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Employee voice and silence research shows workers’ ability to express dissatisfaction is impeded by a range of factors. This paper focuses on two: the power asymmetry inherent in the employment relationship, and work context. It examines early career academics (ECAs) – mainly doctoral students, associate lecturers, and assistant professors – many of whom are immersed in atypical, employment or employment-like relationships that are frequently experienced as disempowering. A scoping review provides a frame for understanding ECA voice and silence. It finds there is little on ECAs in the employee voice and silence literature. However, broader concepts of voice and silence are discussed in higher education research on doctoral students and other types of ECAs. Complex work arrangements, difficult supervisory relationships, and hierarchical norms stifle ECA voice. Supervision conceptualised as co-created ‘critical friendship’ facilitates voice. Studies that expand knowledge of ECA voice and silence are recommended, especially as concerns about ECA wellbeing grow.
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are short-duration radio transients that occur at random times in host galaxies distributed all over the sky. Large field of view instruments can play a critical role in the blind search for rare FRBs. We present a concept for an all-sky FRB monitor using a compact all-sky phased array (CASPA), which can efficiently achieve an extremely large field of view of $\sim10^4$ square degrees. Such a system would allow us to conduct a continuous, blind FRB search covering the entire southern sky. Using the measured FRB luminosity function, we investigate the detection rate for this all-sky phased array and compare the result to a number of other proposed large field-of-view instruments. We predict a rate of a few FRB detections per week and determine the dispersion measure and redshift distributions of these detectable FRBs. This instrument is optimal for detecting FRBs in the nearby Universe and for extending the high-end of the FRB luminosity function through finding ultraluminous events. Additionally, this instrument can be used to shadow the new gravitational-wave observing runs, detect high-energy events triggered from Galactic magnetars and search for other bright, but currently unknown transient signals.
Contemporary reckoning with the catastrophic outcomes of the post-9/11 era opens important questions for the future of counterterrorism policy. It also raises significant issues for thinking through the future priorities and purposes of security scholarship. In this article we make two core claims. First, recent years have seen considerable mainstreaming of ostensibly critical ideas on (counter)terrorism within political debate, media commentary, and – crucially – security policy. Second, such ideas – including around the futility of ‘war’ on terror; the ineffectiveness of torture; the unstable framing of threats such as radicalisation; and the inefficiency of excessive counterterrorism expenditure – were widely dismissed as lacking in policy relevance, even being utopian, when articulated by critically oriented scholars. This development, we argue, raises important ontological questions around the ending of security paradigms such as the war on terror. It also prompts vital political, epistemological, and normative questions around the status of overtly critical scholarship when its ideas and recommendations achieve wider currency.
Almost four decades of study of Desmoinesian strata of Middle Pennsylvanian age in south-central Iowa and north-central Missouri have provided the stratigraphic control required to test the variation of clay mineralogy vertically and laterally within various paralic clay and shale facies. Local and regional variations in clay mineralogy within Desmoinesian strata are generally predictable and are in agreement with current knowledge of deltaic deposition. A principal environmental variation within a deltaic system is the change from normal marine salinities in deltaic marine environments to brackish- and fresh-water conditions in the marshy delta plains, in upper interdistributary bays, and within flanking interdeltaic embayments. Changes from marine to nonmarine facies coincide with a decrease in illite, and an increase in kaolin, mixed-layer clays, and in the percentage of expansible layers in the mixed-layer clay. The principal clay detritus entering the area was illite, which underwent various degrees of alteration in different aqueous and subaerial environments within deltaic and interdeltaic areas. Clay-mineral composition alone does not provide unique environmental answers. The distribution of clay-mineral suites within these systems, however, both supports the deltaic-interdeltaic depositional model and can be understood within the context of this framework.
