Energy deficit is common during prolonged periods of strenuous physical activity and limited sleep, but the extent to which appetite suppression contributes is unclear. The aim of this randomised crossover study was to determine the effects of energy balance on appetite and physiological mediators of appetite during a 72-h period of high physical activity energy expenditure (about 9·6 MJ/d (2300 kcal/d)) and limited sleep designed to simulate military operations (SUSOPS). Ten men consumed an energy-balanced diet while sedentary for 1 d (REST) followed by energy-balanced (BAL) and energy-deficient (DEF) controlled diets during SUSOPS. Appetite ratings, gastric emptying time (GET) and appetite-mediating hormone concentrations were measured. Energy balance was positive during BAL (18 (sd 20) %) and negative during DEF (–43 (sd 9) %). Relative to REST, hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption ratings were all higher during DEF (26 (sd 40) %, 56 (sd 71) %, 28 (sd 34) %, respectively) and lower during BAL (–55 (sd 25) %, −52 (sd 27) %, −54 (sd 21) %, respectively; Pcondition < 0·05). Fullness ratings did not differ from REST during DEF, but were 65 (sd 61) % higher during BAL (Pcondition < 0·05). Regression analyses predicted hunger and prospective consumption would be reduced and fullness increased if energy balance was maintained during SUSOPS, and energy deficits of ≥25 % would be required to elicit increases in appetite. Between-condition differences in GET and appetite-mediating hormones identified slowed gastric emptying, increased anorexigenic hormone concentrations and decreased fasting acylated ghrelin concentrations as potential mechanisms of appetite suppression. Findings suggest that physiological responses that suppress appetite may deter energy balance from being achieved during prolonged periods of strenuous activity and limited sleep.

Drumlins form at the ice/bed interface through subglacial processes that are not directly observable. The internal stratigraphy of drumlins provides insight into how they developed and associated subglacial processes, but traditional stratigraphic logging techniques are limited to natural exposures and excavations. Using ground-penetrating radar, we imaged the internal stratigraphy of seven drumlins from a recently exposed drumlin field in the forefield of Múlajökull, Iceland. Data were collected with 100 and 200 MHz antennas with maximum resolvable depths of 8 and 4 m, respectively. Longitudinal echograms contained coherent down-ice dipping reflectors over the lengths of the drumlins. Near the drumlin heads (i.e., stoss sides), down-glacier dipping beds lie at high angles to the surface, whereas on the lee sides, the down-glacier dipping beds lie at low angles, or conform, to drumlin surfaces. Transverse echograms exhibited unconformities along the flanks of drumlin heads and conformable bedding across the lee side widths of the drumlins. These observations were ground-truthed with stratigraphic logs from a subset of drumlins and good agreement was found. The stratigraphic patterns support previous conclusions that drumlins at Múlajökull formed on a deformable bed through both depositional and erosional processes which may alternate between its surge and quiescent phases.

This trial compared weight loss outcomes over 14 weeks in women showing low- or high-satiety responsiveness (low- or high-satiety phenotype (LSP, HSP)) measured by a standardised protocol. Food preferences and energy intake (EI) after low and high energy-density (LED, HED) meals were also assessed. Ninety-six women (n 52 analysed; 41·24 (SD 12·54) years; 34·02 (sd 3·58) kg/m2) engaged in one of two weight loss programmes underwent LED and HED laboratory test days during weeks 3 and 12. Preferences for LED and HED food (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) and ad libitum evening meal and snack EI were assessed in response to equienergetic LED and HED breakfasts and lunches. Weekly questionnaires assessed control over eating and ease of adherence to the programme. Satiety quotients based on subjective fullness ratings post LED and HED breakfasts determined LSP (n 26) and HSP (n 26) by tertile splits. Results showed that the LSP lost less weight and had smaller reductions in waist circumference compared with HSP. The LSP showed greater preferences for HED foods, and under HED conditions, consumed more snacks (kJ) compared with HSP. Snack EI did not differ under LED conditions. LSP reported less control over eating and reported more difficulty with programme adherence. In conclusion, low-satiety responsiveness is detrimental for weight loss. LED meals can improve self-regulation of EI in the LSP, which may be beneficial for longer-term weight control.

The Glasgow area has a combination of highly variable superficial deposits and a legacy of heavy industry, quarrying and mining. These factors create complex foundation and hydrological conditions, influencing the movement of contaminants through the subsurface and giving rise locally to unstable ground conditions. Digital geological three-dimensional models developed by the British Geological Survey are helping to resolve the complex geology underlying Glasgow, providing a key tool for planning and environmental management. The models, covering an area of 3200km2 to a depth of 1.2km, include glacial and post-glacial deposits and the underlying, faulted Carboniferous igneous and sedimentary rocks. Control data, including 95,000 boreholes, digital mine plans and published geological maps, were used in model development. Digital outputs from the models include maps of depth to key horizons, such as rockhead or depth to mine workings. The models have formed the basis for the development of site-scale high-resolution geological models and provide input data for a wide range of other applications from groundwater modelling to stochastic lithological modelling.

