Field, N, Mercer, CH, Sonnenberg, P, et al. Associations between Health and Sexual Lifestyles in Britain: Findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). Lancet. 2013;382(9907):1830–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hayes, RD, Dennerstein, L. The Impact of Aging on Sexual Function and Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Review of Population-Based Studies. J Sex Med. 2005;2:317–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bachmann, GA, Leiblum, SR, Grill, J. Brief sexual inquiry in gynecologic practice. Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 73(3 Pt 1):425–7.Google ScholarPubMed

American Psychiatric Association (2013) DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 5th edition. American Psychiatric Press, USA.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (1984) DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 4th edition. American Psychiatric Press, USA.Google Scholar

De Souza, A, Dwyer, PL, Charity, M, Thomas, E, Ferreira, CH, Schierlitz, L. The effects of mode delivery on postpartum sexual function: a prospective study. BJOG. 2015;122(10):1410–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Glazener, CM. Sexual function after childbirth: women’s experiences, persistent morbidity and lack of professional recognition. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104(3):330–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nicolosi, A, Laumann, EO, Glasser, DB, et al. Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Investigators’ Group. Sexual behavior and sexual dysfunctions after age 40: The global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors.Urology. 2004;64(5):991–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beckman, N, Waern, M, Gustafson, D, Skoog, I. Secular trends in self reported sexual activity and satisfaction in Swedish 70 year olds: Cross sectional survey of four populations, 1971–2001. BMJ. 2008;337:a279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lindau, ST, Schumm, LP, Laumann, EO, et al. A Study of Sexuality and Health among Older Adults in the United States Stacy. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:762–74. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa067423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennerstein, L, Randolph, J, Taffe, J, Dudley, E, Burger, H. Hormones, mood, sexuality and the menopausal transition. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(Supp4):S42–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hayes, RD, Dennerstein, L, Bennett, CM. Fairley CK What is the ‘true’ prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions and does the way we assess these conditions have an impact? J Sex Med. 2008;5(4):777–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feldman, HA, Goldstein, I, Hatzichristou, DG, et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151:54–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCabe, MP, Sharlip, ID, Lewis, R, et al. Segraves RT Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction Among Women and Men: A Consensus Statement from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015. J Sex Med. 2016;13(2):153–67.Google Scholar

Smith, A. The skills of psychosexual medicine. In Psychosexual Medicine Ed. Montford, H, Skrine, R 2001 Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, J, Mosher, W, Daniels, K. Current contraceptive use in the United States, 2006–2010, and changes in patterns of use since 1995. National Health Statistics Reports 2012; 60: 1–25.Google Scholar

Hofmann, AD. Contraception in adolescence: A review; 1. Psychosocial aspects. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1984; 62: 151–62.Google ScholarPubMed

Lagana, L. Psychosocial correlates of contraceptive practices during late adolescence. Adolescence 1999; 34: 463–82.Google ScholarPubMed

Dehlendorf, C, Rodriguez, MI, Levy, K, Borrero, S, Steinauer, J. Disparities in family planning. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010; 202: 214–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kellogg Spadt, S, Rosenbaum, TY, Dweck, A, Millheiser, L, Pillai-Friedman, S, Krychman, M. Sexual health and religion: A primer for the sexual health clinician. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2014; 11: 1606–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rademakers, J, Mouthaan, I, de Neef, M. Diversity in sexual health: Problems and dilemmas. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2005; 10: 207–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Trussell, J. Contraceptive failure in the United States. Contraception 2011; 83: 397–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Egarter, C, Tirri, BF, Bitzer, J, Kaminskyy, V, Oddens, BJ, Prilepskaya, V, et al. Women’s perceptions and reasons for choosing the pill, patch, or ring in the CHOICE study: A cross-sectional survey of contraceptive method selection after counseling. BMC Women’s Health 2013; 13: 9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Paterno, MT, Jordan, ET. A review of factors associated with unprotected sex among adult women in the United States. JOGNN 2012; 41: 258–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hall, KS, Steinberg, JR, Cwiak, CA, Allen, RH, Marcus, SM. Contraception and mental health: A commentary on the evidence and principles for practice. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015; 212: 740–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Garbers, S, Correa, N, Tobier, N, Blust, S, Chiasson, MA. Association between symptoms of depression and contraceptive method choices among low-income women at urban reproductive health centers. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2010; 14: 102–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hall, KS, Moreau, C, Trussell, J, Barber, J. Role of young women’s depression and stress symptoms in their weekly use and nonuse of contraceptive methods. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013; 53: 241–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hall, KS, Moreau, C, Trussell, J, Barber, J. Young women’s consistency of contraceptive use – does depression or stress matter? Contraception 2013; 88: 641–9.Google Scholar