Adolescent obesity requires effective and accessible intervention options and there is potential for intensive dietary interventions to be used as adjunctive therapy to behavioural weight management for some individuals(1). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two novel diet therapies, delivered in the as part of an intensive behavioural weight management intervention, in adolescents with metabolic complications associated with obesity. The Fast Track to Health study (HREC/17/SCHN/164; ACTRN12617001630303) was a multi-site 52-week RCT, conducted 2018 – 2023, comparing a very-low-energy diet (800kcal/day) followed by i) an intermittent energy restricted (IER) diet; and ii) a continuous energy restricted diet (CER), for adolescents (13-17years) with ≥1 obesity associated complication. Interventions were delivered as part of an intensive behavioural weight management intervention by a multidisciplinary team2. Anthropometry, body composition and cardiometabolic health were assessed at baseline and week-52. The primary outcome was change in BMI z-score at week-52. Dyslipidaemia was defined as HDL <1.03mmol/L and/or triglycerides ≥1.7mmol/l, and elevated liver function tests (LFTs) as ALT and/or GGT ≥1.5 upper limit of 30U/L3. The difference in BMI z-score between groups at week-52 (±4) was assessed using a t-test. Mixed models was used to investigate changes over time. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants above and below clinical cut-points at baseline and week-52. In total, 141 adolescents (70 female) were enrolled and 97 (48 female) completed the intervention. At week-52, BMI z-score reduced by −0.23 [95%CI −0.37 to −0.22], BMI expressed as a percentage of 95th percentile reduced by −8.86 [95%CI −12.46 to −7.47] and Fat Mass Index reduced by −1.49 [95%CI −2.36 to −1.08]. There was no significant difference for weight or cardiometabolic outcomes between diet groups. The occurrence of dyslipidaemia was unchanged between baseline and week-52 (n = 60 [43%] and n = 37 [43%] respectively) and a small improvement in the occurrence of impaired LFTs (n = 37 [27%] to n = 15 [17.2%] respectively). There were no differences in change of occurrence of dyslipidaemia or impaired LFTs between intervention groups. These findings suggest that both IER and CER, delivered as part of an intensive behavioural weight management program, are equally effective for improving weight and cardiometabolic outcomes for adolescents with obesity.
When two fluid drops touch, they coalesce due to surface tension. At early times, there is only a relatively small fluid bridge joining the drops. An asymptotic solution is presented for an inertial regime of early-time coalescence, in which inertial forces balance surface tension at leading order. It is demonstrated that viscosity nevertheless has a leading-order effect. Radial momentum is created at the tightly curved edge of the fluid bridge by the net force $2\gamma$ (per unit length) due to surface tension. This momentum is left behind the radially expanding bridge edge in a thin viscous wake. The divergent volume flux in the wake entrains fluid from above and below the bridge, and drives an inviscid irrotational flow in the drops on the scale of the bridge radius. This flow widens the gap between the drops ahead of the bridge, and the larger gap width results in a lower rate of coalescence. Including viscosity in this way improves the agreement between theory and the available experimental and numerical data.
Al-rich di, trioctahedral chlorite exists as the species cookeite and sudoite. Di,dioctahedral chlorite exists as the species donbassite. Cookeite has essential Li in its structure, sudoite has essential Mg, and donbassite has only small amounts of either element. To date, sudoite has been reported to have only IIb structural units and donbassite to have only Ia structural units. Cookeite is based primarily on Ia structural units, but IIb units are present in specimens from two localities. Most Al-rich chlorite species have regular-stacking “r” or “s” 2-layer stacking sequences, but 1-layer Ia-2 and Ia-6 polytypes also are known. The structural units (Ia or IIb) and the specific stacking sequences can be explained by a combination of local charge balance and minimization of cation-cation repulsion involving the interlayer and tetrahedral cations. X-ray powder diffraction data are adequate to differentiate Al-rich chlorite from trioctahedral chlorite and to identify the type of structural unit present, but single crystal study is necessary to identify the 2-layer and 1-layer sequences with certainty.
Grain-cooking traditions in Neolithic China have been characterised as a ‘wet’ cuisine based on the boiling and steaming of sticky varieties of cereal. One of these, broomcorn millet, was one of the earliest Chinese crops to move westward into Central Asia and beyond, into regions where grains were typically prepared by grinding and baking. Here, the authors present the genotypes and reconstructed phenotypes of 13 desiccated broomcorn millet samples from Xinjiang (1700 BC–AD 700). The absence in this area of sticky-starch millet and vessels for boiling and steaming suggests that, as they moved west, East Asian cereal crops were decoupled from traditional cooking practices and were incorporated into local cuisines.
