Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T12:04:08.427Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Interpreting Zimbabwe's Third Chimurenga Through Kongonya: Representations of Post-2000 Zimbabwean Dance in Buckle's Beyond Tears: Zimbabwe's Tragedy and Mtizira's Chimurenga Protocol

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2020

Abstract

The Zimbabwean writers Catherine Buckle and Nyaradzo Mtizira reimagine kongonya dance in their works Beyond Tears: Zimbabwe's Tragedy (2002) and The Chimurenga Protocol (2008), respectively. Both the European-born Buckle and the black Zimbabwean Mtizira harness the dance to evoke the post-2000 jambanja experiences associated with Zimbabwe's controversial “Third Chimurenga,” or the fast-track land reform program, beginning in 2000. Their contrasting depictions of dance epitomize the differing views on Zimbabwe's land reform program. Largely, whereas Buckle's novel is a memoir which personalizes a farmer's encounters with dancing African/Zimbabwean “land invaders,” Mtizira's is a panegyric that collectively reimagines a nation's defiant revolution against purported forces of Western imperialism. Both writers’ representations of the post-2000 Zimbabwe's dance performances are therefore colored and compromised by racial subjectivity.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 Dance Studies Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Adair, Christy. 2011. “Within Between, Engaging Communities in Contemporary Dance Practice in East Africa.” In African Theatre: Media and Performance, edited by Kerr, David, 90102. Woodbridge, UK: James Currey.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Asante, Kariumu Welsh. 2000. Dance: Rhythmic Forces, Ancestral Voices—An Aesthetic Analysis. Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Asante, Molefe K. 2006. “A Discourse on Black Studies: Liberating the Study of African People in the Western Academy.” Journal of Black Studies 36 (5): 646662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashcroft, Bill. 2001. On Post-Colonial Futures, Transformations of Colonial Cultures. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Banks, Ojeya C. 2010. “Critical Postcolonial Dance Pedagogy: The Relevance of West African Dance Education in the United States.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 41 (1): 1834. doi:10.1111/j.1548 - 1492.2010.01065.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Karin. 1987. “Popular Arts in Africa.” African Studies Review 30 (3): 178.10.2307/524538CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhebe, Ngwabi. 1999. ZAPU and ZANU Guerrilla Warfare and the Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press.Google Scholar
Buckle, Catherine. 2002. Beyond Tears: Zimbabwean Tragedy. Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers.Google Scholar
Bulawayo, NoViolet. 2013. We Need New Names. London: Chatto and Windus.Google Scholar
Carey, James W. 1992. Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. Boston: Unwirn.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 1993. The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chaumba, Joseph, Scoones, Ian, and Wolmer, William. 2003. “From Jambanja to Planning: The Reassertion of Technocracy in Land Reform in Southeastern Zimbabwe?” Research Paper 2, Sustainable Livelihoods in Southern Africa, Institute for Development Studies, Brighton.10.1017/S0022278X03004397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chennells, Anthony. 2005. “Self-Representation and National Memory: White Autobiographies in Zimbabwe.” In Versions of Zimbabwe: New Approaches to Literature and Culture, edited by Primorac, Ranka and Muponde, Robert, 131144. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.Google Scholar
Chidora, Tanaka. 2017. “Out of Crisis: Discourses of Enabling and Disabling Spaces in Post-2000 Zimbabwean Literary Texts in English.” PhD diss., University of the Free State: Bloemfontein, South Africa.Google Scholar
Chinyowa, Kennedy C. 2001. “Orality in Shona Religious Rituals.” In Orality and Cultural Identities in Zimbabwe, edited by Vambe, Maurice. T., 917. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press.Google Scholar
Conrad, Joseph. 1995. Heart of Darkness. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Edmondson, Laura. 2001. “National Erotica: The Politics of ‘Traditional’ Dance in Tanzania.” The Drama Review 45 (1): 153170.10.1162/105420401300079103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Friedman, Sharon. 2012. “Mapping an Historical Context for Theatre Dance in South Africa.” In Post-Apartheid Dance: Many Bodies Many Voices Many Stories, edited by Friedman, Sharon, 116. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Gappah, Petina. 2009. “The Mupandawana Dancing Champion.” In An Elegy for Easterly, 111130. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Gonye, Jairos. 2013. “Mobilizing Dance/Traumatizing Dance: Kongonya and the Politics of Zimbabwe.” Dance Research Journal 45 (1):6579.10.1017/S0149767712000277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonye, Jairos. 2015. “Representations of Dance in Zimbabwean Literature, Post-1960.” PhD diss., University of Venda: Thohoyandou, SA.Google Scholar
