The recommended first-line treatment for insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi), but access is limited. Telehealth- or internet-delivered CBTi are alternative ways to increase access. To date, these intervention modalities have never been compared within a single study. Further, few studies have examined a) predictors of response to the different modalities, b) whether successfully treating insomnia can result in improvement of health-related biomarkers, and c) mechanisms of change in CBTi. This protocol was designed to compare the three CBTi modalities to each other and a waitlist control for adults aged 50-65 years (N = 100). Participants are randomly assigned to one of four study arms: in-person- (n=30), telehealth- (n=30) internet-delivered (n=30) CBTi, or 12-week waitlist control (n=10). Outcomes include self-reported insomnia symptom severity, polysomnography, circadian rhythms of activity and core body temperature, blood- and sweat-based biomarkers, cognitive functioning, and magnetic resonance imaging.

North Carolina growers have long struggled to control Italian ryegrass, and recent research has confirmed that some Italian ryegrass biotypes have become resistant to nicosulfuron, glyphosate, clethodim, and paraquat. Integrating alternative management strategies is crucial to effectively control such biotypes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate Italian ryegrass control with cover crops and fall-applied residual herbicides and investigate cover crop injury from residual herbicides. This study was conducted during the fall/winter of 2021–22 in Salisbury, NC, and fall/winter of 2021–22 and 2022–23 in Clayton, NC. The study was designed as a 3 × 5 split-plot in which the main plot consisted of three cover crop treatments (no-cover, cereal rye at 80 kg ha−1, and crimson clover at 18 kg ha−1), and the subplots consisted of five residual herbicide treatments (S-metolachlor, flumioxazin, metribuzin, pyroxasulfone, and nontreated). In the 2021–22 season at Clayton, metribuzin injured cereal rye and crimson clover 65% and 55%, respectively. However, metribuzin injured both cover crops ≤6% in 2022–23. Flumioxazin resulted in unacceptable crimson clover injury of 50% and 38% in 2021–22 and 2022–23 in Clayton and 40% in Salisbury, respectively. Without preemergence herbicides, cereal rye controlled Italian ryegrass by 85% and 61% at 24 wk after planting in 2021–22 and 2022–23 in Clayton and 82% in Salisbury, respectively. In 2021–22, Italian ryegrass seed production was lowest in cereal rye plots at both locations, except when it was treated with metribuzin. For example, in Salisbury, cereal rye plus metribuzin resulted in 39,324 seeds m–2, compared to ≤4,386 seeds m–2 from all other cereal rye treatments. In 2022–23, Italian ryegrass seed production in cereal rye was lower when either metribuzin or pyroxasulfone were used preemergence (2,670 and 1,299 seeds m–2, respectively) compared with cereal rye that did not receive an herbicide treatment (5,600 seeds m–2). cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)

Ordinary product-moment correlation and regression methods are frequently not immediately applicable to qualitative data, whereas multiserial r, point-multiserial r, and multiserial eta can be easily applied. The multiserial r is rejected for prediction since it tells us only what the correlation might be if certain assumptions were true and if we could measure what is not now measured. The point-multiserial r and multiserial eta are identical when the number of categories is two but differ when it is three or greater. The multiserial eta is identical with the product-moment r when categories are assigned scale values equal to their means on the continuous variable. With three or more categories, the point-multiserial r, which assumes linearity with equal step intervals, is always lower than the multiserial eta, which forces linearity by adoption of unequal step intervals based upon difference in criterion attainment. While the multiserial eta expends one degree of freedom with the weighting of each category, this is known and correctable, whereas the vague partial loss of degrees of freedom due to the ordering of categories in the point-multiserial is not correctable.

The concept of simple structure is criticized for lack of objectivity and for failure to produce invariance of (a) factor loadings under change of battery, and (b) individual scores on primary traits under change of tests. It is also criticized on the grounds that simple structure yields at best the factors which were put in and that, by suitable manipulation of tests, any set of factors may be represented in a battery by tests which will yield a simple structure. A procedure for rotation is developed which locates the first rotated axis to pass through a cluster of tests which, by hypothesis, contain a common factor and to project all tests into a hyperplane orthogonal to this factor. The second factor is then located to pass through the projections of a second cluster of tests defining the second factor, and so on, until all hypothecated factors have been located. Any residual interrelations may then be rotated graphically to the most plausible arrangement.

The relationship between measures of verbal fluency and certain personality traits is examined by factor techniques. From a matrix of eight factor scores derived from mental tests plus five personality scores, six factors were obtained. An oblique solution lends limited support to the hypothesized relationship between the two domains.

Plausible values (PVs) are a standard multiple imputation tool for analysis of large education survey data, which measures latent proficiency variables. When latent proficiency is the dependent variable, we reconsider the standard institutionally generated PV methodology and find it applies with greater generality than shown previously. When latent proficiency is an independent variable, we show that the standard institutional PV methodology produces biased inference because the institutional conditioning model places restrictions on the form of the secondary analysts’ model. We offer an alternative approach that avoids these biases based on the mixed effects structural equations model of Schofield (Modeling measurement error when using cognitive test scores in social science research. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Statistics and Heinz College of Public Policy. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University, 2008).

