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17 results

  • The Potential Effects of Braidwood Management v. Becerra and Impact on Community Health Centers

  • Rebecca Morris, Peter Shin, Feygele Jacobs, Caitlin Murphy, Sara Rosenbaum, Maria Casoni, Kay Johnson
  • Journal:
    American Journal of Law & Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 1-2 / July 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 December 2024, pp. 128-138
    Print publication:
    July 2024

  • Braidwood Management, Inc. v. Becerra challenges the Affordable Care Act free preventive coverage guarantee. Community health centers serve over 30 million residents of medically underserved urban and rural communities. Their limited federal grant funding makes them reliant on insurance revenue for their operations, Medicaid and subsidized marketplace coverage in particular, both of which are implicated by the case. To understand these implications, we developed an analytic model that crosswalks the preventive services potentially affected by Braidwood and the preventive care that all health centers must furnish. Of the 193 preventive services now covered under the guarantee, only forty-eight would survive were the Braidwood plaintiffs to prevail. In underserved communities, health centers are a principal source of the nearly 150 affected services, as evidenced by the care they are required to furnish under federal law, the quality metrics they are expected to meet, and the health diagnoses and treatments identified in federal performance reporting requirements. Thus, the impact on access, quality, patient health, and health center finances and care capability will likely be substantial.

  • 361 WDR5 represents a therapeutically exploitable target for cancer stem cells in glioblastoma

  • Part of
  • Christopher Hubert, Kelly Mitchell, Samuel Sprowls, Sajina Shakya, Sonali Arora, Daniel J. Silver, Christopher M. Goins, Lisa Wallace, Gustavo Roversi, Rachel Schafer, Kristen Kay, Tyler E. Miller, Adam Lauko, John Bassett, Anjali Kashyap, J. D’Amato Kass, Erin E. Mulkearns-Hubert, Sadie Johnson, Joseph Alvarado, Jeremy N. Rich, Patrick J. Paddison, Anoop P. Patel, Shaun R. Stauffer, Christopher G. Hubert, Justin D. Lathia
  • Journal:
    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue s1 / April 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 April 2023, p. 107
    • Article
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  • OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are heterogeneous, treatment-resistant tumors that are driven by populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we perform an epigenetic-focused functional genomics screen in GBM organoids and identify WDR5 as an essential epigenetic regulator in the SOX2-enriched, therapy resistant cancer stem cell niche. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Despite their importance for tumor growth, few molecular mechanisms critical for CSC population maintenance have been exploited for therapeutic development. We developed a spatially resolved loss-of-function screen in GBM patient-derived organoids to identify essential epigenetic regulators in the SOX2-enriched, therapy resistant niche. Our niche-specific screens identified WDR5, an H3K4 histone methyltransferase responsible for activating specific gene expression, as indispensable for GBM CSC growth and survival. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In GBM CSC models, WDR5 inhibitors blocked WRAD complex assembly and reduced H3K4 trimethylation and expression of genes involved in CSC-relevant oncogenic pathways. H3K4me3 peaks lost with WDR5 inhibitor treatment occurred disproportionally on POU transcription factor motifs, required for stem cell maintenance and including the POU5F1(OCT4)::SOX2 motif. We incorporated a SOX2/OCT4 motif driven GFP reporter system into our CSC cell models and found that WDR5 inhibitor treatment resulted in dose-dependent silencing of stem cell reporter activity. Further, WDR5 inhibitor treatment altered the stem cell state, disrupting CSC in vitro growth and self-renewal as well as in vivo tumor growth. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results unveiled the role of WDR5 in maintaining the CSC state in GBM and provide a rationale for therapeutic development of WDR5 inhibitors for GBM and other advanced cancers. This conceptual and experimental framework can be applied to many cancers, and can unmask unique microenvironmental biology and rationally designed combination therapies.

  • Ethnic variations in referrals to the Leicester memory and dementia assessment service, 2010 to 2017

  • Andrew Wilson, John Bankart, Emma Regen, Kay Phelps, Shona Agarwal, Mark Johnson, Raghu Raghavan, Bina Sitaram, Hari Subramaniam
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 5 / September 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 August 2020, e83
    • Article
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  • Background

    The incidence of dementia in Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups is increasing in the UK, with concern about underdiagnosis and late presentation.

