Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T04:07:35.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diamond formation in the deep mantle: the record of mineral inclusions and their distribution in relation to mantle dehydration zones

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

B. Harte
B. Harte*
Affiliation:
Grant Institute of Earth Sciences, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH93JW, UK
*
*E-mail: ben.harte@ed.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Studies of the inclusions contained in natural diamonds have shown the occurrence of minerals which must have formed at depths below the lithosphere and which may be closely matched with the silicate mineral assemblages determined by high pressure and temperature experimental studies for depths of 300 to 800 km in the Earth's mantle. The inclusions come principally from two main depth zones: (1) the lower asthenosphere and upper transition zone; (2) the Upper Mantle/Lower Mantle (UM/LM) boundary region and the uppermost LM. The inclusions from zone 1 are very largely majoritic garnets (with or without clinopyroxene) which indicate bulk compositions of eclogitic/metabasic affinity. The minerals from zone 2 include Ca-Si and Mg-Si perovskites and ferropericlase and are dominantly of metaperidotitic bulk composition, but include some possible metabasite assemblages. In many of these natural assemblages, the tetragonal almandine pyrope phase occurs rather than the garnet found in experiments.

As natural diamonds are believed to crystallize in fluids/melts, the hypothesis is developed that the restriction of diamonds and inclusions of particular compositions to the above two depth intervals is because they are controlled by loci of fluid/melt occurrence. Attention is focused on subduction zones because both suites of inclusions show some evidence of subducted protoliths. The lower zone (600–800 km) coincides with the region where dehydration may be expected for hydrous ringwoodite and dense hydrous Mg-silicates formed in subducted peridotites. The dehydration of lawsonite in subducted metabasites provides a particular location for melt formation and the inclusion of the shallower (~ 300 km) majoritic inclusions. For the deeper majoritic inclusions in the region of the upper transition zone, melt development may occur as a consequence of the hydrous wadsleyite-to-olivine transformation, and such melt may then interact with the upper crustal portion of a subducting slab. These suggestions offer an explanation of the depth restrictions and the compositional restrictions of the inclusions. The differences in δ13C values in the host diamonds for the two suites of inclusions may also be explained on this basis.

Keywords

majoritic garnetCa-Si perovskiteMg-Si perovskitehydrous wadsleyitehydrous ringwooditedense hydrous Mg-silicatesdehydration reactions
Type
Review
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 189 - 215
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akaogi, M. and Akimoto, S. (1979) High pressure phase equilibria in a garnet lherzolite, with special reference to Mg2+-Fe2+ partitioning among constituent minerals. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 19, 31–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bercovici, D. (editor). (2007) Mantle Dynamics. Vol. 7 in: Treatise on Geophysics, editor-in-chief, Schubert, G., Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bercovici, D. and Karato, S-I. (2003) Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter. Nature, 425, 39–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenker, F.E., Stachel, T. and Harris, J.W. (2002) Exhumation of lower mantle inclusions in diamond: a TEM investigation of retrograde phase transitions, reactions and exsolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenker, F.E., Vincze, C., Vekemans, B., Nasdala, L., Stachel, T., Vollmer, C., Kersten, M., Somogyi, A., Adams, F., Joswig, W. and Harris, J.W. (2005) Detection of a Ca-rich lithology in the Earth's deep (>300 km) convecting mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 236, 579–587.300 km) convecting mantle' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.021>CrossRef300 km) convecting mantle' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Detection+of+a+Ca-rich+lithology+in+the+Earth's+deep+(%3E300+km)+convecting+mantle&author=Brenker+F.E.&author=Vincze+C.&author=Vekemans+B.&author=Nasdala+L.&author=Stachel+T.&author=Vollmer+C.&author=Kersten+M.&author=Somogyi+A.&author=Adams+F.&author=Joswig+W.&author=Harris+J.W.&publication+year=2005&journal=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&volume=236&doi=10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2005.05.021&pages=579-587>Google Scholar
