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In light of ongoing debates about income targeting in the welfare state, this article explores how the design and outcomes of income targeting policies are related to popular targeting preferences. Based on the unique combination of fine-grained opinion and policy indicators in a multilevel analysis, the results show that targeting preferences are indeed empirically related to targeting policies. However, whether these preferences are affected more by the de jure targeting design or the de facto targeting outcome seems to vary between two very different policy domains. In the case of unemployment benefits, the results suggest positive policy feedback: support for high-income targeting increases when unemployment benefits are designed to benefit those with previously higher incomes. For income taxation, by contrast, the results suggest negative policy feedback. In that case, it is not so much the de jure design but rather the de facto outcome that matters: the more taxes effectively work to the advantage of higher-income earners, the less support there is for a tax that levies the same amount on everyone, regardless of income.
In many Western countries local welfare agencies retain large responsibilities in the practical organisation of means-tested support. While this may lead to substantial differences in the application trajectories of prospective claimants, what has garnered little empirical research is how local agencies use their discretion to implement practices that may encourage or discourage take-up. In addition, we know little on the extent to which variation in local implementation is attributable to differences in local conditions. Focusing on Belgium as an interesting case, this article addresses this gap by mapping the variation in local implementation practices in specific aspects of social assistance that are relevant in terms of limiting non-take-up. We assess whether certain local political, socio-demographic or economic characteristics favour implementation practices, using structural equation modelling on custom-collected data on the practical organisation of social assistance application trajectories in 119 Belgian municipalities. The results show that local welfare agencies implement coherent practices regarding information provision, accessibility, trust and the locus of initiative in the claiming process. We find the political orientation of the municipality and the share of foreigners in the municipality to be related with, respectively, shifting the locus of initiative away from the welfare claimant and a focus on information provision.
We present the most sensitive and detailed view of the neutral hydrogen (
${\rm H\small I}$
) emission associated with the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), through the combination of data from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) and Parkes (Murriyang), as part of the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (GASKAP) pilot survey. These GASKAP-HI pilot observations, for the first time, reveal
${\rm H\small I}$
in the SMC on similar physical scales as other important tracers of the interstellar medium, such as molecular gas and dust. The resultant image cube possesses an rms noise level of 1.1 K (
$1.6\,\mathrm{mJy\ beam}^{-1}$
)
$\mathrm{per}\ 0.98\,\mathrm{km\ s}^{-1}$
spectral channel with an angular resolution of
$30^{\prime\prime}$
(
${\sim}10\,\mathrm{pc}$
). We discuss the calibration scheme and the custom imaging pipeline that utilises a joint deconvolution approach, efficiently distributed across a computing cluster, to accurately recover the emission extending across the entire
${\sim}25\,\mathrm{deg}^2$
field-of-view. We provide an overview of the data products and characterise several aspects including the noise properties as a function of angular resolution and the represented spatial scales by deriving the global transfer function over the full spectral range. A preliminary spatial power spectrum analysis on individual spectral channels reveals that the power law nature of the density distribution extends down to scales of 10 pc. We highlight the scientific potential of these data by comparing the properties of an outflowing high-velocity cloud with previous ASKAP+Parkes
${\rm H\small I}$
test observations.
Early adiposity rebound (EAR) predicts paediatric overweight/obesity, but current approaches do not consider both the starting point of EAR and the BMI trajectory. We compared the clinical characteristics at birth, age 3–5 and 6–8 years of children, according to the EAR and to its type (type A/type B-EAR). We assessed the childrenʼs odds of being classified as overweight/obese at age 6–8 years, according to the type of EAR as defined at age 3–5 years. As part of this two-wave observational study, 1055 children were recruited and examined at age 3–5 years. Antenatal and postnatal information was collected through interviews with parents, and weight and height from the health records. Type A and type B-EAR were defined in wave 1 according to the BMI nadir and the variation of BMI z-score between the starting point of the adiposity rebound and the last point on the curve. At 6–8 years (wave 2), 867 children were followed up; 426 (40·4 %) children demonstrated EAR. Among them, 172 had type A-EAR, higher rates of parental obesity (P < 0·05) and greater birth weight compared with other children (P < 0·001). Odds for overweight/obesity at 6–8 years, when adjusting for antenatal and postnatal factors, was 21·35 (95 % CI 10·94, 41·66) in type A-EAR children and not significant in type B-EAR children (OR 1·76; 95 % CI 0·84, 3·68) compared with children without EAR. Classification of EAR into two subtypes provides physicians with a reliable approach to identify children at risk for overweight/obesity before the age of 5 years.
