Agriculture is one of the oldest and most developed policy domains in the EU. Approximately 40 per cent of the EU budget is spent on the CAP. Current EU farm policy is very encompassing, affecting all types of agricultural issues ranging from production quota to food safety and animal welfare. Due to agriculture’s increasing multidimensional character – based on its interconnectedness with trade, environmental, development and social policies – a multitude of actors now mobilises and seeks access to decision makers when CAP reforms are negotiated. Despite the enhanced involvement of non-agricultural actors, an important point of critique on the CAP still focuses on the environmentally polluting effects of the intensive agriculture that it supports. Although the Commission has been trying to give the CAP a greener image for more than a decade, its efforts have only had mixed results.

Adopted by 152 countries on 19 December 2018, the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration is the first meaningful attempt to organise global migration governance and to diminish the negative consequences of restrictive migration policies by calling explicitly for the creation of humanitarian visas and improved migration statistics and encouraging stakeholders and in particular states to respect migrants’ rights. It also makes international cooperation between countries of origin, transit and destination a central pillar of a global strategy.

This chapter examines the problems created by unincorporated associations which do not have legal personality. Where people join togther to form a group to pursue a common purpose such as sport then unless they wish to register as a company the law will not recognise the group. Problems arise where the group wish to hold money or funds. Unincorporated associations are defined as where two or more persons are bound togther for a common purpose. The group is bound by mutual undertakings each having mutual duties and obligations and a member can join or leave at will. There are a number of theories as to how an unincorporated association can hold funds such as a gift to present membersalthough this is a problem if the property is not easily divisible. Another theory is a trust for the present members and also a trust for present and future members. The most popular theory is the 'contract-holding theory'. Under this theory where a member signs up to join a group it is held that funds are held by an officialaccording to the rules by the club. A sole surviving member of a club can claim the funds for himself absolutely.

This chapter provides an introduction to economic growth and growth theory. It describes both the Solow growth model and new growth theory. It considers the role of human capital in growth processes, as well as trade and institutions. An appendix briefly describes the algebra of growth theory.

This chapter will investigate the decision-making structure of the EU. The EU is organised around supranational political institutions (such as the Commission and the EP) and political institutions representing member state governments (such as the Council of Ministers and the European Council). Certainly, other institutions affect the decision-making process, such as the ECJ or the ECB. However, they are technical institutions, whose functioning and deliberations are determined by their intrinsic rules rather than by political considerations. There are several interpretations of the EU decision-making structure. Börzel (2016: 12) posits that ‘the EU’s governance has evolved over time developing different varieties of inter- and transgovernmental negotiation and regulatory competition in the shadow of supranational hierarchy’. Wallace and Reh (2015) identified five regularised policy-making patterns (Community method, regulatory method, distributional model, intense transgovernmentalism and policy coordination) used for dealing with the various policy realms of the EU. Research on interstitial policies detected additional policy micro-patterns, although temporally bounded. This variety is generally reduced to four distinct patterns of taking decisions in the EU: Community method, centralised regulation, policy coordination and intergovernmental method. This Chapter regroups the four patterns into two basic decision-making regimes as a heuristic device for identifying the fundamental decision-making differentiation institutionalised within the EU. They are defined as decision-making regimes because they constitute a stable (although flexible) combination of rules and actors. The chapter assumes that the EU, since 1992, has ended up consolidating two decision-making regimes: supranational (inclusive of the Community method and centralised regulation) and intergovernmental (inclusive of policy coordination and intergovernmental method) which are stable decision-making regimes and not only transitory forms of intergovernmental and transgovernmental governance patterns or micro-decision-making patterns changing over time.

This chapter provides an introduction to monetary unions. It defines monetary unions and traces the history of the European Monetary Union. It assesses the EMU from the perspective of the theory of optimum currency areas. It then takes up the CFA franc zone and the Common Monetary Area in Africa.

This chapter provides an introduction to flexible exchange rates. It presents both a simple supply and demand model of exchange rate determination and the assets-based approach of the interest rate parity condition. It considers the role of interest rates and expectations in exchange rate determination. An appendix analyzes monetary policies and the nominal exchange rate.

This chapter provides an introduction to global monetary history and the International Monetary Fund. It presents recent monetary history from the gold standard forward. It discusses the operation of the IMF, including its response to a number of past crises. It then takes up the political economy of lending by the IMF and provides a general assessment of the institution.

This chapter provides an introduction to economic crises. It describes a number of different types of crises and defines both contagion and systemic risk. It analyzes balance of payments and currency crises, the Asian crisis, and the global financial crisis. It takes up the potential roles of prudential regulation and currency controls in helping to prevent crises.

This chapter provides an introduction to migration as an aspect of economic globalization. It considers trends in international migration, high- and low-skilled migration, remittances, and migration policy. It relates migration to other aspects of economic globalization.

This chapter examines the nature of fiduciary duties. They are difficult to define but include loyalty, acting in good faith and ensuring that there is no conflict of interest. This relationship arises where one person has undertaken to act for another. E.g. trustee and beneficiary, solicitor and client, and company director and board. Such relationships also arise where it develops from the nature of the duties owed such as the employer and employee relationship. Not all duties owed by a fiduciary are fiduciary in nature such as the duty of care owed by a solicitor to his client. The emphasis in this area of law is on the fact that a fiduciary cannot make a profit from his position and any profit will be owed to his principal e.g. a trustee must disgorge any profits made through his position as a director if the directorship is attributable to his trusteeship. The law does not differentiate between profits made in good faith and those made in bad faith. Much of the chapter concentrates on the question of bribes and opportunities that arise through the position of a fiduciary. The law is now settled that the principal can claim a proprietary remedy rather than a personal remedy which is relevant where a fiduciary is bankrupt as the principal will have the first claim to any funds held by the fiduciary.

This chapter provides an introduction to multinational enterprises and foreign direct investment. It considers foreign market entry, motivations for international production, entry mode choice, and empirical patterns of FDI.