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Most of the essays in this book were first collected together in October 1931, immediately after Britain had left the gold standard. They reflected Keynes's attempts over the previous dozen years to influence public opinion and policy over the Treaty of Versailles, over which he had resigned from the Treasury in June 1919, reparations and inter-allied war debts, stabilisation policy, the gold standard and the shape of liberal politics in Britain. In 1972 the essays were reprinted with the full texts of the pamphlets – Can Lloyd George Do It?, The Economic Consequences of Mr Churchill, A Short View of Russia and The End of Laissez Faire. At that time, the full texts of his two post-1931 pamphlets – The Means to Prosperity and How to Pay for the War – were added. The book contains examples of Keynes's finest writing on economic policy and politics. This edition includes an introduction by Donald Moggridge.
This volume, a companion to Volume 17 and to many of the Essays in Persuasion (Volume 9), carries Keynes's involvement in the post-1919 reparations tangle down to the Lausanne Conference and Britain's subsequent effective default on her own war debts in June 1933 – almost fourteen years to the day after Keynes's own resignation from the Treasury over the original Peace Settlement effectively removed the issue from practical politics. The events it covers were dramatic – the German hyperinflation, the occupation of the Ruhr, the Dawes and Young Plans and the Hoover Moratorium. Throughout, Keynes attempted to shape opinion and the course of events through published articles, unsigned letters, contributions to The Nation and Athenaeum, speeches, letters, official committees and memoranda. These add an important dimension to our understanding of the history of the period.
Keynes's first book, published in 1913, was Indian Currency and Finance. He had served briefly from 1906 to 1908 in the India Office in Whitehall; then as the administrative link between the Government of India and the British parliament. He quickly became involved in the problems of the Indian currency and the then important and fascinating issues concerning the gold-exchange standard. He continued to work on these problems, with the encouragement and help of his former colleagues, after he had returned to Cambridge. The book which resulted, and his known mastery of the problems involved, led to Keynes's first major incursion into public life as a member of the (Austen Chamberlain) Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Currency. The important contributions he made to its work are recorded in detail in Volume 15 of this series, which forms a complement to this volume.
This volume, with its companion, Volume 14, provides all the surviving letters, drafts and articles arising from Keynes's work as a monetary economist between 1924 and 1939. It contains wherever possible both sides of all correspondence concerning his Treatise on Money and General Theory, both before and after publication, as well as complete texts of all surviving drafts of both works. In addition it contains important correspondence concerning D. H. Robertson's Banking Policy and the Price Level and such post-General Theory contributions as R. F. Harrod's first work on the theory of economic growth. As such, it provides a remarkable chronicle of one man's intellectual development over the quarter of a century that saw a revolution in economics.
A Treatise on Money, completed in 1930, was the outcome of six years of intensive work and argument with D. H. Robertson, R. G. Hawtrey and others. As in the Tract on Monetary Reform, the central concerns of the Treatise are the causes and consequences of changes in the value of money and the means of controlling such changes to increase well-being. The analysis is, however, considerably more complex and the applied statistical work much more elaborate. The Treatise has long been of interest amongst economists, as a precursor of the General Theory, as an important discussion of the mechanics of inflationary and deflationary processes and as an important statement of the problems of national autonomy in the international economy. This edition provides a new edition of the original, corrected on the basis of Keynes's correspondence with other economists and translators. It also provides the prefaces to foreign editions.
This volume brings together Keynes's attempts to influence the development of public opinion and public policy between September 1931 and the outbreak of World War II. It contains his journalism, his memoranda and letters to ministers and committees of the Economic Advisory Council and related correspondence. The issues covered include the management of sterling, Britain's recovery policies, the New Deal, the World Economic Conference of 1933, Britain's rearmament and preparations for war, and the recession of 1937–8 and policies to combat it. As such, it is a companion to the volumes dealing with the development of his more formal economic theories during these years, most notably in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.
Between the outbreak of war in 1939 and his death in 1946 Keynes was closely involved in the management of Britain's war economy and the planning of the post-war world. This volume, the first of several dealing with this period, focuses on two aspects of his activities during the war: his efforts as a private citizen to influence opinion of the tasks ahead prior to July 1940, and his contributions within the Treasury to Britain's internal financial management thereafter. It contains the correspondence and memoranda surrounding How to Pay for the War, perhaps his most successful essay in persuasion; the 1941 Budget, the first explicitly Keynesian Budget in Britain; the development of the associated national income estimates; and his later attempts to influence other areas of financial policy. This is a necessary companion to How to Pay for the War, which appears in Volume 9 of this series.
This volume brings together Keynes's attempts to influence public opinion and policy concerning primarily British affairs between 1922 and 1929. During this period, his major concerns were Britain's attempt to return to the gold standard and its consequences, industrial policy (especially in the cotton textile industry) and unemployment policy, although he became briefly involved in many other subjects. Most of the volume consists of Keynes's journalism for the period, but it also contains his previously unpublished evidence to official committees, anonymous contributions to The Nation and Athenaeum and related correspondence.
This volume draws together Keynes's published and unpublished writings on non-economic subjects. Included in full are both sides of his correspondence as chairman of The New Statesman with Kingsley Martin, the paper's editor, covering politics and foreign affairs during the years 1931 to 1946. The reader will also find manuscripts on ancient currencies, a subject that occupied much of his time during the 1920s, his articles and reviews on the arts and literature, and the preface written jointly with Piero Sraffia to the 1938 facsimile edition of the Abstract of Hume's Treatise on Human Nature.
