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Agitation is a common complication of Alzheimer’s dementia (Agit-AD) associated with substantial morbidity, high healthcare service utilization, and adverse emotional and physical impact on care partners. There are currently no FDA-approved pharmacological treatments for Agit-AD. We present the study design and baseline data for an ongoing multisite, three-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of dronabinol (synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]), titrated to a dose of 10 mg daily, in 80 participants to examine the safety and efficacy of dronabinol as an adjunctive treatment for Agit-AD. Preliminary findings for 44 participants enrolled thus far show a predominately female, white sample with advanced cognitive impairment (Mini Mental Status Examination mean 7.8) and agitation (Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician Agitation subscale mean 14.1). Adjustments to study design in light of the COVID-19 pandemic are described. Findings from this study will provide guidance for the clinical utility of dronabinol for Agit-AD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02792257.
Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been found in Florida, USA, from the panhandle in the north to Miami and surrounding areas in the southern parts of the state, in both definitive and intermediate hosts in a limited studies completed in 2015. Additional studies have identified this parasite in a variety of intermediate hosts, both native and non-native gastropod species, with new host species recorded. Many areas in Florida with higher A. cantonensis prevalence were those with a high human population density, which suggests it is a matter of time before human infections occur in Florida. Case reports in the state currently involve non-human primates and include a gibbon and orangutan in Miami. Here, we report the current status of A. cantonensis in the state, as well as the infection in a capuchin monkey and presumptive infection in a red ruffed lemur in Gainesville, Florida.
Despite the rapid expansion of online educational resources for emergency medicine, barriers remain to their effective use by emergency physicians and trainees. This article expands on previous descriptions of techniques to aggregate online educational resources, outlining four strategies to help learners navigate, evaluate, and contribute online. These strategies include 1) cultivating digital mentors, 2) browsing the most popular free open access medical education (FOAM) websites, 3) using critical appraisal tools developed for FOAM, and 4) contributing new online content.
Chapter Preview. Linear modeling, also known as regression analysis, is a core tool in statistical practice for data analysis, prediction, and decision support. Applied data analysis requires judgment, domain knowledge, and the ability to analyze data. This chapter provides a summary of the linear model and discusses model assumptions, parameter estimation, variable selection, and model validation around a series of examples. These examples are grounded in data to help relate the theory to practice. All of these practical examples and exercises are completed using the open-source R statistical computing package. Particular attention is paid to the role of exploratory data analysis in the iterative process of criticizing, improving, and validating models in a detailed case study. Linear models provide a foundation for many of the more advanced statistical and machine-learning techniques that are explored in the later chapters of this volume.
Introduction
Linear models are used to analyze relationships among various pieces of information to arrive at insights or to make predictions. These models are referred to by many terms, including linear regression, regression, multiple regression, and ordinary least squares. In this chapter we adopt the term linear model.
Linear models provide a vehicle for quantifying relationships between an outcome (also referred to as dependent or target) variable and one or more explanatory (also referred to as independent or predictive) variables.
Four sampling methods for Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) populations were compared for efficiency using coefficients of variation. On this basis, none of the sampling methods was uniformly superior to any other, but a cluster of 0.01 ha subplots was chosen as the best method because of the aggregation of both gypsy moth egg masses and parasitoids. From the estimated population variance per egg mass it was calculated that 150 egg masses should be sampled per plot to provide an error bound of 0.2 parasitoid per egg mass (α = 0.1). An analysis of variance indicated that variation among study areas was the largest source of variation, and that among day, within day, and plot configuration variation were significant. Estimates of parasitoid activity are most reliable during the period between 1300 and 1600 h EST. Activity of parasitoids was reduced on overcast days. In August, the distribution of O. kuvanae approximates that of the negative binomial but with too many individuals in the high frequency classes. In a compromise between cost and accuracy, the sampling scheme selected consists of thirty 0.01 ha subplots per plot sampled between 1300 and 1600 h EST on sunny days. This sampling scheme was found satisfactory using field evaluation.
The goal of this literature review is to identify key issues in the patterns of medical care utilization of services for seniors as a contribution to the National Consensus process on designing and delivering health care reforms which foster seniors' independence (Shapiro & Havens, 2000). A search strategy used to identify the relevant literature since 1985 focussing mainly on peer-reviewed journal articles is described and the results of the search strategy are summarized. Key articles are identified, analysed and synthesized based on Canadian and American evidence covering patterns of institutional care, physician use, ambulatory care and the determinants of utilization of these services.
To evaluate the efficacy of contact and droplet precautions in reducing the incidence of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.
Design.
Before-after study.
Setting.
A 439-bed, university-affiliated community hospital.
Methods.
To identify inpatients infected or colonized with MRSA, we conducted surveillance of S. aureus isolates recovered from clinical culture and processed by the hospital's clinical microbiology laboratory. We then reviewed patient records for all individuals from whom MRSA was recovered. The rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection were tabulated for each area where patients received nursing care. After a baseline period, contact and droplet precautions were implemented in all intensive care units (ICUs). Reductions in the incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA infection in ICUs led to the implementation of contact precautions in non-ICU patient care areas (hereafter, “non-ICU areas”), as well. Droplet precautions were discontinued. An analysis comparing the rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection during different intervention periods was performed.
Results.