Robinson, SA, Dowell, M, Pedulla, D, McCauley, L. Do the emotional side-effects of hormonal contraceptives come from pharmacologic or psychological mechanisms? Medical Hypotheses 2004; 63: 268–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sanders, SA, Graham, CA, Bass, JL, Bancroft, J. A prospective study of the effects of oral contraceptives on sexuality and well-being and their relationship to discontinuation. Contraception 2001; 64: 51–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Westhoff, CL, Heartwell, S, Edwards, S, Zieman, M, Stuart, G, Cwiak, C, Davis, A, Robilotto, T, Cushman, L, Kalmuss, D. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: Do side effects matter? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; 196: 412.e1–e7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wimberly, YH, Cotton, S, Wanchick, AM, Succop, PA, Rosenthal, SL. Attitudes and experiences with levonorgestrel 100 mcg/ ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg among women during a 3-month trial. Contraception 2002; 65: 403–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keyes, KM, Cheslack-Postava, K, Westhoff, C, Heim, CM, Haloossim, M, Walsh, K, Koenen, K. Association of hormonal contraceptive use with reduced levels of depressive symptoms: A national study of sexually active women in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 2013; 178: 1378–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duke, JM, Sibbritt, DW, Young, AF. Is there an association between the use of oral contraception and depressive symptoms in young Australian women? Contraception 2007; 75: 27–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Toffol, E, Heikinheimo, O, Koponen, P, Luoto, R, Partonen, T. Hormonal contraception and mental health: Results of a population-based study. Human Reproduction 2011; 26: 3085–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oinonen, KA, Mazmanian, D. To what extent do oral contraceptives influence mood and affect? Journal of Affective Disorders 2002; 70: 229–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sundstom Poromaa, I, Segebladh, B. Adverse mood symptoms with oral contraceptives. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2012; 91: 420–7.Google Scholar

Halbreich, U, Freeman, EW, Rapkin, AJ, Cohen, LS, Grubb, GS, Bergeron, R, et al. Continuous oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol for treating premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Contraception 2012; 85: 19–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lopez, LM, Kaptein, AA, Helmerhorst, FM. Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 2. Art No: CD006586.Google ScholarPubMed

Shahnazi, M, Khalili, AF, Kochaksaraei, FR, Jafarabadi, MA, Banoi, KG, Nahaee, J, Payan, SB. A comparison of second and third generations combined oral contraceptive pills’ effect on mood. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2014; 16: e13628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelly, S, Davies, E, Fearns, S, McKinnon, C, Carter, R, Gerlinger, C, Smithers, A. Effects of oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol with either drospirenone or levonorgestrel on various parameters associated with well-being in healthy women. Clinical Drug Investigation 2010; 30: 325–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Graham, CA, Ramos, R, Bancroft, J, Maglaya, C, Farley, TMM. The effects of steroidal contraceptives on the well-being and sexuality of women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-centre study of combined and progestogen-only methods. Contraception 1995; 52: 363–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Westhoff, C, Truman, C, Kalmuss, D, Cushman, LO, Davidson, A, Rulin, M, Heartwell, S. Depressive symptoms and Depo-Provera. Contraception 1998; 57: 237–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Civic, D, Scholes, D, Ichikawa, L, LaCroix, AZ, Yoshida, CK, Ott, SM, Barlow, WE. Depressive symptoms in users and non-users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception 2000; 61: 385–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sivin, I, Mishell, DR Jr, Darney, P, Wan, L, Christ, M. Levonorgestrel capsule implants in the United States: A 5-year study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1998; 92: 337–44.Google Scholar