With increasing numbers of children growing up with conditions that are associated with acquired brain injury, efficient neuropsychological screening for cognitive deficits is pivotal. Brief self-report measures concerning daily complaints can play an important role in such screening. We translated and adapted the pediatric perceived cognitive functioning (PedsPCF) self- and parent-report item bank to Dutch. This study presents (1) psychometric properties, (2) a new short form, and (3) normative data for the short form.
Methods:
A general population sample of children and parents was recruited. Dimensionality of the PedsPCF was assessed using confirmatory factor analyses and exploratory bifactor analyses. Item response theory (IRT) modeling was used to evaluate model fit of the PedsPCF, to identify differential item functioning (DIF), and to select items for the short form. To select short-form items, we also considered the neuropsychological content of items.
Results:
In 1441 families, a parent and/or child participated (response rate 66% at family level). Assessed psychometric properties were satisfactory and the predominantly unidimensional factor structure of the PedsPCF allowed for IRT modeling using the graded response model. One item showed meaningful DIF. For the short form, 10 items were selected.
Conclusions:
In this first study of the PedsPCF outside the United States, studied psychometric properties of the translated PedsPCF were satisfactory, and allowed for IRT modeling. Based on the IRT analyses and the content of items, we proposed a new 10-item short form. Further research should determine the relation of PedsPCF outcomes with neurocognitive measures and its ability to facilitate neuropsychological screening in clinical practice.
This chapter introduces non-Western perspectives on hermeneutics. The reception of Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer across the globe is a particularly striking case of the transcultural transfer of ideas. Over the twentieth century, philosophers from the Arab and Persian world, India, China, and Japan, have engaged with Heidegger’s account of understanding and Gadamer’s theory of hermeneutic experience and effective history. This reception has often taken place against the backdrop of the philosophers’ own intellectual traditions and interpretative practices. In addition to introducing several different perspectives, with special emphasis on China, this contribution discusses the advantages of a truly global perspective on hermeneutics.
The protein kinase R (PKR, also called EIF2AK2) is an interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA protein kinase with multiple effects on cells that plays an active part in the cellular response to numerous types of stress. PKR has been extensively studied and documented for its relevance as an antiviral agent and a cell growth regulator. Recently, the role of PKR related to metabolism, inflammatory processes, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases has gained interest. In this review, we summarise and discuss the involvement of PKR in several cancer signalling pathways and the dual role that this kinase plays in cancer disease. We emphasise the importance of PKR as a molecular target for both conventional chemotherapeutics and emerging treatments based on novel drugs, and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for several pathologies. Finally, we discuss the impact that the recent knowledge regarding PKR involvement in metabolism has in our understanding of the complex processes of cancer and metabolism pathologies, highlighting the translational research establishing the clinical and therapeutic potential of this pleiotropic kinase.
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is the most widely used instrument to assess self-esteem. In light of the absence of adaptations in Colombia, this study seeks to validate and adapt this scale in the Colombian population, and perform factorial equivalence with the Spanish version. A total of 1,139 seniors (633 Colombians and 506 Spaniards) were evaluated; the individuals answered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and sexual self-esteem scale. The average score of the items was similar to the questionnaire’s theoretical average, and standard deviations were close to one. The psychometric properties of the items are generally adequate with alphas of .83 and .86 and significant (CI = .95) and correlations with the sexual self-esteem scale ranging from .31 and .41. Factorial equivalence was confirmed by means of a structural equation model (CFI = .912 and RMSEA = .079), thus showing a strong level of invariance.