The combined baseline rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection was 10.0 infections per 1,000 patient-days in the medical ICU (MICU) and surgical ICU (SICU) and 0.7 infections per 1,000 patient-days in other ICUs. Following the implementation of contact and droplet precautions, combined rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection in the MICU and SICU decreased to 4.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.97; P = .03). There was no significant change in hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates in other ICUs. After the discontinuation of droplet precautions, the combined rate in the MICU and SICU decreased further to 2.5 infections per 1,000 patient-days. This finding was not significant (P = .43). In the non-ICU areas that had a high incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA infection, the rate prior to implementation of contact precautions was 1.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days. After the implementation of contact precautions, the rate in these areas decreased to 0.9 infections per 1,000 patient-days (95% CI, 0.47-0.94; P = .02).
Conclusion.
The implementation of contact precautions significantly decreased the rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection, and discontinuation of droplet precautions in the ICUs led to a further reduction. Additional studies evaluating specific infection control strategies are needed.
To determine risk factors for ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the effect of cef-tazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae infection on mortality during an isolated outbreak.
Design:
Case–control investigation using clinical and molecular epidemiology and prospective analysis of infection control interventions.
Setting:
Surgical intensive care unit of a university-affiliated community hospital.
Patients:
Fourteen case-patients infected with ceftazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae and 14 control-patients.
Results:
Ten of 14 case-patients had identical strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy before admission to the unit was strongly predictive of subsequent ceftazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae infection. In addition, patients with ceftazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae infection experienced increased mortality (odds ratio, 3.77).
Conclusions:
Cephalosporin restriction has been shown to decrease the incidence of nosocomial ceftazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae. However, isolated clonal outbreaks may occur due to lapses in infection control practices. Reinstatement of strict handwashing, thorough environmental cleaning, and repeat education led to termination of the outbreak. A distinct correlation between ceftazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae infection and mortality supports the important influence of antibiotic resistance on the outcome of serious bacterial infections.
Hayyim Nahman Bialik (1873–1934) is widely regarded—especially in Israel—as the national poet of the Jewish people. Bialik's poems express not only his own deeply conflicted emotions but also the ambivalence of a generation of Jews caught between the breakdown of traditional Jewish life and the call of a new Jewish world whose outlines could be but dimly perceived.
By
James A. Mercy, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia,
Mark L. Rosenberg, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia
Children are the witnesses, victims, and perpetrators of violence that has become increasingly lethal in our society. Over the past decade homicide rates among adolescents have increased dramatically and at a pace exceeding that of nonfatal assaultive behavior (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994; U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). Moreover, suicide rates among adolescents have more than tripled since the early 1950s (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995; Hollinger & Offer, 1981). Younger and younger children are represented among the perpetrators and the victims of these events (U.S. Department of Justice, 1990,1992). Firearms are involved in an increasing proportion of interpersonal and self-directed violence affecting children. These trends have had a direct impact on schools for violence and its consequences, and the implements of violence have spilled into classrooms, school hallways, and playgrounds. With guns and their associated lethal violence increasingly finding their way into the lives of school-age children, the traditional view of schools as safe havens from violence can no longer be sustained.
In this chapter we describe the problem of firearm injuries and violence among school-age children; discuss prevention strategies; suggest a scientific, research-based process for identifying effective solutions; and public health policies for moving forward. A major theme is that no school is an island: What happens to children inside and on the way to and from school reflects what is happening in surrounding communities. Thus, if we are to understand the problem of guns and gun violence in schools we must first understand this problem in its larger societal context. Figure 6.1 illustrates the overlap among the domains of children, guns, and schools and how the components of this problem are embedded in the surrounding community. All three of these domains can contribute to the problem of gun violence in and around schools. First, the behavior of children in and around schools is strongly influenced by social and psychological influences that occur outside of school. Second, the availability of and attitudes toward firearms within children's families and the community are likely to be an important influence on the firearm violence problem in and around schools. Third, the policies and actions schools take can have an influence on this problem. Fourth, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of communities themselves can influence all these domains.
This article addresses the issue of educating undergraduate engineering students in the appropriate use of computer simulation in the design process. The premise that poorly designed assignments involving simulation can actually impair understanding is addressed. A set of goals for simulation-based exercises is suggested, and some tactics for meeting these goals are introduced. Finally, a specific example of a half-term assignment that is used to meet these goals is provided for illustration.
Playwrights in the West remain under threat not only from the ever-increasing dominance of the director and the loss of autonomy carried over from film and television, but from sheer economic deprivation – which makes playwriting impossible as a full-time profession for most of its members. Is the best way to remedy this the assertion of collective responsibility and power advocated in this country by the Theatre Writers Union, or by a frank acceptance that artistic strength is seldom likely to be matched by economic or ‘political’ power – as James L. Rosenberg now argues? NTQ does not necessarily endorse the viewpoint here expressed, but feels that it is a forceful statement of a ‘new realism’ about the role of the playwright in the likely western future – in this respect also making an illuminating contrast to the foregoing article by Zygmunt Hübner. The author, James L. Rosenberg, is a widely-performed American dramatist, who has also translated numerous plays from the German, and is presently Visiting Professor of Theatre at Williams College. Williamstown, Massachusetts.