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The acceleration of solid particles subjected to cavitation nucleation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2008

BRAM M. BORKENT ,
MANISH ARORA ,
CLAUS-DIETER OHL ,
NICO DE JONG ,
MICHEL VERSLUIS ,
DETLEF LOHSE ,
KNUD AAGE MØRCH ,
EVERT KLASEBOER  and
BOO CHEONG KHOO
BRAM M. BORKENT
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
MANISH ARORA
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
CLAUS-DIETER OHL
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore637371
NICO DE JONG
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
MICHEL VERSLUIS
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
DETLEF LOHSE
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
KNUD AAGE MØRCH
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Center of Quantum Protein, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
EVERT KLASEBOER
Affiliation:
Institute of High Performance Computing, Science Park Road, #01-01 The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore117528
BOO CHEONG KHOO
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore119260
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Abstract

The cavity–particle dynamics at cavitation inception on the surface of spherical particles suspended in water and exposed to a strong tensile stress wave is experimentally studied with high-speed photography. Particles, which serve as nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles, are set into a fast translatory motion during the explosive growth of the cavity. They reach velocities of ~40 ms−1 and even higher. When the volume growth of the cavity slows down, the particle detaches from the cavity through a process of neck-breaking, and the particle is shot away. The experimental observations are simulated with (i) a spherical cavity model and (ii) with an axisymmetric boundary element method (BEM). The input for both models is a pressure pulse, which is obtained from the observed radial cavity dynamics during an individual experiment. The model then allows us to calculate the resulting particle trajectory. The cavity shapes obtained from the BEM calculations compare well with the photographs until neck formation occurs. In several cases we observed inception at two or more locations on a single particle. Moreover, after collapse of the primary cavity, a second inception was often observed. Finally, an example is presented to demonstrate the potential application of the cavity–particle system as a particle cannon, e.g. in the context of drug delivery into tissue.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Cavitation Drops and Bubbles: Bubble dynamics
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 610 , 10 September 2008 , pp. 157 - 182
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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References

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Borkent et al. supplementary movie

Movie 1. Example of a cavitation event on a particle and the successive dynamics, see figure 3. Initially an isolated particle is visible. A cavitation bubble expanding on the left side of the particle becomes visible and grows explosively. As the growth decelerates the particle moves away from the cavity and forms a neck which breaks. During the detachment process the cavity develops a mushroom shape, and collapses. Moreover, the volume centre of the cavity shifts slightly to the left. The re-expanding cavity obtains a funnel-like shape, which indicates that a liquid jet has developed during the cavity collapse. Then a second attached cavity on the particle becomes visible and grows in the following frames into a void of size comparable to that of the particle. Two additional out-of-focus cavitation events are recorded in this series, too. They are visible as blurry shadows in the upper right corner and the second cavitation event leads to a dark fuzzy object just below the in-focus cavity. The movie is taken at approximately 1 million frames/s. The number at the upper left states the time in microseconds.

Download Borkent et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 6 MB

Borkent et al. supplementary movie

Movie 2. Experiment demonstrating that a particle being exposed twice to a shock wave can nucleate a cavitation bubble on its surface in both events, see figure 5. Here, a tensile stress wave excites cavitation at t=0 and at t=200 μs. The trajectory of the particle is indicated in the last frame (t=451 μs) with the dashed black line. Note the different directions of motion set up at the successive cavitation events. The frame rate of the movie is 220.000 frames/s. The number at the upper left states the time in microseconds.

Download Borkent et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 10.2 MB

Borkent et al. supplementary movie

Movie 3. Particle injection into gelatin induced by cavitation, see figure 13. The water-gelatin interface is in the centre of the frames; a particle of radius ~50 μm is initially located in the water, touching the gelatin. This particle holds a cavitation nucleus that explodes, and it is shot into the gelatin. A second particle (radius about 40 μm) is accelerated from some distance and under an angle from below and also penetrates into the gelatin. The upper particle stays entrained after the cavitation activity has ceased whereas the lower particle is repelled from the elastic material. The number at the upper left states the time in microseconds.

Download Borkent et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 5.3 MB