Gonye, Jairos, and Manase, Irikidzayi. 2015. “Debunking the Zimbabwean Myth of Jikinya Dance in Ndhlala's Jikinya and Zimunya's “Jikinya” (Dancer) and “Jikinya” (An African Passion).” Journal of Black Studies 46 (2):123141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Ashleigh. 2005. “Writing Home: Inscriptions of Whiteness/Descriptions of Belonging in White Zimbabwean Memoir-Autobiography.” In Versions of Zimbabwe: New Approaches to Literature and Culture, edited by Primorac, Ranka and Muponde, Robert, 105117. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, John M. 1984. Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, I880–1960. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Magosvongwe, Ruby. 2013. “Land and Identity in Zimbabwean Fiction Writings in English from 2000 to 2010: A Critical Analysis.” PhD diss., University of Cape Town: Cape Town.Google Scholar
Manase, Irikidzayi. 2011. “Imagining Post-2000 Zimbabwean Perceptions of Land and Notions on Identities in Catherine Buckle's African Tears: The Zimbabwe Land Invasions.” Journal of Literary Studies 27 (2): 2637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazama, Ama. 2002. “Afrocentricity and African Spirituality.” Journal of Black Studies 33 (2): 218234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 1992. “Provisional Notes on the Postcolony.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 62 (1): 337.10.2307/1160062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mheta, Gift, ed. 2005. Duramanzwi Remimhanzi (A Dictionary of Music). Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press.Google Scholar
Mlambo, Alois S. 2013. “Becoming Zimbabwe or Becoming Zimbabwean: Identity, Nationalism and State-Building.” Africa Spectrum 48 (1): 4970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mtisi, Joseph, Nyakudya, Munyaradzi, and Barnes, Teresa. 2009. “War in Rhodesia, 1965–1980.” In Becoming Zimbabwe: History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, edited by Raftopoulos, Brian and Mlambo, Alois S., 140166. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.Google Scholar
Mtizira, Nyaradzo. 2008. The Chimurenga Protocol. Harare, Zimbabwe: Botshels Publishing.Google Scholar
Muponde, Robert, and Primorac, Ranka, eds. 2005. Versions of Zimbabwe: New Approaches to Literature and Culture. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.Google Scholar
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J., and Willems, Wendy. 2009. “Making Sense of Cultural Nationalism and the Politics of Commemoration under the Third Chimurenga in Zimbabwe.” Journal of Southern African Studies 35 (4): 945965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuttall, Sarah. 1998. “Telling ‘Free’ Stories? Memory and Democracy in South African Autobiography since 1994.” In Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa, edited by Nuttall, Sarah and Coetzee, Carl, 75–88. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pfukwa, Charles. 2008. “Black September et al: Chimurenga Songs as Historical Narratives in the Zimbabwean Liberation War.” Muziki: Journal of Music Research in Africa 5 (1): 3050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phimister, Ian. 2012. “Narratives of Progress: Zimbabwean Historiography and the End of History.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 30 (1): 2734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Primorac, Ranka. 2007. “The Poetics of State Terror in Twenty-First-Century Zimbabwe.” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 9 (3): 434450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raftopoulos, Brian. 2009. “The Crisis in Zimbabwe, 1988–2008.” In Becoming Zimbabwe. A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, edited by Raftopoulos, Brian and Mlambo, Alois, 201232. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.10.2307/j.ctvk3gmpr.15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, Terrence. 2005. “Rule by Historiography: The Struggle over the Past in Contemporary Zimbabwe.” In Versions of Zimbabwe: New Approaches to Literature and Culture, edited by Muponde, Robert and Primorac, Ranka, 217243. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Heike I. 2013. Colonialism and Violence in Zimbabwe: A History of Suffering. Woodbridge, UK: James Curry.Google Scholar
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. 1963. “The Rise of Christian Europe.” The Listener LXX (November 28): 871875.Google Scholar
Tuchman, Gaye. 1978. “Introduction: The Symbolic Annihilation of Women by the Mass Media.” In Hearth and Home: Images of Women in the Mass Media, edited by Tuchman, Gaye, K, Arlene. Daniels, and James Benét, 3–38. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vambe, Maurice T. 2004. “Versions and Sub-versions: Trends in Chimurenga Musical Discourses of Post-Independence Zimbabwe.” African Study Monographs 25 (4): 167193.Google Scholar