The use of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) options for the analysis of in vitro ruminal fermentation gas production profiles is illustrated. Because of the different variances and covariance structures among profile observations, ordinary ANOVA for more than two-time points is not recommended. To mitigate this problem, the Greenhouse–Geisser epsilon correction can be applied to reduce the degrees of freedom, inflated by violation of the sphericity assumption, for F ratio probability calculations. After this correction, the Box–Greenhouse–Geisser ANOVA (modified ANOVA) layout appears similar to the layout of a split-plot design ANOVA with whole plots divided into subplots (incubation time). Any F tests in the main plot part are valid but F tests involving the time factor from the subplot part need modification because time factor, by its very nature, cannot be allocated at random. Application of multivariate ANOVA, distance multivariate ANOVA, ante-dependence and mixed model analysis are also considered. All these options lend themselves to wide application in the applied biological sciences.
When two small fluid drops are sufficiently close, the van der Waals force overcomes surface tension and deforms the surfaces into contact, initiating coalescence. The dynamics of surface deformation across an inviscid gap falls into two distinct regimes (Stokes and inertial–viscous) characterized by the forces that balance the van der Waals attraction at leading order (viscosity, and both inertia and viscosity). The previously studied Stokes regime holds for very viscous drops but fails for less viscous drops as inertia becomes significant before contact is reached. We show that the subsequent inertial–viscous dynamics is self-similar as contact is approached, with the gap width decreasing as $t{'^{3/8}}$ and the radial scale of the deformed region decreasing as $t{'^{1/2}}$ as $t{'}\to 0$, for time until contact $t'$. The self-similar behaviour is universal and is the generic asymptotic behaviour observed in time-dependent simulations. The unique self-similar gap profile of the inertial–viscous regime suggests new initial conditions for the coalescence of the drops after contact.
The cornerstone of obesity treatment is behavioural weight management, resulting in significant improvements in cardio-metabolic and psychosocial health. However, there is ongoing concern that dietary interventions used for weight management may precipitate the development of eating disorders. Systematic reviews demonstrate that, while for most participants medically supervised obesity treatment improves risk scores related to eating disorders, a subset of people who undergo obesity treatment may have poor outcomes for eating disorders. This review summarises the background and rationale for the formation of the Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration. The EDIT Collaboration will explore the complex risk factor interactions that precede changes to eating disorder risk following weight management. In this review, we also outline the programme of work and design of studies for the EDIT Collaboration, including expected knowledge gains. The EDIT studies explore risk factors and the interactions between them using individual-level data from international weight management trials. Combining all available data on eating disorder risk from weight management trials will allow sufficient sample size to interrogate our hypothesis: that individuals undertaking weight management interventions will vary in their eating disorder risk profile, on the basis of personal characteristics and intervention strategies available to them. The collaboration includes the integration of health consumers in project development and translation. An important knowledge gain from this project is a comprehensive understanding of the impact of weight management interventions on eating disorder risk.
This cross-national study explores a key concept in contemporary European political, policy and academic debates and demonstrates the value of a multi-level conceptualisation of citizenship.