Brenker, F.E., Vollmer, C., Vincze, C., Vekemans, B., Szmanski, A., Janssens, K., Szaloki, I., Nasdala, L., Joswig, W. and Kaminsky, F. (2007) Carbonates from the lower part of the transition zone or even the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 260, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brey, G.P., Bulatov, V., Girnis, A., Harris, J.W. and Stachel, T. (2004) Ferropericlase – a lower mantle phase in the upper mantle. Lithos, 11, 655–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromiley, G.D. and Pawley, A.R. (2002) The high-pressure stability of Mg-sursassite in a model hydrous peridotite: a possible mechanism for the deep subduction of significant volumes of H2O. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142, 714–723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulanova, G.P., Walter, M.J., Smith, C.B., Kohn, S.C., Armstrong, L.S., Blundy, J. and Gobbo, L. (2010) Mineral inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from Collier 4 kimberlite pipe, Juina, Brazil: subducted protoliths, carbonated melts and primary kimberlite magmatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, DOI 10.1007/s00410-019-0490-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartigny, P. (2005) Stable isotopes and the origin of diamond. Elements, 1, 79–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W. and Javoy, M. (2001) Diamond genesis, mantle fractionations and mantle nitrogen content: a study of δ13C-N concentrations in diamonds. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 185, 85–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cayzer, N.J., Odake, S., Harte, B. and Kagi, H. (2008) Plastic deformation of lower mantle diamonds by inclusion phase transformations. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20, 333–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, R.M., Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., Andrew, A.S., Doyle, B.J. and O'Reilly, S.Y. (1999) Diamonds from the deep: pipe DO-27, Slave craton, Canada. Pp. 148–155 in: Proceedings of the VIIth International kimberlite Conference, J.B. Dawson volume, (Gurney, J.J., Gurney, J.L., Pascoe, M.D. and Richardson, S.H., editors). Red Roof Design, CapeTown, RSA.Google Scholar
Davies, R.M., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y. and Doyle, B.J. (2004 a) Mineral inclusions and geochemical characteristics of microdiamonds from the DO27, A154, A21, A418, DO18, DD17 and Ranch Lake kimberlites at Lac de Gras, Slave craton, Canada. Lithos, 77, 39–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, R.M., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y. and McCandless, T.E. (2004 b) Inclusions in diamonds from the K14 and K10 kimberlites, Buffalo Hills, Alberta, Canada: diamond growth in a plume. Lithos, 11, 99–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, J.B. (1989) Geographic and time distribution of kimberlites and lamproites: relationships to tectonic processes. Pp. 323–342 in: Kimberlites and Related rocks, Vol.1: Their Composition, Occurrence, Origin and Emplacement. Geological Society of Australia, Special publication No 14.Google Scholar
Deines, P. (1980) The carbon isotopic composition of diamonds: relationship to diamond shape, color, occurrence and vapor compositon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 943–961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deines, P., Harris, J.W. and Gurney, J.J. (1991) The carbon isotope composition and nitrogen content of lithospheric and asthenospheric diamonds from the Jagersfontein and Koffiefontein kimberlites, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 2615–2625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Droop, G.T.R. (1987) A general equation for estimating Fe3+ concentrations in ferromagnesian silicates and oxides from microprobe analyses, using stoichiometric criteria. Mineralogical Magazine, 51, 431–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskola, P. (1920) The mineral facies of rocks. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift, 6, 143–194.Google Scholar
Evans, T. (1992) Aggregation of nitrogen in diamond. Pp. 259–290 in: The properties of natural and synthetic diamond (Field, J.E., editor). Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Fei, Y. and Bertka, C.M. (1999) Phase transitions in the Earth's mantle and mantle mineralogy. Pp. 189–207 in: Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High Pressure Experimentation; a tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd (Fei, Y., Bertka, C.M. and Mysen, B.O.). Geochemical Society Special Publication No 6.Google Scholar