Gaia's Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) has been operating in routine phase for over one year since initial commissioning. RVS continues to work well but the higher than expected levels of straylight reduce the limiting magnitude. The end-of-mission radial-velocity (RV) performance requirement for G2V stars was 15 km s−1 at V = 16.5 mag. Instead, 15 km s−1 precision is achieved at 15 < V < 16 mag, consistent with simulations that predict a loss of 1.4 mag. Simulations also suggest that changes to Gaia's onboard software could recover ~0.14 mag of this loss. Consequently Gaia's onboard software was upgraded in April 2015. The status of this new commissioning period is presented, as well as the latest scientific performance of the on-ground processing of RVS spectra. We illustrate the implications of the RVS limiting magnitude on Gaia's view of the Milky Way's halo in 6D using the Gaia Universe Model Snapshot (GUMS).
The theoretical three body problem, with three given non infinitesimal point masses, has two types of oscillating motions. In the first type at least two mutual distances are unbounded, but their inferior limit is bounded: there are an infinite number of larger and larger ejections, but without escape. In the second type, it is the velocities that are unbounded: there are an infinite number of nearer and nearer quasi-collisions, without exact collisions.
The first type has only a theoretical interest: its measure in phase space is zero. But the second type has a positive measure in phase space and a physical interest: it governs most of the collisions of stars.
When the 2008 crisis hit, social safety nets in Europe were not in the best of shape. This article examines what, if anything, governments did to adjust minimum income protection after two decades of relative neglect. In view of the hardship brought on by the crisis, this question is of importance in itself. In addition, there is a long-standing interest in the role crises play in re-shaping policies, possibly in a radical way. Building on purpose-collected data for twenty-four European countries, this article shows that many countries introduced supportive measures during the first years of the crisis, particularly in the form of additional benefit increases and more generous child benefits. Behavioural requirements imposed on minimum income recipients were not relaxed but in some countries activation efforts were intensified. Although the evidence shows that the crisis did trigger a response, there is little evidence for a structural change of course towards more adequate safety nets.
We present the initial performance of the Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer, providing an overview of its performance, which is essentially nominal in terms of spectral resolution, throughput and operation, except for the presence of unexpectedly high levels of scattered background. This is mainly Solar in origin, and reduces the limiting magnitude for radial velocity measurements by ∼1 magnitude to V ∼ 16. Radial velocity calibration accuracies are compliant with requirements.
Deepwater fish are characterized by long lifespans, late maturity and low productivity. This implies slow recovery from low biomass levels and it is, therefore, important to manage these stocks correctly to avoid overfishing. However, these stocks are generally data poor, which it makes difficult to apply quantitative assessment models on which to base their management. The management strategy evaluation (MSE) approach consists in evaluating the performance of management strategies by simulation before their implementation. In the evaluation, the main sources of uncertainty in a fishery system and its management process should be taken into account in order to find robust management strategies. Thus, the MSE approach is relevant to the management of data-poor stocks. We used the FLBEIA software, an FLR library coded in the R statistical language, to conduct a bio-economic impact assessment of fisheries management strategies. We evaluated the performance of several management strategies in three different deepwater case studies using the MSE approach: beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the Norwegian Sea, blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Strait of Gibraltar, and French mixed deepwater fisheries in the North East Atlantic. In conclusion, we found that the S. mentella stock is very sensitive to the stock recruitment relationship chosen. For P. bogaraveo, simulations showed that the present constant catch management is as good as more sophisticated strategies. Finally, in mixed fisheries, case study fleet dynamics were key for the success of management strategies
Human reaction to external stimuli can be investigated in a comprehensive way by using a versatile virtual-reality setup involving multiple display technologies. It is apparent that versatility remains a main challenge when human reactions are examined through the use of haptic interfaces as the interfaces must be able to cope with the entire range of diverse movements and forces/torques a human subject produces. To address the versatility challenge, we have developed a large-scale reconfigurable tendon-based haptic interface which can be adapted to a large variety of task dynamics and is integrated into a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). To prove the versatility of the haptic interface, two tasks, incorporating once the force and once the velocity extrema of a human subject's extremities, were implemented: a simulator with 3-DOF highly dynamic force feedback and a 3-DOF setup optimized to perform dynamic movements. In addition, a 6-DOF platform capable of lifting a human subject off the ground was realized. For these three applications, a position controller was implemented, adapted to each task, and tested. In the controller tests with highly different, task-specific trajectories, the three robot configurations fulfilled the demands on the application-specific accuracy which illustrates and confirms the versatility of the developed haptic interface.
