinger Coracini, A., ‘Evaluating Domestic Legislation on the Customary Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute’s Complementarity Regime’, in Stahn, C. and Sluiter, G. (eds.), The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2009), 725–54.Google Scholar
Simons, W. B., ‘The Jurisdictional Bases of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg’, in Ginsburgs, G. and Kudriavtsev, V. N. (eds.), The Nuremberg Trial and International Law (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1990), 3959.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. C., ‘International Law and the Holocaust’, Californian Western International Law Journal, 9 (1979), 201305.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. C., ‘Nuremberg Forty Years After’, American Society of International Law Proceedings, 80 (1986), 5968.Google Scholar
Bennett, T. W., ‘A Linguistic Perspective of the Definition of Aggression’, German Yearbook of International Law, 31 (1988), 4869.Google Scholar
Bial, L., ‘The Nuremberg Judgment and International Law’, Brooklyn Law Review, 13 (1947), 3449.Google Scholar
Bush, J. A., ‘“The Supreme … Crime” and its Origins: The Lost Legislative History of the Crime of Aggressive War’, Columbia Law Review, 102 (2002), 2324–423.Google Scholar
Carpenter, A. C., ‘The International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression’, Nordic Journal of International Law, 64 (1995), 223–42.Google Scholar
Chacko, C. J., ‘International Law and the Concept of Aggression’, Indian Journal of International Law, 3 (1963), 396412.Google Scholar
Cryer, R., ‘Aggression at the Court of Appeal’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 10(2) (2005), 209–30.Google Scholar
Dawson, G. M., ‘Defining Substantive Crimes within the Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court: What is the Crime of Aggression?’, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, 19 (2002), 413–52.Google Scholar
DeNicola, C. P., ‘A Shield for the “Knights of Humanity”: The ICC Should Adopt a Humanitarian Necessity Defense to the Crime of Aggression’, University of Philadelphia Journal of International Law, 30 (2008–9), 641–90.Google Scholar
Drumbl, M. A., ‘The Push to Criminalise Aggression: Something Lost Amid the Gains?’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 41 (2009), 291319.Google Scholar
Ehard, H., ‘The Nuremberg Trial against the Major War Criminals and International Law’, American Journal of International Law, 43 (1949) 223–45.Google Scholar
Finch, G. A., ‘The Nuremberg Tribunal and International Law’, American Journal of International Law, 41 (1947), 2037.Google Scholar
Garcia-Mora, M. R., ‘Crimes against Peace in International Law: From Nuremberg to the Present’, Kentucky Law Journal, 53 (1964–65), 3555.Google Scholar
Glueck, S., ‘The Nuremberg Trial and Aggressive War’, Harvard Law Review, 59 (1945–6), 396456.Google Scholar
Greenwood, C., ‘The Concept of War in Modern International Law’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 36 (1987), 283306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, R. L., ‘International Law, the Crime of Aggression and the Ius Ad Bellum’, International Criminal Law Review, 2 (2002), 301–73.Google Scholar
Heller, K. J., ‘Retreat from Nuremberg: The Leadership Requirement in the Crime of Aggression’, European Journal of International Law, 18(3) (2007), 477–97.Google Scholar
Ireland, G., ‘Ex Post Facto from Rome to Tokyo’, Temple Law Quarterly, 21 (1947–48), 2761.Google Scholar
Kelsen, H., ‘Will the Judgment in the Nuremberg Trial Constitute a Precedent in International Law?’, International Law Quarterly, 1 (1947), 153–71.Google Scholar
King, H. T., ‘The Legacy of Nuremberg’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 34(3) (2002), 335–56.Google Scholar
Kopelman, E. S., ‘Ideology and International Law: The Dissent of the Indian Justice at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial’, New York University Journal of International Law and Policy, 23 (1990–1), 373444.Google Scholar
Lippman, M., ‘Nuremberg: Forty-Five Years Later’, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 7 (1991–2), 164.Google Scholar
Lippman, M., ‘The History, Development and Decline of Crimes against Peace’, George Washington International Law Review, 36 (2004), 9571056.Google Scholar
Lumb, R. D., ‘Individual Responsibility for Aggressive War: The Crime Against Peace’, University of Queensland Law Journal, 3 (1956–9), 333–55.Google Scholar
MacPherson, B. F., ‘Building an International Criminal Court for the 21st Century’, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 13 (1998), 160.Google Scholar
Maogoto, J. N., ‘Aggression Supreme: International Offence Still in Search of a Definition’, Southern Cross University Law Review, 6 (2002), 278317.Google Scholar
Meron, T., ‘Defining Aggression for the International Criminal Court’, Suffolk Transnational Law Review, 25 (2001), 115.Google Scholar
Milanovic, M., ‘Aggression and Legality: Custom in Kampala’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 10 (2012), 165–87.Google Scholar
Müller-Schieke, I. K., ‘Defining the Crime of Aggression under the Statute of the International Criminal Court’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 14 (2001), 409–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radin, M., ‘Justice at Nuremberg’, Foreign Affairs, 24(3) (1946), 369–84.Google Scholar
Schachter, O., ‘In Defense of International Rules on the Use of Force’, University of Chicago Law Review, 53 (1986), 113–46.Google Scholar
Schick, F. B., ‘The Nuremberg Trial and the International Law of the Future’, American Journal of International Law, 41 (1947), 770–94.Google Scholar
Schick, F. B., ‘Crimes against Peace’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 38(5) (1948), 445–65.Google Scholar
Schuster, M., ‘The Rome Statute and the Crime of Aggression: A Gordian Knot in Search of a Sword’, Criminal Law Forum, 14(1) (2003), 157.Google Scholar
Trahan, J., ‘Defining “Aggression”: Why the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court has Faced such a Conundrum’, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 24 (2002), 439–66.Google Scholar
Wright, Q., ‘The Law of the Nuremberg Trial’, American Journal of International Law, 41 (1947), 3872.Google Scholar
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field (signed 22 August 1864, entered into force 22 June 1865), 129 Consol. T.S. 361.Google Scholar
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (signed 8 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954), 189 UNTS 150.Google Scholar
General Treaty for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy (signed 27 August 1928, entered into force 24 July 1929), 94 LNTS 57.Google Scholar
Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex (signed 29 July 1899, entered into force 4 September 1900), 1 Bevans 247.Google Scholar
Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (signed 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910), UKTS 1910 No. 9.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace Between Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, Peace Treaty of Versailles (signed 28 June 1919, entered into force 10 January 1920), 2 Bevans 43.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 41 UNTS 49.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Finland (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 48 UNTS 228.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Hungary (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 41 UNTS 167.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Italy (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 49 UNTS 3.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Romania (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 42 UNTS 33.Google Scholar
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field (signed 22 August 1864, entered into force 22 June 1865), 129 Consol. T.S. 361.Google Scholar
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (signed 8 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954), 189 UNTS 150.Google Scholar
General Treaty for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy (signed 27 August 1928, entered into force 24 July 1929), 94 LNTS 57.Google Scholar
Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex (signed 29 July 1899, entered into force 4 September 1900), 1 Bevans 247.Google Scholar
Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (signed 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910), UKTS 1910 No. 9.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace Between Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, Peace Treaty of Versailles (signed 28 June 1919, entered into force 10 January 1920), 2 Bevans 43.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 41 UNTS 49.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Finland (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 48 UNTS 228.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Hungary (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 41 UNTS 167.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Italy (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 49 UNTS 3.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Romania (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 42 UNTS 33.Google Scholar
Government Commissioner of the General Tribunal of the Military Government for the French Zone of Occupation in Germany v. Hermann Roechling et al., Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, vol. XIV (15 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951–52).Google Scholar
House of Lords, R v. Jones [2006] UKHL 16.Google Scholar
Supreme National Tribunal of Poland, Case No. 74, Trial of Artur Greiser, Law Reports of War Criminals Selected and Prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission (1947).Google Scholar
Chinese War Crimes Military Tribunal of the Ministry of National Defence, Case No. 83, Trial of Takashi Sakai, Law Reports of War Criminals Selected and Prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission (1947).Google Scholar
United States et al. v. Hermann Wilhelm Göring et al., International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (1950).Google Scholar
United States et al. v. Sadao Araki et al., in Pritchard, John R. (ed.), The Tokyo Major War Crimes Trial: The Records of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East with an Authoritative Commentary and Comprehensive Guide (1998).Google Scholar
USA v. Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach et al., Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, vol. IX (15 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1950).Google Scholar
USA v. Carl Krauch et al., Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, vols. VII–VIII (15 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1952).Google Scholar
USA v. Ernst von Weizsäcker et al., Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, vols. XII–XIV (15 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951).Google Scholar
USA v. Wilhelm von Leeb et al., Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, vols. X–XI (15 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951).Google Scholar
Control Council Law No. 10: Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace and Against Humanity, adopted 20 December 1945, Official Gazette, Control Council for Germany, No. 3, 31 January 1946, 5055.Google Scholar
International Law Commission, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on its Second Session’, Yearbook of the International Law Commission (1950), vol. II, UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1950/Add.1.Google Scholar
International Military Tribunal, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1946).Google Scholar
Military Government – Germany, United States Zone, Ordinance No. 7, reproduced in Nuremberg Military Tribunals, Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, vol. I (15 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1952), xxixxvi.Google Scholar
Nuremberg Military Tribunals, Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 (1952).Google Scholar
General Assembly, Resolution on the Affirmation of the Principles of International Law Recognised by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal, 11 December 1946, UN Doc. A/RES/95 (1946).Google Scholar
General Assembly, Resolution on the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970, UN Doc. A/RES/2625 (1970).Google Scholar
Jackson, Robert H., Report of Robert H. Jackson, United States Representative to the International Conference on Military Trials, London, 1945 (Washington, DC: United States Department of State, 1949).Google Scholar
United Nations War Crimes Commission, History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War (London: HMSO, 1948), 258–59.Google Scholar
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field (signed 22 August 1864, entered into force 22 June 1865), 129 Consol. T.S. 361.Google Scholar
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (signed 8 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954), 189 UNTS 150.Google Scholar
General Treaty for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy (signed 27 August 1928, entered into force 24 July 1929), 94 LNTS 57.Google Scholar
Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex (signed 29 July 1899, entered into force 4 September 1900), 1 Bevans 247.Google Scholar
Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (signed 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910), UKTS 1910 No. 9.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace Between Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, Peace Treaty of Versailles (signed 28 June 1919, entered into force 10 January 1920), 2 Bevans 43.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 41 UNTS 49.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Finland (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 48 UNTS 228.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Hungary (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 41 UNTS 167.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Italy (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 49 UNTS 3.Google Scholar
Treaty of Peace with Romania (signed 10 February 1947, entered into force 15 September 1947), 42 UNTS 33.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×