Fei, Y., Mao, H.K. and Mysen, B.O. (1991) Experimental determination of element partitioning and calculation of phase relations in the MgO-FeO-SiO2 system at high pressure and high temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 2157–2169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fei, Y., Wang, Y. and Finger, L.W. (1996) Maximum solubility of FeO in (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite as a function of FeO content in the lower mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 11525–11530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, D.J. (2006) The stability of hydrous mantle phases. Pp. 243–271 in: Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals (Keppler, H. and Smyth, J.R., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 62, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, D.J., Liebske, C. Langenhorst, F., McCammon, C.A., Trønnes, R.G. and Rubie, D.C. (2004) Experimental evidence for the existence of iron-rich metal in the Earth's lower mantle. Nature, 428, 409–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gasparik, T. and Hutchison, M.T. (2000) Experimental evidence for the origin of two kinds of inclusions in diamonds from the deep mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 181, 103–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grevemeyer, I., Ranero, C.R., Flueh, E.R., Klaschen, D. and Bialas, J. (2007) Passive and active seismological study of bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America trench. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 258, 528–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, W.L., Doyle, B.J., Ryan, C.G., Pearson, N.J., O'Reilly, S.Y., Davies, R.M., Kivi, K., Van Achterbergh, E. and Natapov, L.M. (1999) Layered mantle lithospherein the Lac de Gras area, Slave Craton: composition, structure and origin. Journal of Petrology, 40, 705–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurney, J.J. (1989) Diamonds. Pp. 935–965 in: Kimberlites and Related rocks, Vol.2: Their Mantle/Crust setting, Diamonds and Diamond Exploration (Ross, J., editor). Geological Society of Australia, Special Publication No 14.Google Scholar
Gurney, J.J., Harris, J.W., Rickard, R.S. and Moore, R.O. (1985) Premier mine diamond inclusions. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, 88, 301–310.Google Scholar
Haggerty, S.E. (1986) Diamond genesis in a multiply-constrained model. Nature, 320, 34–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, G.E. and Davies, R.M. (2005) Diamonds. Elements, 1, 67–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J.W. (1987) Recent physical, chemical and isotopic research of diamond. Pp 478–500 in: Mantle Xenoliths (Nixon, P.H., editor). Wiley & Sons, London.Google Scholar
Harris, J.W. and Gurney, JJ. (1979) Inclusions in diamonds. Pp. 555–591 in: Properties of Diamond (Field, J.E., editor). Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Harris, J.W., Hutchison, M.T., Hursthouse, M., Light, M. and Harte, B. (1997) A new tetragonal silicate mineral occurring as inclusions in lower mantle diamonds. Nature, 387, 486–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harte, B. (1992) Trace element characteristics of deep-seated eclogite parageneses – an ion microprobe study of inclusions in diamonds. Pp. A–48 in: Goldschmidt, V.M. Conference, The Geochemical Society, Reston, Virginia, USA.Google Scholar
Harte, B. and Cayzer, N. (2007) Decompression and unmixing of crystals included in diamonds from the mantle transition zone. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34, 647–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harte, B. and Hawkesworth, C.J. (1989) Mantle domains and mantle xenoliths. Pp. 649–686 in: Kimberlites and Related rocks, Vol.2: Their Mantle/Crust Setting, Diamonds and Diamond Exploration (Ross, J., editor). Geological Society of Australia, Special publication No 14.Google Scholar
Harte, B., Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Harris, J.W. and Otter, M.L. (1999 a) Carbon isotope ratios and nitrogen abundances in relation to cathodoluminescence characteristics for some diamonds from the Kaapvaal province, S. Africa. Mineralogical Magazine, 63, 829–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harte, B., Harris, J.W., Hutchison, M.T., Watt, G.R. and Wilding, M.C. (1999 b) Lower mantle mineral associations in diamonds from Sao Luiz, Brazil. Pp. 125–153 in: Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High Pressure Experimentation; a tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd (Fei, Y., Bertka, C.M. and Mysen, B.O., editors). The Geochemical Society Special Publication No 6.Google Scholar