This study explores the use of an individual's genetic (IGFS) and environmental factor score (IEFS), constructed using genetic model fitting of a multivariate strength phenotype. Maximal isometric and dynamic strength measures, one maximal repetition load (1RM) and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) were measured in 25 monozygotic and 16 dizygotic twin pairs. The use of IGFS and IEFS in predicting the sensitivity to environmental stress was evaluated by the association of the scores with strength training gains after a 10-week high resistance strength training programme. Results show a high contribution of genetic factors to the covariation between maximal strength and muscle cross-sectional area (84–97%) at pre-training evaluation. Individual factor scores explained the largest part of the variation in 1RM and other strength measures at pre-training and post-training evaluation respectively. Genes that are switched on due to training stress (gene–environment interaction) could explain the decrease in explained variation over time. A negative correlation was found between IGFS and strength training gains (−0.24 to −0.51, P < 0.05); individuals with a high IGFS tend to gain less strength than individuals with low IGFS. Individual environmental factor scores have lower differential power. The predictive value of the IGFS has potential utility in identifying an individual's susceptibility to environmental stress in a variety of multifactorial characteristics, eg diseases and impairments, and for selection of sib pairs for QTL analyses. Twin Research (2000) 3, 99–108.
China is usually cited as the outstanding partner of Sudan's governing regime. But other East Asian state partners have also been playing important roles in relations with Khartoum. Although not as important as China, three in particular deserve attention. Japan and South Korea share a low profile and, although diplomatically allied with the West – both are members of the OECD and South Korea joined its Development Assistance Committee in 2010 – have dealt with Sudan in an autonomous manner, not willing to damage their own interests. They remained silent when their Western allies were vocal about the crisis in Darfur and the alleged reluctance of the Sudanese regime to be a fair player in the implementation of the CPA that ended the North–South civil war between Khartoum and the SPLM/A. In addition, neither Tokyo nor Seoul has had to face any prominent activism or domestic public pressure concerning Africa in general and Sudan in particular, despite the fact that both have economic relations with Khartoum. Japan has often been the second-largest buyer of Sudanese oil, and Sudan is a market for Japanese goods. South Korea has a history of engagement in Sudan, with significant business and agricultural interests today (see Introduction in this volume, for further details).
Malaysia, Sudan's third Southeast Asian partner, has maintained a completely different attitude from both Japan and South Korea, at least under Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, who governed between 1981 and 2003.
By
O. Gourgue, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium,
E. Deleersnijder, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium,
V. Legat, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium,
E. Marchal, N-Side s.a. 6 Chemin du Cyclotron, Belgium,
L. White, Princeton University, USA
All year long, the thermocline of Lake Tanganyika (Central Africa) oscillates about two equilibrium states. The thermocline is tilted downward toward the north during the dry season, due to the wind bringing the warm surface water from south to north. The equilibrium position of the thermocline is horizontal during the wet season. The oscillations about these two equilibrium states may be of two types. The free oscillations are due to the seasonal cycle of the wind stress, while the forced oscillations are a direct response to the intraseasonal variability of the surface forcing. It has already been suggested that both have a three- to four- week oscillation period. The Factor Separation method is here used to show that the forced oscillations of the thermocline are about twice as large as the free ones.
Introduction
Lake Tanganyika is located to the east of central Africa, and is shared by four developing countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, and Zambia. It lies between 3° 20′ and 8° 45′ S and 29° 05′ to 31° 15′ E. It is about 650 km long and 50 km wide on average. The mean depth of the lake is about 570 m, with a maximum depth of 1470m (Fig. 9.1). That makes it the second deepest lake in the world, the deepest being Lake Baikal in Russia. Thermal stratification is well marked and present all year long, so that one can identify two distinct layers: the surface and the bottom layers.