Funk, S, Miller, MM, Mishell, DR Jr, Archer, DF, Poindexter, A, Schmidt, J, Zampaglione, E, Implanon US Study Group. Safety and efficacy of Implanon, a single-rodimplantable contraceptive containing etonogestrel. Contraception 2005; 71: 319–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wiebe, ER, Brotto, LA, MacKay, J. Characteristics of women who experience mood and sexual side effects with use of hormonal contraception. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Canada 2011; 33: 1234–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Joffe, H, Cohen, LS, Harlow, BL. Impact of oral contraceptive pill use on premenstrual mood: Predictors of improvement and deterioration. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 189: 1523–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Segebladh, B, Borgstrom, A, Odlind, V, Bixo, M, Sundstrom-Poromaa, I. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and premenstrual dysphoric symptoms in patients with experience of adverse mood during treatment with combined oral contraceptives. Contraception 2009; 79: 50–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bottcher, B, Radenbach, K, Wildt, L, Hinney, B. Hormonal contraception and depression: A survey of the present state of knowledge. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012; 286: 231–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gingnell, M, Engman, J, Frick, A, Moby, L, Wikstrom, J, Fredrikson, M, Sundstrom-Poromaa, I. Oral contraceptive use changes brain activity and mood in women with previous negative affect on the pill – a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial of a levonorgestrel-containing combined oral contraceptive. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38: 1133–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oinonen, KA. Putting a finger on potential predictors of oral contraceptive side effects: 2D:4D and middle-phalangeal hair. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 713–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elaut, E, Buysse, A, De Sutter, P, De Cuypere, G, Gerris, J, Deschepper, E, T’Sjoen, G. Relation of androgen receptor sensitivity and mood to sexual desire in hormonal contraception users. Contraception 2012; 85: 470–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pastor, Z, Holla, K, Chmel, R. The influence of combined oral contraceptives on female sexual desire: A systematic review. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2013; 18: 27–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burrows, LJ, Basha, M, Goldstein, AT. The effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality: A review. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2012; 9: 2213–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leeton, J, McMaster, R, Worsley, A. The effects on sexual response and mood after sterilization of women taking long-term oral contraception: Results of a double-blind cross-over study. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1978; 18: 194–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Graham, CA, Sherwin, BB. The relationship between mood and sexuality in women using an oral contraceptive as a treatment for premenstrual symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1993; 18: 273–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bolour, S, Braunstein, G. Testosterone therapy in women: A review. International Journal of Impotence Research 2005; 17: 399–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schaffir, J. Hormonal contraception and sexual desire: A critical review. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 2006; 32: 305–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Graham, CA, Bancroft, J, Doll, HA, Greco, T, Tanner, A. Does oral contraceptive-induced reduction in free testosterone adversely affect the sexuality or mood of women? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32: 246–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wallwiener, M, Wallwiener, LM, Seeger, H, Muck, AO, Bitzer, J, Wallwiener, CW. Effects of sex hormones in oral contraceptives on the female sexual function score: A study in German female medical students. Contraception 2009; 82: 155–9.Google Scholar

Bishop, JR, Ellingrod, VL, Akroush, M, Moline, J. The association of serotonin transporter genotypes and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated sexual side effects: Possible relationship to oral contraceptives. Human Psychopharmacology 2009; 24: 207–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baill, IC, Cullins, VE, Pati, S. Counseling issues in tubal sterilization. American Family Physician 2003; 67: 1287–94.Google ScholarPubMed