    Aims

    By reviewing referrals to memory clinics from Leicester City we examined whether the following differed by ethnicity: the proportion with a diagnosis of dementia, type of dementia and severity at presentation.

    Method

    We examined referrals between 2010 and 2017: all those whose ethnicity was recorded as Black (n = 131) and a random sample of 260 Asian and 259 White British referrals. Severity of dementia was assessed by record review. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for general practice, age, gender and year of referral.

    Results

    A diagnosis of dementia was recorded in 193 (74.5%) White British, 96 (73.3%) Black and 160 (61.5%) Asian referrals. Compared with Asians, White British had twice the adjusted odds of a dementia diagnosis (OR = 1.99 (1.23–3.22). Of those with dementia, Alzheimer's disease was more common in White British (57.0%) than in Asian (43.8%) and Black referrals (51.0%): adjusted OR White British versus Asian 1.76 (1.11–2.77). Of those with dementia, the proportion with moderate/severe disease was highest in White British (66.8%), compared with 61.9% in Asian and 45.8% in Black groups. The adjusted OR for the White versus Black groups was 2.03 (1.10–3.72), with no significant difference between Asian and White British groups.

    Conclusions

    Differences in confirmed dementia suggest general practitioners have a lower threshold for referral for possible dementia in some BAME groups. Unlike other centres, we found no evidence of greater severity at presentation in Asian and Black groups.

  • 11 - Hyenas – Testing Cognition in the Umwelt of the Spotted Hyena

  • Edited by Nereida Bueno-Guerra, Federica Amici, Universität Leipzig
  • Book:
    Field and Laboratory Methods in Animal Cognition
    Published online:
    30 July 2018
    Print publication:
    09 August 2018, pp 244-265

  • Summary

    Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are mammalian carnivores that occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa in a diverse array of habitats. Spotted hyenas primarily obtain food by hunting ungulates but also scavenge from carcasses using powerful jaws. They have extended juvenile periods and live in complex societies characterized by fission-fusion dynamics. Experimental assessments have been done using a variety of olfactory, visual, physical, and auditory stimuli. Studies suggest that spotted hyenas exhibit high levels of social intelligence, including recognition of third-party relationships. Innovation has been assessed in hyenas using a novel extractive foraging task, and numerosity using vocalization playback experiments. Major challenges during experimentation incude controlling olfactory, visual and auditory cues, building robust apparatuses and controlling motivation and neophobia. In the wild, cognitive assessment of individuals is influenced by complex group interactions as well as by specific testing conditions. However, testing in both captive and wild environments offers exciting opportunities to understand the evolution, mechanisms, and adaptive functions of cognition in this species.

  • Battling in the Bronx: Social Choreography and Outlaw Culture Among Early Hip-Hop Streetdancers in New York City

  • Part of
  • Imani Kai Johnson
  • Journal:
    Dance Research Journal / Volume 50 / Issue 2 / August 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 August 2018, pp. 62-75
    Print publication:
    August 2018
    • Article
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  • This article closely examines oral histories of b-boys Aby and Kwikstep, b-girl Baby Love, and poppers Cartoon and Wiggles, and the social choreography necessary to navigate the streets of the South Bronx in the 1970s and 1980s that has an indelible link to four core battling principles as articulated by 1970s b-boy Trac2: survivalism, strategizing, nomadism, and illusionism. By comparing and contrasting foundational elements of battling techniques with life lessons about growing up in the Bronx, the comparison signals the impact of “outlaw culture” within hip-hop, and the counterdominant sensibilities taught in battle cyphers.