Hayman, P.C., Kopylova, M.G. and Kaminsky, F.V. (2005) Lower Mantle Diamonds from Rio Soriso (Juina area, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 149, 430–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirose, K. and Fei, Y. (2002) Subsolidus and melting relations of basaltic composition in the uppermost lower mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 2099–2108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirose, K., Fei, Y., Ono, S., Yagi, T. and Funakoshi, K. (2001) In situ measurements of the phase transition boundary in Mg3Al2Si3O12: implications for the nature of the seismic discontinuities in the Earth's mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 184, 567–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschmann, M.M., Aubaud, C. and Withers, A.C. (2005) Storage capacity of H2O in nominally anhydrous minerals in the upper mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 236, 167–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchison, M.T. (1997) Constitution of the deep transition zone and lower mantle shown by diamonds and their inclusions. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.Google Scholar
Hutchison, M.T., Cartigny, P. and Harris, J.W. (1999) Carbon and Nitrogen Compositons and Physical Characteristics of Transition zone and Lower mantle diamonds from São Luiz, Brazil. Pp. 372–382 in: Proceedings of the VIIth International kimberlite Conference, J.B. Dawson volume (Gurney, J.J., Gurney, J.L., Pascoe, M.D. and Richardson, S.H., editors). Red Roof Design, Cape Town, RSA.Google Scholar
Hutchison, M.T., Hursthouse, M.B. and Light, M.E. (2001) Mineral inclusions in diamonds: associations and chemical distinctions around the 670 km discontinuity. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142, 119–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, T., Yurimoto, H. and Kudoh, Y. (1995) Hydrous modified spinel, Mg1.75SiH0.5O4; a new water reservoir in the mantle transition region. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 117–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irifune, T. (1987) An experimental investigation of the pyroxene-garnet transformation in a pyrolite composition and its bearing on the constitution of the mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 45, 324–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irifune, T. and Ringwood, A.E. (1987) Phase transformations in primitive MORB and pyrolite compositions to 25 GPa and some geophysical implications. Pp. 231–242 in: High Pressure Research in Geophysics (Manghnani, Y. and Syono, Y., editors). American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Irifune, T., Koizumi, T. and Ando, J-I. (1996) An experimental study of the garnet-perovskite transformation in the system MgSiO3-Mg3Al2Si3O12 . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 96, 147–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, E. and Takahashi, E. (1989) Postspinel transformations in the system Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 and some geophysical implications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 10637–10646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joswig, W., Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Baur, W.H. and Brey, G.P. (1999) New Ca-silicate inclusions in diamonds — tracers from the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 17, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaminsky, F.V., Zakharchenko, O.D., Davies, R., Griffin, W.L., Khacatryan-Blinova, G.K. and Shiryaev, A.A. (2001) Superdeep diamonds from the Juina area, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 734–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaminsky, F., Wirth, R. and Matsyuk, S. (2009) Carbonate and halide inclusions in diamond and deep-seated carbonatitic magma. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Ada, A1321.Google Scholar
Karato, S. (2006) Remote sensing of hydrogen in Earth's mantle. Pp. 343–375 in: Water in nominally anhydrous minerals (Keppler, H. and Smyth, J.R., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 62, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawamoto, T. (2006) Hydrous phases and water transport in the subducting slab. Pp. 273–289 in: Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals (Keppler, H. and Smyth, J.R., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 62, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, D. (2007) In: Mantle Dynamics (Bercovici, D., editor). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Kirkley, M.B., Gurney, J.J., Otter, M.L., Hill, S.J. and Daniels, L.R. (1991) The application of C isotope measurements to the identification of the sources of C in diamonds: a review. Applied Geochemistry, 6, 477–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komabayashi, T. (2006) Phase relations of hydrous peridotite: implications for water circulation in the Earth's mantle. Pp. 29–43 in: Earth's Deep Water Cycle (Jacobsen, S. and van der Lee, S., editors). Monograph 168, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Komabyashi, T. and Omori, S. (2006) Internally consistent thermodynamic data set for dense hydrous magnesium silicates up to 35 GPa, 1600°C: implications for water circulation in the Earth's deep mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 156, 89–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komabyashi, T., Omori, S. and Maruyama, S. (2004) Petrogenetic grid in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O up to 30 GPa, 1600°C: applications to hydrous peridotite subducting into the Earth's deep interior. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B03206.Google Scholar