Smith, EM, Friedrich, E, Pribor, EF. Psychosocial consequences of sterilization: A review of the literature and preliminary findings. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1994; 35: 157–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Curtis, KM, Mohllajee, AP, Peterson, HB. Regret following female sterilization at a young age: A systematic review. Contraception 2006; 73: 205–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chi, I-C, Jones, DB. Incidence, risk factors, and prevention of poststerilization regret in women: An updated international review from an epidemiological perspective. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 1994; 49: 722–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guttmacher Institute Fact Sheet: Induced Abortion in the United States. www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states. Accessed 11 April 2017.Google Scholar

Major, B, Appelbaum, M, Beckman, L, Dutton, MA, Russo, NF, West, C. Abortion and mental health: Evaluating the evidence. American Psychologist 2009; 64: 863–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coleman, PK. Abortion and mental health: Quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011; 199: 180–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

American Psychological Association Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion. Report of the task force on mental health and abortion. Washington, DC: 2008. www.apa.org/pi/wpo/mental-health-abortion-report.pdf. Accessed 23 March 2017.Google Scholar

Steinberg, JR, Russo, NF. Evaluating research on abortion and mental health. Contraception 2009; 80: 500–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Foster, DG, Steinberg, JR, Roberts, SCM, Neuhaus, J, Biggs, MA. A comparison of depression and anxiety symptom trajectories between women who had an abortion and women denied one. Psychological Medicine 2015; 45: 2073–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cameron, S. Induced abortion and psychological sequelae. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010; 24: 657–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cook, R, Dickens, B, Fathalla, M. Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics and Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferriter, D. Occasions of Sin; Sex & Society in Modern Ireland. London, Profile Books, 2009.Google Scholar

Alzheimer’s Society (England and Wales) Factsheet 514 LP: Sex and Dementia (PDF) 2013.Google Scholar

Knop, K (ed.) Gender and Human Rights. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

US Department of Justice. Office of Violence against Women. A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations. Adults/Adolescents. 2nd edn. April 2013. NCJ 2281 19. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles 1/ovw/241903. pdf. Accessed 23 March 2017.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Responding to Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Against Women. WHO clinical and policy guidelines Geneva, WHO, 2013.Google Scholar

Thibaut, J, Walker, L. Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1975; Lind, EA, Tyler, TR. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York, Plenum Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Laurie, GT. Challenging medical-legal norms: The role of autonomy, confidentiality, and privacy in protecting individual, and familial group rights in genetic information. J Legal Medicine 2001; 22: 1–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See the full discussion in the Supreme Court of Canada in the case R. v. Mabior, [2012] 2 Supreme Court Reports 584.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Sexual Health, Human Rights and the Law. Geneva, WHO, 2015.Google Scholar

UN Department of Public Information. Platform for Action and Beijing Declaration. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, 4–15 September 1995. New York, UN, 1995, para. 94.Google Scholar

Fehring, RJ, Kurz, W. Anthropological differences between contraception and natural family planning. In: Koterski, JW, ed. Life and Learning X: Proceedings of the Tenth University Faculty for Life Conference, June 2000, Washington, DC, University Faculty for Life. 2002; 237–64.Google Scholar

See De Materia Medica by the Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist Pedanius Discorides, born c. AD 40.Google Scholar

Dickens, BM. The right to conscience. In: Cook, RJ, Erdman, JN, Dickens, BM (eds.) Abortion Law in Transnational Perspective: Cases and Controversies. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. 2014; 210–38.Google Scholar

Nejaime, D, Siegel, RB. Conscience wars: Complicity-based conscience claims in religion and politics. Yale Law J. 2015; 124: 2516–91.Google Scholar