  • 2411: A pilot study: Using computational fluid dynamics to model physiologic airflow through an ovine tissue engineered tracheal graft

  • Nakesha King, Victoria Pepper, Cameron Best, Ekene Onwuka, Chengyu Li, Eric Heuer, Jed Johnson, Kai Zhao, Christopher K. Breuer, Tendy Chiang
  • Journal:
    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 1 / Issue S1 / September 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 May 2018, p. 65
    • Article
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  • OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Tissue engineered tracheal grafts (TETG) could provide a life-saving cure for children with long segment airway defects. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a novel and promising technique used to evaluate TETG performance. This pilot study examines the correlation of objective CFD simulations with subjective respiratory symptoms in a TETG large animal model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Three-dimensional geometries of 1 TETG implanted sheep trachea were reconstructed from serial fluoroscopic images, allowing analysis with CFD simulations. Peak flow velocity (PFV) and peak wall shear stress (PWSS) across the graft as well as changes secondary to stenting were determined. CFD metrics were compared with respiratory symptoms seen on exam. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Two weeks after implantation, the animal developed respiratory distress, which correlated with PFV and PWSS elevations. Although the intraluminal graft appearance changed minimally after dilation, PFV and PWSS decreased across the graft (4.5–0.8 m/s and 0.9–0.1 Pa, respectively). Long-term TETG stenting with dilation returned PFV and PWSS to baseline (0.8–0.3 m/s and 0.1–0.01 Pa, respectively), which correlated with immediate symptom resolution. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: CFD is a noninvasive modality, which allows the evaluation of airflow metrics of symptomatic TETG recipients. This diagnostic tool will permit planned interventions and graft design optimization.

  • MOCVD of GaN-based HEMT structures on 8 inch silicon substrates

  • Oleg Laboutin, Chien-Fong Lo, Chen-Kai Kao, Kevin O’Connor, Wayne Johnson, Daily Hill
  • Journal:
    MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1736 / 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 February 2015, mrsf14-1736-t01-06
    Print publication:
    2014

  • Metal organic chemical vapor deposition, as well as material and basic device properties of nitride-based high electron mobility transistor structures on (111) silicon substrates varying in diameter from 4 to 8 inch were studied using in-situ and ex-situ characterization techniques. All substrates used for the growth of the nitride structures in this study were of SEMI standard thicknesses. The total thickness of the nitride structures was in the range of 1.5 – 5 µm. It is reported that nitride structures can be grown on 4, 6 and 8 inch diameter substrates with very similar post-growth wafer shape, material and device characteristics. It is also shown that their crystal quality, 2DEG transport properties and isolation blocking voltages can be improved by increasing nitride structure thickness while maintaining post-growth wafer bow and warp less than 50 µm. The maximum thickness of nitride structures that can be successfully grown on 8 inch diameter SEMI standard substrates seems to be limited to about 4.5 µm due to plastic deformation of Si. Blocking voltages of more than 700 V were achieved using 4.5 µm thick nitride-based high electron mobility transistor structures grown on 8 inch Si substrate.

  • Matriarchy, polyandry, and fertility amongst the Mosuos in China

  • Nan E. Johnson, Kai-Ti Zhang
  • Journal:
    Journal of Biosocial Science / Volume 23 / Issue 4 / October 1991
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    31 July 2008, pp. 499-505

  • A survey of 232 households of the Mosuo minority group in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, suggested that polyandrous matriarchy did not raise the birth rate per household, but lowered the community birth rate by restricting many women's chances of marrying. The results imply that tolerance by the national government of polyandry within certain minority groups (e.g. Mosuos and Tibetans) will not prevent but may aid the attainment of zero population growth by China in the twenty-first century.

  • 22 - Are we ethical? A workshop on the ethical challenges of providing library services to distance learners

    • By Gill Needham, Open University Library and Learning Resource Centre, UK, Kay Johnson, Athabasca University in Alberta, Canada
  • Edited by Peter Brophy, Jenny Craven, Margaret Markland
  • Book:
    Libraries Without Walls 7
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    09 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 May 2008, pp 217-224

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This paper reports on discussions drawn from a workshop on the ethical challenges of providing library services to distance learners, which was undertaken at the Libraries Without Walls conference in September 2007 (www.cerlim.ac.uk/conf/ lww7/).

    Drawing on our respective experience at the UK's Open University and at Athabasca University, Canada's Open University, we engaged in a dialogue about ethical challenges in providing library support to distance learners. We felt it would be valuable to have a framework of ethical principles to guide our practice. Unable to locate an existing framework, we devised our own, influenced by the UK and Canadian professional codes of ethics for librarians (Canadian Library Association, 1976; CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, 2006), as well as by the Society of College, National and University Libraries’ briefing paper Access for Distance Learners: report of the SCONUL task force (SCONUL, 2001) and the Canadian Library Association's Guidelines for Library Support of Distance and Distributed Learning in Canada (CLA, 1993 [2000]).