From 1915, when Keynes joined the Treasury, until he resigned in 1919 during the Versailles Conference, he carried a rapidly increasing load of responsibility. This volume prints all the principal papers and memoranda he wrote during those years and throws new light on the crises of inter-allied financial relations and the near exhaustion of British financial resources. It contains also his contributions to the early thinking in the Treasury about post-war reparations and inter-allied debts. It ends with his correspondence, official and private, from Paris, as he saw his hopes of a wise settlement vanishing. This is a necessary companion to The Economic Consequences of the Peace (Volume 2 in this series).
The Economic Consequences of the Peace was written by Maynard Keynes in 1919 following his resignation as Treasury representative at the Peace Conference at Versailles. It was this work that first made Maynard Keynes's name a household word, a figure of hatred and public criticism to some, a rallying point for rational thought and action to others. Written in the white heat of anger and despair, it vividly conveys to later generations Keynes's horror that clear thinking, human compassion and solemn pledges had been, in his eyes, destroyed by political opportunism.
Originally written as a Fellowship Dissertation for King's College, Cambridge, between 1906 and 1909, Keynes's Treatise represents his earliest large-scale writing. Rewritten for publication during 1909–12 and 1920–1, it was the first systematic work in English on the logical foundations of probability for 55 years. As it filled an obvious gap in the existing theory of knowledge, it received an enthusiastic reception from contemporaries on publication. Even today amongst philosophers, the essence of Keynes's approach to probability is established. This edition reprints, with Keynes's own corrections, the first edition of the Treatise. An introduction by Professor Richard Braithwaite, formerly Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy in Cambridge and a close friend of Keynes from the time he was finishing this book, sets Keynes's ideas in perspective.
A Treatise on Money, completed in 1930, was the outcome of six years of intensive work and argument with D. H. Robertson, R. G. Hawtrey and others. As in the Tract on Monetary Reform, the central concerns of the Treatise are the causes and consequences of changes in the value of money and the means of controlling such changes to increase well-being. The analysis is, however, considerably more complex and the applied statistical work much more elaborate. The Treatise has long been of interest amongst economists, as a precursor of the General Theory, as an important discussion of the mechanics of inflationary and deflationary processes and as an important statement of the problems of national autonomy in the international economy. This edition provides a new edition of the original, corrected on the basis of Keynes's correspondence with other economists and translators. It also provides the prefaces to foreign editions.
This volume marks the completion of the Collected Writings. The general index to the edition is designed to allow those interested in the development of Keynes's thought, and those interested in the history of economic thought more generally, to trace the development of his ideas throughout his career. The bibliography to the edition records all the writings of Keynes published not only in English but also in translation. It provides an indication of the process by which Keynes's writings were disseminated throughout the world. In addition, this volume includes an editorial introduction describing the principles of selection used by the editors, as well as a few items that escaped them in the preparation of earlier volumes. This volume is an essential tool for the effective use of the material in the twenty-nine other volumes of this edition.
This volume brings together Keynes's attempts to influence the course of public opinion and public policy in Britain and elsewhere between the autumn of 1929 and Britain's departure from the gold standard on 21 September 1931. At its centre are Keynes's activities as a member of the Macmillan Committee on Finance and Industry (including the eight days of ‘private evidence' he gave, setting out the theory of his then unpublished Treatise on Money and applying it to Britain's contemporary problems) and the Economic Advisory Council and its committees. It also includes all his related journalism and his correspondence both with senior politicians and with other men of affairs. As such, it is a companion to the volumes dealing with the development of his more formal economic theory during these years, most notably A Treatise on Money.
This volume contains Keynes's academic articles and reviews on a number of subjects, as well as his previously unpublished 1909 Adam Smith Prize essay on index numbers. Amongst the subjects covered are India, statistics, World War I and its financing, money and international economics. Included are his papers on the transfer problem, supplemented by related correspondence with Bertil Ohlin.
This volume brings together Keynes's writings in a number of fields. It includes a full account of his experience as an investor, both for himself and for others, combined with a selection from his correspondence and memoranda on investment in which he tried to expound his beliefs to others. Also included are his writings on commodities, his early lecture notes on money and a selection of his correspondence as editor of the Economic Journal and a referee for the Macmillan Company.
This volume, with its companion, Volume 13, provides all the surviving letters, drafts and articles arising from Keynes's work as a monetary economist between 1924 and 1939. It contains wherever possible both sides of all correspondence concerning his Treatise on Money and General Theory, both before and after publication, as well as complete texts of all surviving drafts of both works. In addition it contains important correspondence concerning D. H. Robertson's Banking Policy and the Price Level and such post-General Theory contributors as R. F. Harrod's first work on the theory of economic growth. As such, it provides a remarkable chronicle of one man's intellectual development over the quarter of a century that saw a revolution in economics.
In 1936 Keynes published the most provocative book written by any economist of his generation. The General Theory, as it is known to all economists, cut through all the Gordian Knots of pre-Keynesian discussion of the trade cycle and propounded a new approach to the determination of the level of economic activity, the problems of employment and unemployment and the causes of inflation. Arguments about the book continued until his death in 1946 and still continue today. Despite all that has been written in the subsequent years, Keynes and his book still represent the turning point between the old economics and the new from which each generation of economists needs to take its inspiration.
In this volume, the third of three concerned with Keynes's involvement in the problems of financing Britain's war effort after 1939, the concentration is on the final stages of lend lease and the negotiations with the United States for the transition to peacetime conditions and the 1945 loan to Britain.