Lynch, HF. Conflicts of Conscience in Health Care: An Institutional Compromise. Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. 2008; FIGO [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics]. Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction, Ethical Issues in Obstetrics and Gynecology London, FIGO, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyle, JM. Toward understanding the principle of double effect. Ethics 1980; 90: 527–38. See also FIGO [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics]. Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction, Ethical Issues in Obstetrics and Gynecology, London, FIGO, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sedgh, G, Singh, S, Shah, IH, Ahman, E, Henshaw, SK, Bankole, E. Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008. Lancet 2012; 379 (9816): 625–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Appleton, SF. Reproduction and regret. Yale J Law and Feminism 2011; 23: 255–333.Google Scholar

Vandewalker, I. Abortion and informed consent: How biased counseling laws mandate violations of medical ethics. Michigan J Gender and the Law 2012; 19: 1–70.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edn. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013: 186–7.Google Scholar

Yahalom, TR. Strange bedfellows: The destigmatization of anti-abortion reform. Columbia J of Gender and Law 2015; 30(2): 529–48; Siegel, RB. The right’s reasons: Constitutional conflict and the spread of women-protective antiabortion argument, Duke Law J 2008; 57: 101–49.Google Scholar

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Routine Psychosocial Care in Infertility and Medically Assisted Reproduction – A Guide for Fertility Staff. ESHRE; March 2015, www.eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/Guidelines/Psychosocial-care-guideline.aspx. Accessed 23 March 2017.Google Scholar

Dickens, B, Cook, R. The Legal Status of In Vitro Embryos. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2010; 111: 91–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Artavia, Murillo et al. (“In Vitro Fertilization”) v. Costa Rica Judgment of November 28, 2012 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights), para. 223.Google Scholar

Cook, RJ, Dickens, BM. Reproductive health and the law. In: Ferguson, PR, Laurie, GT, eds. Inspiring a Medico-Legal Revolution: Essays in Honour of Sheila McLean. Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT, Ashgate. 2015; 3–23.Google Scholar

Kleegman, SJ, Kaufman, SA. Infertility in Women. Philadelphia, PA Davis, 1966; 178.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Revised glossary on ART terminology. Human Reproduction 2009; 24: 2683–7, at 2686.Google Scholar

Meyer, DD. Parenthood in a time of transition: Tensions between legal, biological and social conceptions of parenthood. Amer J Comparative Law 2006; 54: 125–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schenker, JG, ed. Ethical Dilemmas in Assisted Reproductive Technologies Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Norrie, KMcK. Parenthood and artificial human reproduction: The dangers of inappropriate medicalisation. In Ferguson, PR, Laurie, GT, eds. See 26 above; 37–52.Google Scholar

In the Matter of Baby M, 1988, 537 Atlantic Reporter 2d 1227 (New Jersey Supreme Court), reversing in part 1987, 525 Atlantic Reporter 2d 1128 (New Jersey Superior Court).Google Scholar

Cook, R, Sclater, SD, Kaganas, F, eds. Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives. Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar

Bezanson, RP. Solomon would weep: A comment on In the Matter of Baby M and the limits of judicial authority. Law, Medicine and Ethics 1988; 16: 126–30 at 126.Google Scholar

Hodges, JR, Turner, L, Kimball, AM, eds. Risks and Challenges in Medical Tourism: Understanding the Global Market for Health Services. Santa Barbara, CA, Praeger, 2012; Cohen IG. Circumvention tourism. Cornell Law Rev. 2012; 97: 1309–98.Google Scholar

Bookman, MZ, Bookman, KR. Medical Tourism in Developing Countries. New York, Palgrave Macmillan. 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Behjati-Ardakani, Z, Karoubi, MT, Milanifar, AR, Masrouri, R, Okhandi, MM. Embryo donation in Iranian legal system: A Critical Review. J Reprod Infertil 2015; 16: 130–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Sotto, P. Surrogate children get legal recognition in France. Time magazine. July 3, 2015.Google Scholar