    The purpose of the workshop was to test a set of ethical guidelines proposed in an article we wrote for a special issue on ethics in Open Learning (Needham and Johnson, 2007).

    The workshop scenario

    The following scenario was enacted as an opener to the workshop; the characters are a librarian on a helpdesk telephone (L) and a distraught student on the telephone (S):

  • L: Hello. Library Helpdesk. Susan speaking. How can I help you?

  • S: I'm a student on the Science and Society course and I have a real problem with my assignment.

  • L: What's the problem?

  • S: Well, it's due tomorrow. I was supposed to do it over the weekend, but the children wanted to go shopping and my mum's not been too well, and then my partner had to work. You know how it is …

  • L: Well, yes …. So can you get it done tonight?

  • S: I've written a lot of it, but my computer has just blown up, just when I was going online to look for some literature.

  • Water-Dispersible FePt Nanoparticles Having ω-Mercapto-α-carboxylic Acid Ligands

  • Janis K. Mabry, Laura Beth Tackett, Hitesh Bargaria, Xiangcheng Sun, Earl T. Ada, Mohammad Shamsuzzoha, Kai Sun, Lu-min Wang, Duane T. Johnson, David E. Nikles
  • Journal:
    MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 853 / 2004
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 February 2011, I4.5
    Print publication:
    2004

  • FePt nanoparticles, ∼ 2nm in diameter, were prepared by the polyol reduction of platinum(II) acetylacetonate and iron(III) acetylacetonate in the presence of oleyl amine and oleic acid surfactants. The particles were dispersed in hexane and the dispersion added to a solution of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid in cyclohexanone. As the 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid ligands replaced the oleic acid ligands, the particles precipitated. The particles could be dispersed in basic water, made basic either with sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. X-ray photoelectron spectra showed a peak near 164 eV, sulfur (2p) confirming the presence of the thiol ligand. Similarly, the oleic acid ligands were replaced with either 3-mercaptopropionic acid or 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid to give FePt particles that could be dispersed in water. Dispersions made with FePt nanoparticles having 11-mercaptoundeacnoic acid ligands and ammonium counter ions were dried on TEM grids to give highly ordered films consisting of close-packed arrays of FePt nanoparticles. When the counter ion was sodium, the particles tended to aggregate, instead of forming ordered arrays.

  • Politics of International and Domestic Adoption in China

  • Kay Johnson
  • Journal:
    Law & Society Review / Volume 36 / Issue 2 / 2002
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 April 2024, pp. 379-396
    Print publication:
    2002

  • This article analyzes why the Chinese government turned to international adoption in the 1990s as a means to deal with increasing numbers of abandoned children in Chinese orphanages. Although many people involved in international adoption assume that Chinese families are unwilling to adopt the kinds of children who fill most Chinese orphanages, primarily abandoned girls, research indicates that many families in China are willing to adopt abandoned children, including girls. Yet legal requirements that adopters be over 35 and childless severely limited the number of families who could legally adopt children in the 1990s. While this did not prevent unofficial adoption in violation of the restrictions, it did keep adopters away from government orphanages, thus increasing the burden on those institutions. Restrictions on adoption are the result of birth planning efforts to prevent adoption from being used as a loophole whereby birth parents adopt out daughters in order to be able to try again for a son. The result of this policy has been to increase abandonment while decreasing the number of legally eligible adoptive families in China. International adoption has helped enlarge the pool of potential adopters without disturbing birth planning priorities. It has also helped provide needed funds for improving conditions in state orphanages. Although legal changes in 1999 eased restrictions on the adoption of abandoned children living in orphanages, a number of factors have limited actual change, while restrictions on adoptions outside of orphanages have been largely maintained. Birth planning authorities remain wary of liberalizing domestic adoption, and a decade of international adoption has institutionalized powerful interests that orient adoption from orphanages toward the outside rather than inside China. Nonetheless, China is slowly moving toward an adoption policy more in line with the Hague Convention's injunction to prioritize domestic adoption over international placement, turning to international adoption only when it is impossible to find domestic adoptive families.