A plausible formation scenario for the Galactic globular clusters 47 Tucanae (47 Tuc) and Omega Centauri
$(\omega$
Cen) is that they are tidally stripped remnants of dwarf galaxies, in which case they are likely to have retained a fraction of their dark matter cores. In this study, we have used the ultra-wide band receiver on the Parkes telescope (Murriyang) to place upper limits on the annihilation rate of exotic Light Dark Matter particles
$(\chi)$
via the
$\chi\chi\rightarrow e^+e^-$
channel using measurements of the recombination rate of positronium (Ps). This is an extension of a technique previously used to search for Ps in the Galactic Centre. However, by stacking of spectral data at multiple line frequencies, we have been able to improve sensitivity. Our measurements have resulted in
$3-\sigma$
flux density (recombination rate) upper limits of 1.7 mJy
$\left(1.4\times 10^{43}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}\right)$
and 0.8 mJy
$\left(1.1 \times 10^{43} \mathrm{s}^{-1}\right)$
for 47 Tuc and
$\omega$
Cen, respectively. Within the Parkes beam at the cluster distances, which varies from 10–23 pc depending on the frequency of the recombination line, and for an assumed annihilation cross-section
$\langle\sigma v\rangle = 3\times 10^{-29} \mathrm{cm}^3\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$
, we calculate upper limits to the dark matter mass and rms dark matter density of
${\lesssim} 1.2-1.3\times 10^5 f_n^{-0.5}$
$\left(m_\chi/\mathrm{MeV\, c}^{-2}\right)$
$\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$
and
${\lesssim} 48-54 f_n^{-0.5}$
$\left(m_\chi/\mathrm{MeV\, c}^{-2}\right)$
$\mathrm{M}_{\odot} \mathrm{pc}^{-3}$
for the clusters, where
$f_n=R_n/R_p$
is the ratio of Ps recombination transitions to annihilations, estimated to be
${\sim}0.01$
. The radio limits for
$\omega$
Cen suggest that, for a fiducial dark/luminous mass ratio of
${\sim}0.05$
, any contribution from Light Dark Matter is small unless
$\langle\sigma v\rangle < 7.9\times 10^{-28}\ \left(m_\chi/\mathrm{MeV\, c}^{-2}\right)^2 \mathrm{cm}^3 \mathrm{s}^{-1}$
. Owing to the compactness and proximity of the clusters, archival 511-keV measurements suggest even tighter limits than permitted by CMB anisotropies,
$\langle\sigma v\rangle < 8.6\times 10^{-31}\ (m_\chi/\mathrm{MeV\, c}^{-2})^2 \mathrm{cm}^3 \mathrm{s}^{-1}$
. Due to the very low synchrotron radiation background, our recombination rate limits substantially improve on previous radio limits for the Milky Way.
The FAST Ultra-Deep Survey (FUDS) is a blind survey that aims for the direct detection of H i in galaxies at redshifts
$z<0.42$
. The survey uses the multibeam receiver on the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) to map six regions, each of size
$0.72\ \textrm{deg}^2$
at high sensitivity (
${\sim}50\,\mu \textrm{Jy}$
) and high-frequency resolution (23 kHz). The survey will enable studies of the evolution of galaxies and their H i content with an eventual sample size of
${\sim}1\,000$
. We present the science goals, observing strategy, the effects of radio frequency interference at the FAST site, our mitigation strategies and the methods for calibration, data reduction and imaging as applied to initial data. The observations and reductions for the first field, FUDS0, are completed, with around 128 H i galaxies detected in a preliminary analysis. Example spectra are given in this paper, including a comparison with data from the overlapping GAL2577 field of Arecibo Ultra-Deep Survey.
Employers seeking to control employee behavior outside of working hours is nothing new. However, recent developments have extended efforts to control employee behavior into new areas, with new significance. Employers seek to control legal behavior by employees outside of working hours, to have significant influence over employees’ health-related behavior, and to monitor and control employees’ social media, even when this behavior has nothing to do with the workplace. In this article, I draw on the work of political theorists Jon Elster, Gerald Gaus, and Michael Walzer, and privacy scholars Daniel Solove and Anita Allen, to show what is wrong with this extension of employer control of employees’ outside of work behavior. I argue that there are ethical limits on the controls that employers may put on their employees’ behavior outside of work, and that many of these limits should be enshrined into legal protections which would prevent employers from conditioning employment on the regulations criticized.
