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Genetic diversity and phylogeography of the elusive, but epidemiologically important Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G3

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2018

Liina Kinkar ,
Teivi Laurimäe ,
Ibrahim Balkaya ,
Adriano Casulli ,
Houria Zait ,
Malik Irshadullah ,
Mitra Sharbatkhori ,
Hossein Mirhendi ,
Mohammad Rostami-Nejad  and
Francisco Ponce-Gordo
...Show all authors
Liina Kinkar
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
Teivi Laurimäe
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
Ibrahim Balkaya
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Atatürk, Erzurum, Turkey
Adriano Casulli
Affiliation:
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis.European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
Houria Zait
Affiliation:
Parasitology and Mycology Department, Mustapha University Hospital, 16000 Algiers, Algeria
Malik Irshadullah
Affiliation:
Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
Mitra Sharbatkhori
Affiliation:
Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Hossein Mirhendi
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
Affiliation:
Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Francisco Ponce-Gordo
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Steffen Rehbein
Affiliation:
Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8–12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany
Eshrat Beigom Kia
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sami Simsek
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
Viliam Šnábel
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
Gérald Umhang
Affiliation:
ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Wildlife surveillance and eco-epidemiology unit, Malzéville 54220, France
Antonio Varcasia
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2 – 07100 Sassari, Italy
Urmas Saarma*
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
*
Author for correspondence: Urmas Saarma, E-mail: urmas.saarma@ut.ee
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Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe parasitic disease caused by the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Human infections are most commonly associated with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), comprising genotypes G1 and G3. The objective of the current study was to provide first insight into the genetic diversity and phylogeography of genotype G3. Despite the epidemiological importance of the genotype, it has remained poorly explored due to the ambiguity in the definition of the genotype. However, it was recently demonstrated that long sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide a reliable method to discriminate G1 and G3 from each other. Therefore, we sequenced near-complete mtDNA of 39 G3 samples, covering most of the known distribution range and host spectra of the genotype. The phylogenetic network revealed high genetic variation within E. granulosus s.s. G3 and while G3 is significantly less prevalent worldwide than G1, the genetic diversity of both of the genotypes is equally high. We also present the results of the Bayesian phylogeographic analysis, which yielded several well-supported diffusion routes of genotype G3 originating from Turkey and Iran, suggesting the Middle East as the origin of the genotype.

Keywords

Bayesian phylogenycystic echinococcosisEchinococcus granulosusgenotype G3genetic variabilitymitochondrial genomephylogeographyzoonoses
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 145 , Issue 12 , October 2018 , pp. 1613 - 1622
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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