By application of the technique presented earlier, the factors found by the Guilfords in two studies of personality factors are reanalyzed. The rotation technique for the isolation of meaningful factors relates the factors of the two studies to each other through three common items, and to other factors and traits appearing in the literature of personality measurement. For each of four of the factors resulting from the analysis of the first battery there is close agreement with its counterpart from the analysis of the second battery with respect to loadings of the three common items. These factors are interpreted as perseverance, surgency, flexibility, and tension. Other factors appearing in only one or the other of the batteries are tentatively identified.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a significant change in cardiac [123I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake between baseline and follow-up in individuals with mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) who had normal baseline scans. Eight participants with a diagnosis of probable MCI-LB and a normal baseline scan consented to a follow-up scan between 2 and 4 years after baseline. All eight repeat scans remained normal; however, in three cases uptake decreased by more than 10%. The mean change in uptake between baseline and repeat was −5.2% (range: −23.8% to +7.0%). The interpolated mean annual change in uptake was −1.6%.

Climate change is causing Himalayan glaciers to shrink rapidly and natural hazards to increase, while downstream exposure is growing. Glacier shrinkage promotes the formation of glacial lakes, which can suddenly drain and produce glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Bhutan is one of the most vulnerable countries globally to these hazards. Here we use remotely sensed imagery to quantify changes in supraglacial water storage on Tshojo Glacier, Bhutan, where previous supraglacial pond drainage events have necessitated downstream evacuation. Results showed a doubling of both total ponded area (104 529 m2 to 213 943 m2) and its std dev. (64 808 m2 to 158 550 m2) between the periods 1987–2003 and 2007–2020, which was predominantly driven by increases in the areas of the biggest ponds. These ponds drained regularly and have occupied the same location since at least 1967. Tshojo Glacier has remained in the first stage of proglacial lake development for 53 years, which we attribute to its moderate slopes and ice velocities. Numerical modelling shows that pond outbursts can reach between ~6 and 47 km downstream, impacting the remote settlement of Lunana. Our results highlight the need to better quantify variability in supraglacial water storage and its potential to generate GLOFs, as climate warms.

In December 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections was identified in Canada by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). An investigation was initiated to identify the source of the illnesses, which proved challenging and complex. Microbiological hypothesis generation methods included comparisons of Salmonella isolate sequence data to historical domestic outbreaks and international repositories. Epidemiological hypothesis generation methods included routine case interviews, open-ended centralized re-interviewing, thematic analysis of open-ended interview data, collection of purchase records, a grocery store site visit, analytic comparison to healthy control groups, and case–case analyses. Food safety hypothesis testing methods included food sample collection and analysis, and traceback investigations. Overall, 83 cases were identified across seven provinces, with onset dates from 6 November 2018 to 7 May 2019. Case ages ranged from 1 to 88 years; 60% (50/83) were female; 39% (22/56) were hospitalized; and three deaths were reported. Brand X profiteroles and eclairs imported from Thailand were identified as the source of the outbreak, and eggs from an unregistered facility were hypothesized as the likely cause of contamination. This study aims to describe the outbreak investigation and highlight the multiple hypothesis generation methods that were employed to identify the source.

An investigation into an outbreak of Salmonella Newport infections in Canada was initiated in July 2020. Cases were identified across several provinces through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Exposure data were gathered through case interviews. Traceback investigations were conducted using receipts, invoices, import documentation, and menus. A total of 515 cases were identified in seven provinces, related by 0–6 whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) allele differences. The median age of cases was 40 (range 1–100), 54% were female, 19% were hospitalized, and three deaths were reported. Forty-eight location-specific case sub-clusters were identified in restaurants, grocery stores, and congregate living facilities. Of the 414 cases with exposure information available, 71% (295) had reported eating onions the week prior to becoming ill, and 80% of those cases who reported eating onions, reported red onion specifically. The traceback investigation identified red onions from Grower A in California, USA, as the likely source of the outbreak, and the first of many food recall warnings was issued on 30 July 2020. Salmonella was not detected in any tested food or environmental samples. This paper summarizes the collaborative efforts undertaken to investigate and control the largest Salmonella outbreak in Canada in over 20 years.

People with mental disorders can receive treatment in the community. Some, however, fall out of services and into the criminal justice system, running the risk of imprisonment and a deteriorating mental health cycle. This editorial describes Mental Health Treatment Requirements (MHTRs), that is court-imposed sentences that enable people in the UK to access treatment in the community and divert them from short custodial sentences. MHTRs have proven successful for people with primary care mental health needs. It remains difficult to secure these sentences for people with secondary care mental health needs. Three new ‘proof of concept’ sites for secondary care MHTRs may help understand barriers and find solutions.

While clozapine has risks, relative risk of fatality is overestimated. The UK pharmacovigilance programme is efficient, but comparisons with other drugs can mislead because of reporting variations. Clozapine actually lowers mortality, partly by reducing schizophrenia-related suicides, but preventable deaths still occur. Clozapine should be used earlier and more widely, but there should be better monitoring and better management of toxicity.