In recent years, evidence has started piling up that some high-energy cosmic neutrinos can be associated with blazars in flaring states. On 2022 February 26, a new blazar-neutrino coincidence was reported: the track-like neutrino event IC220225A detected by IceCube is spatially coincident with the flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 0215+015. Like previous associations, this source was found to be in a high optical and γ-ray state. Moreover, the source showed a bright radio outburst, which substantially increases the probability of a true physical association. We have performed six observations with the VLBA shortly after the neutrino event with a monthly cadence and are monitoring the source with the Effelsberg 100m-Telescope, and with the Australia Compact Telescope Array. Here, we present first results on the contemporary parsec-scale jet structure of PKS 0215+015 in total intensity and polarization to constrain possible physical processes leading to neutrino emission in blazars.
To systematically review and synthesise qualitative evidence about determinants of self-management in adults with SMI. The goal is to use findings from this review to inform the design of effective self-management strategies for people with SMI and LTCs.
Background
People living with serious mental illness (SMI) have a reduced life expectancy by around 15–20 years, mainly due to the high prevalence of long-term physical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. People with SMI face many challenges when trying to manage their physical health. Little is known about the determinants of self-management – managing the emotional and practical issues – of long-term conditions (LTCs) for people with SMI.
Method
Six databases, including CINAHL and MEDLINE, were searched to identify qualitative studies that explored people's perceptions about determinants of self-management in adults with SMI (with or without comorbid LTCs). Self-management was defined according to the American Association of Diabetes Educator's self-care behaviours (AADE7). Determinants were defined according to the Capabilities, Opportunity, Motivations and Behaviours (COM-B) framework. Eligible studies were purposively sampled for synthesis according to the richness of the data (assessed using Ames et al (2017)'s data richness scale), and thematically synthesised.
Result
Twenty-six articles were included in the synthesis. Seven studies focused on self-management of LTCs, with the remaining articles exploring self-management of SMI. Six analytic themes and 28 sub-themes were identified from the synthesis. The themes included: the additional burden of SMI; living with comorbidities; beliefs and attitudes about self-management; support from others for self-management; social and environmental factors; routine, structure and planning. Capabilities for self-management were linked to people's perceptions about the support they received for their SMI and LTC from healthcare professionals, family and friends. Opportunities for self-management were more commonly expressed in the context of social and environmental factors. Motivation for self-management was influenced by beliefs and attitudes, whilst being closely related to the burden of SMI.
Conclusion
The themes identified from the synthesis suggest that capabilities, opportunities and motivations for self-management can be negatively influenced by the experience of SMI, whilst social and professional support, improved access to resources, and increased involvement in care, could promote self-management. Support programmes for people with SMI and LTCs need to account for these experiences and adapt to meet the unique needs of this population.
Voices are commonly experienced as communication with a personified ‘other’ with ascribed attitudes, intentionality and personality (their own ‘character’). Phenomenological work exploring voice characterisation informs a new wave of relational therapies. To date, no study has investigated the role of characterisation in behavioural engagement with voices or within psychological therapy for distressing voices.
Methods
Baseline characterisation (the degree to which the voice is an identifiable and characterful entity) of the dominant voice was rated (high, medium or low) using a newly developed coding framework, for n = 60 people prior to starting AVATAR therapy. Associations between degree of characterisation and (i) everyday behavioural engagement with voices (The Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire-Revised; n = 60); and (ii) interaction within avatar dialogue [Session 4 Time in Conversation (participant–avatar); n = 45 therapy completers] were explored.
Results
Thirty-three per cent reported high voice characterisation, 42% medium and 25% low. There was a significant association between characterisation and behavioural engagement [H(2) = 7.65, p = 0.022, ɛ2 = 0.130] and duration of participant–avatar conversation [F(2,42) = 6.483, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.236]. High characterisation was associated with increased behavioural engagement compared with medium (p = 0.004, r = 0.34; moderate effect) and low (p = 0.027, r = 0.25; small−moderate effect) with a similar pattern observed for the avatar dialogue [high v. medium: p = 0.008, Hedges’ g = 1.02 (large effect); high v. low: p = 0.023, Hedges' g = 1.03 (large effect)]. No differences were observed between medium and low characterisation.
Discussion
Complex voice characterisation is associated with how individuals interact with their voice(s) in and out of therapy. Clinical implications and future directions for AVATAR therapy and other relational therapies are discussed.