The polar mesopause region (80-100 km) is the coldest region of the Earth's atmosphere and is expected to be sensitive to global change. Reported increases in observations of polar mesospheric clouds over the last 100 years have been postulated to be related to decreased temperatures (associated with tropospheric warming) and increased water vapour at mesospheric altitudes (a result of increased methane concentrations in the troposphere). The temperature of this region can be monitored by spectroscopic techniques utilising hydroxyl (OH) emissions which originate near 87 km. The Australian Antarctic Division, Atmospheric and Space Physics group has been analyzing OH (6-2) band spectra recorded with a Czerny—Turner scanning spectrometer at Davis Station, Antarctica (68.6° S, 78.0° E) to optimise temperature determinations for climate change studies. A number of difficulties were encountered, some of which have been overcome and all of which can be overcome. The mid-winter average temperature of the OH layer for May-July 1990 has been measured as 224 ±2 K. The equivalent value for 1996 is 215±2 K. Possible reasons for the difference are discussed.

Subdural empyema is a serious intracranial infection. C. T. scanning is the most accurate examination method in this disease. Increasing reliance on C. T. scanning makes it important torealize that even an enhanced scan may produce a false negative result, as outlined in this case.

An expanding outbreak of hardwood-defoliating geometrid larvae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) has existed on southern Vancouver Island, B.C., since at least 1972. By 1977 the outbreak had become severe over an estimated 120 km2 in the Victoria and Saanich land districts and a light infestation was present on the Saanich Peninsula.

Nine species of parasites and one hyperparasite were reared from a complex of the brace spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst), and the European winter moth, O. brumata (L.), collected in the Victoria area of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in 1976 and 1977. Parasitism of the host complex was about 1.5%, mainly due to an unnamed species of Phobocampe (Ichneumonidae). All species of parasites taken in British Columbia on the two hosts have congeneric counterparts on O. brumata in Europe as listed by Wylie (1961); thus the release of exotic species in addition to the two already released in British Columbia may not enhance the biological control of O. brumata. Descriptions and illustrations of cephalic structures of final-instar larvae of the parasites and a key for their separation are given.

The European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), was first found in Canada in 1930. An aerial survey in the following year showed that it was causing severe defoliation in an area of about 2,500 square miles in the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. In succeeding years it spread rapidly over wide areas in Eastern Canada (see, e.g., Baird 1937, Balch 1937). The work reported below was part of an attempt to control the sawfly by biotic agents.

It is well known that the reproduction of insects is affected by the nature of the larval and adult foods. However, there seems to be no consistent pattern of adult requirements; possibly this may be due in part to the varying amount of nutrients carried over from the immature stages to the adults of different species. This effect of food upon reproduction is an important factor influencing densities and distributions of insects. And rewartha and Birch (2954) pointed out that the quality of the food may influence an animal's chance to survive and multiply. Finlayson and Green (1940) found that fecundity of the parasite Aptesis basizonia (Grav.) was reduced about 80 per cent and that longevity was drastically shortened when mated females were allowed access to water but not food. Indirect factors may also be responsible. Allen and Selman (1955) showed that there was a significant reduction in egg production of the mustard beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.), when fed on leaves deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, or iron. Soils with such deficiencies might account for local variations in the density and distribution of insect species. Evans (1938) found that lack of light influenced the amount of protein in cabbages and ultimately reduced the number of young of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) by about two-thirds. The effect of food on viability is of secondary importance, but should be investigated in any study of reproduction.

Approximately 32 million cocoons of 11 species of spruce- and pine-feeding sawflies were collected in Europe and Japan from 1933 to 1940 and sent to the Belleville laboratory for rearing parasites for release in Canada against the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.). Over half a million of the cocoons were Diprion polytomum (Htg.) and the parasites that emerged from these were discussed in previous papers (Finlayson and Reeks, 1936; Finlayson and Finlayson, in preparation). In addition to cocoons, almost half a million eggs of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) were collected in Europe and reared to obtain egg parasites.

Preliminary study of the outbreak of the European spruce sawfly (Diprion polytomum Htg.) in the Gaspe Peninsula, undertaken in 1931 by the Division of Forest Insects, showed that the extent of the infestation was such that the sawfly could not be economically controlled by chemical or mechanical means. It was found, also, that the sawfly was not attacked by parasites.

In April, 1939, a trial was made of feeding the honey-sugar-agar mixture, formula 3, devised by Holloway (1939) for feeding adult parasitic insects. The test was made with the laboratory propagated Microcryptus basizonius Grav., a parasite of conifer-feeding sawflies. The routine food used in this work is seeded raisin, in addition to water, as reported by Green (1938). An initial investigation indicated that the parasites preferred the prepared food to raisin and that they devoured it avidly.

Cocoons of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) were collected in southwestern Ontario in 1941, 1943, 1946, 1947, and 1949 for experimental investigations at the Belleville laboratory. A total of 8,326 cocoons were collected, mainly within about eight miles northeast and east of Sarnia, Ont., but a few were collected at Strathroy and Brigden, Ont. Each cocoon was incubated separately in a small vial so that each parasite could be associated with the host cocoon from which it emerged. Sawflies emerged from 68 per cent of the cocoons and parasices from 12 per cent; dissection of the remaining cocoons showed 16 per cent contained dead sawfly larvae and pupae, and four per cent dead parasite larvae.