Litvin, Yu.A, Litvin, V.Yu. and Kadik, A.A. (2008) Experimental characteristion of diamond crystallisation in melts of mantle silicate-carbonate-carbon systems at 7.0–8.5 GPa. Geochemistry International, 46, 531–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCammon, C.A., Stachel, T. and Harris, J.W. (2004) Iron oxidation state in lower mantle mineral assemblages II. Inclusions in diamonds from Kankan, Guinea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 111, 423–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R.O. and Gurney, J.J. (1985) Pyroxene solid solution in garnets included in diamond. Nature, 318, 553–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R.O. and Gurney, J.J. (1989) Mineral inclusions in diamonds from the Monastery kimberlite, South Africa. Pp. 1027–1041 in: Kimberlites and Related rocks Vol.2: Their Mantle/Crust setting, Diamonds and Diamond Exploration (Ross, J., editor). Geological Society of Australia Special Publication No. 14.Google Scholar
Moore, R.O., Otter, M.L., Rickard, R.S., Harris, J.W. and Gurney, J.J. (1986) The occurrence of moisannite and ferro-periclase as inclusions in diamond. Pp. 409–411 in: Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, Extended Abstracts (Smith, C.B., editor). Geological Society of Australia Abstracts No. 16Google Scholar
Moore, R.O., Gurney, J.J., Griffin, W.L. and Shimizu, N. (1991) Ultra-high pressure inclusions in Monastery diamonds: trace element abundance patterns and conditons of origin. European Journal of Mineralogy, 3, 213–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohtani, E. (2005) Water in the mantle. Elements, 1, 25–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, D.G., Canil, D. and Shirey, S.B. (2003) Mantle samples included in volcanic rocks: xenoliths and diamonds. Pp. 171–275 in: The Mantle and Core (Treatise on Geochemistry). Amsterdam, Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perillat, J-P., Ricolleau, A., Daniel, I., Fiquet, G., Mezouar, M., Guignot, N. and Cardon, H. (2006) Phase transformations of subducted basaltic crust in the upmost lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 157, 139–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pokhilenko, N.P., Sobolev, N.V., Reutsky, V.N., Hall, A.E. and Taylor, L.A. (2004) Crystalline inclusions and C isotope ratios in diamonds from the Snap Lake/King Lake kimberlite dyke system: evidence of ultradeep and enriched lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 77, 57–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringwood, A.E. (1991) Phase transformations and their bearing on the constitution and dynamics of the mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 2083–2110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringwood, A.E. and Major, A. (1971) Synthesis of majorite and other high pressure garnets and perovskites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 12, 411–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, D.J., Harte, B., Valley, J.W., Brenan, J.M. and Channer, D.M.De R. (2003) Extreme crustal oxygen isotope signatures preserved in coesite in diamond. Nature, 423, 68–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulze, D.J., Harte, B., Valley, J.W. and Channer, D.M. DeR. (2004) Evidence of subduction and crust-mantle mixing from a single diamond. Lithos, 77, 349–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirey, S.B., Richardson, S.H. and Harris, J.W. (2004) Integrated models of diamond formation and craton evolution. Lithos, 77, 923–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyth, J.R. (1987) β-Mg2SiO4: a potential host for water in the mantle? American Mineralogist, 72, 1051–1055.Google Scholar
Sobolev, N.V., Yefimova, E.S., Reimers, L.F., Zakharchenko, O.D., Makhin, A.I. and Usova, L.A. (1997) Mineral inclusions in diamonds of the Arkhangelsk kimberlite province. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 38, 379–393.Google Scholar
Sobolev, N.V., Logvinova, A.M., Zedgenizov, D.A., Seryotkin, Y.V., Yefimova, E.S., Floss, C. and Taylor, L.A. (2004) Mineral inclusions in micro-diamonds and macrodiamonds from kimberlites of Yakutia: a comparative study. Lithos, 77, 225–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T. (2001) Diamonds from the asthenosphere and the transition zone. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13, 883–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T. and Harris, J.W. (2008) The origin of cratonic diamonds – constraints from mineral inclusions. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 5–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T., Harris, J.W. and Brey, G.P. (1998) Rare and unusual mineral inclusions in diamonds from Mwadui, Tanzania. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 132, 34–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T., Brey, G.P. and Harris, J.W. (2000 a) Kankan diamonds (Guinea) I: from lithosphere down to the Transition Zone. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Brey, G.P. and Joswig, W. (2000 b) Kankan diamonds (Guinea) II: lower mantle inclusion parageneses. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 16–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Aulbach, S. and Deines, P. (2002) Kankan diamonds (Guinea) III: δ13 C and nitrogen characteristics of deep diamonds. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142, 465–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T., Brey, G.P. and Harris, J.W. (2005) Inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds: glimpses of deep Earth. Elements, 1, 73–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachel, T., Banas, A., Muelenbachs, K., Kurslaukis, S. and Walker, E.C. (2006) Archean diamonds from Wawa (Canada): samples from deep cratonic roots predating cratonization of the Superior Province. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 151, 737–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stixrude, L. and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C. (2007) Influence of phase transformations on lateral heterogeneity and dynamics in the Earth's mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 263, 45–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tappert, R., Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Muelenbachs, K., Ludwig, T. and Brey, G.P. (2005 a) Diamonds from Jagersfontein (South Africa): messengers from the sublithospheric mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 150, 505–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tappert, R., Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Muelenbachs, K., Ludwig, T. and Brey, G.P. (2005 b) Subducting oceanic crust: The source of deep diamonds. Geology, 33, 565–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tappert, R., Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Shimizu, N. and Brey, G.P. (2005 c) Mineral Inclusions in diamonds from the Panda Kimberlite, Slave province, Canada. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17, 423–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tappert, R., Foden, J., Stachel, T., Muelenbachs, K., Tappert, M. and Wills, K. (2009 a) Deep mantle diamonds from South Australia: A record of Pacific subduction at the Gondwanan margin. Geology, 37, 43–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tappert, R., Foden, J., Stachel, T., Muelenbachs, K., Tappert, M. and Wills, K. (2009 b) The diamonds of South Australia. Lithos, 111, 806–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, W.R. and Green, D.H. (1989) The role of reduced C-O-H fluids in mantle partial melting. Pp. 592–602 in: Kimberlites and Related rocks, Vol. 1: Their Composition, Occurrence, Origin and Emplacement. Geological Society of Australia, Special publication No 14Google Scholar
Torsvik, T., Furnes, H., Muehlenbachs, K., Thorseth, I.H. and Tumyr, O. (1998) Evidence for microbial activity at the glass-alteration interface in oceanic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 162, 103–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, M.J., Bulanova, G.P., Armstrong, L.S., Keshav, S., Blundy, J.D., Gudfinnson, G., Lord, O.T., Lennie, A.R., Clark, S.M., Smith, C.B. and Gobbo, L. (2008) Primary carbonatite melt from deeply subducted oceanic crust. Nature, 454, 622–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, W. and Sueno, S. (1996) Discovery of a NaPx-En inclusion in diamond: possible transition zone origin. Mineralogical Journal, 18, 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilding, M.C. (1990) A study of diamonds with syngenetic inclusions. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.Google Scholar
Wirth, R., Vollmer, C., Brenker, F., Matsyuk, S. and Kaminsky, F. (2007) Inclusions of nanocrystalline aluminium silicate ‘Phase Egg’ in superdeep diamonds from Juina (Mato Grosso State, Brazil). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 259, 384–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Workman, R.K. and Hart, S.R. (2005) Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 231, 53–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar