Objectives/Goals: With qualitative interviews we aim to 1-Describe barriers and facilitators for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) survivors’ access to late effects (LE) care. 2-Investigate clinicians’ perceptions of current and ideal PTLD LE care. Our long-term goal is to develop and pilot implementation strategies to standardize PTLD LE care. Methods/Study Population: Study population: We will recruit 20–25 PTLD survivors or their caregivers and 10–15 health care workers (HCW) from oncology, LE, and solid organ transplant (SOT) teams at St. Louis Children’s Hospital (SLCH). PTLD is a lymphoma-like cancer that occurs in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. PTLD survivors experience LE from cancer, yet many do not receive LE care. Research strategy: We will conduct qualitative semi-structured interviews based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). A preliminary codebook will be based on CFIR and refined through transcript review. Team-based coding includes double coding and checking for intercoder reliability. We will generate coding reports to understand themes and identify barriers and facilitators of LE care. Results/Anticipated Results: We hypothesize survivors, caregivers, and HCWs will identify actionable factors to inform future studies to optimize LE care. We will examine the CFIR inner setting (resources, communication, and structural characteristics), outer setting (local attitudes and external pressures), innovation domain (adaptability, evidence base, and relative advantage), individuals domain (need, opportunity, and motivation), and implementation process domain. Our contribution will be novel. 1-This is the first assessment of barriers and facilitators for LE care in pediatric PTLD survivors. 2-We will consider input from HCWs across various disciplines delivering care to PTLD survivors. 3-We anticipate identifying unique contextual factors in PTLD survivors that will influence implementation of evidence-based LE care. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Pediatric cancer survivors experience LE. Coordinated care mitigates LE. PTLD survivors experience a high burden of LE, but less than 10% of PTLD survivors at SLCH follow in LE clinic. No studies have evaluated ideal delivery of LE care for PTLD survivors. Our findings will inform an implementation trial to improve delivery of LE care for PTLD survivors.

Quantum field theory predicts a nonlinear response of the vacuum to strong electromagnetic fields of macroscopic extent. This fundamental tenet has remained experimentally challenging and is yet to be tested in the laboratory. A particularly distinct signature of the resulting optical activity of the quantum vacuum is vacuum birefringence. This offers an excellent opportunity for a precision test of nonlinear quantum electrodynamics in an uncharted parameter regime. Recently, the operation of the high-intensity Relativistic Laser at the X-ray Free Electron Laser provided by the Helmholtz International Beamline for Extreme Fields has been inaugurated at the High Energy Density scientific instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. We make the case that this worldwide unique combination of an X-ray free-electron laser and an ultra-intense near-infrared laser together with recent advances in high-precision X-ray polarimetry, refinements of prospective discovery scenarios and progress in their accurate theoretical modelling have set the stage for performing an actual discovery experiment of quantum vacuum nonlinearity.

As mid-southern U.S. rice producers continue to adopt furrow-irrigated rice production practices, supplementary management efforts will be vital in combating Palmer amaranth due to the extended germination period provided by the lack of a continual flood. Previous research has revealed the ability of cover crops to suppress Palmer amaranth emergence in corn, cotton, and soybean production systems; however, research on cover crop weed control efficacy in rice production is scarce. Therefore, trials were initiated in Arkansas in 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the effect of cover crops across five site-years on rice emergence, groundcover, grain yield, and total Palmer amaranth emergence. The cover crops evaluated were cereal rye, winter wheat, Austrian winterpea, and hairy vetch. Cover crop biomass accumulation varied by site-year, ranging from 430 to 3,440 kg ha−1, with cereal rye generally being the most consistent producer of high-quantity biomass across site-years. Rice growth and development were generally unaffected by cover crop establishment; however, all cover crops reduced rice emergence by up to 30% in one site-year. Rice groundcover was reduced by 13% from cereal rye in one site-year 2 wk before heading but cover crops did not affect rough rice grain yield in any of the site-years. Palmer amaranth emergence was reduced by 19% and 35% with cereal rye relative to the absence of a cover crop when rice was planted in April in Marianna, and May in Fayetteville, respectively. In most trials, Palmer amaranth emergence was not reduced by a cereal cover crop. In most instances, legume cover crops resulted in less Palmer amaranth emergence than without a cover crop. Based on these results, legume cover crops appear to provide some suppression of Palmer amaranth emergence in furrow-irrigated rice while having a minimal effect on rice establishment and yield.

We examine a variant of ultimatum bargaining in which principals may delegate their proposal decision to agents hired from a competitive market. Contrary to several prior studies, we find that when principals must use agents, the resulting proposals are significantly higher than when principals make proposals themselves. In reconciling our results with prior findings, we conclude that both the rejection power afforded to responders and the structure of principal-agent contracts can play significant roles in the nature of outcomes under delegated bargaining.

Even amidst a decline in religious affiliation, nearly half of the U.S. population still attends religious services at least once a month, and congregations remain the single largest non-profit organizational type across the nation. Therefore, congregational influence on political attitudes and behavior is a crucial line of inquiry. We analyze interviews of 94 congregational leaders to better understand why they address or avoid political issues when preaching. Our research reveals that clergy use theological and pragmatic reasoning to determine whether they explicitly include political discourse in their sermons. Our findings are noteworthy in that clergy from a wide range of religious traditions use similar reasoning, and the same rationale can lead different clergy to adopt contrasting approaches to political content in sermons. Thus, this paper provides nuanced insight into the relationship between religion and politics and may help foster greater mutual understanding in a deeply divided political and social climate.

Furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) hectares are increasing in the Midsouth. The lack of sustained flooding creates a favorable environment for weed emergence and persistence, which makes Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) difficult to control throughout the growing season. The negative yield impacts associated with season-long A. palmeri interference in corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have been evaluated. However, there is limited knowledge of the weed’s ability to influence rice grain yield. Research was initiated in 2022 and 2023 to determine the effect of A. palmeri time of emergence relative to rice on weed seed production and grain yield. Cotyledon-stage A. palmeri plants were marked every 7 d, beginning 1 wk before rice emergence through 4 wk after rice emergence. Amaranthus palmeri seed production decreased exponentially as emergence timing was delayed relative to rice, and seed production increased by 447 seed plant−1 for every 1-g increase in weed biomass. Without rice competition and from the earliest emergence timing, A. palmeri produced 540,000 seeds plant−1. Amaranthus palmeri that emerged 1 wk before the crop had the greatest spatial influence on rice, with grain yield loss of 5% and 50% at a distance of 1.4 m and 0.40 m from the weed, respectively. As A. palmeri emergence was delayed, the area of influence decreased. However, A. palmeri plants emerging 3.5 wk after rice emergence still negatively affected grain yield and produced sufficient seed to replenish the soil seedbank, potentially impacting long-term crop management decisions. These results show that the time of A. palmeri emergence is a crucial factor influencing rice grain yield and weed seed production, which can be used to determine the consequences of escapes in rice.

Herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth is creating additional challenges for producers who choose to adopt a furrow-irrigated rice production system due to the absence of a sustained flood, enabling extended weed emergence. Fluridone has been shown to effectively control Palmer amaranth in cotton production systems and was recently registered for use in rice. Experiments were initiated in 2022 and 2023 1) to evaluate Palmer amaranth control and rice tolerance to preemergence- and postemergence-applied fluridone at 0.5× (84 g ai ha−1) and 1× (168 g ai ha−1) rates on a silt loam soil; and 2) assess the effect of various herbicide programs that contain fluridone on Palmer amaranth biomass, seed production, and rough rice grain yield. Preemergence applications of fluridone at a 1× rate in combination with clomazone resulted in 84% control of Palmer amaranth 21 d after treatment (DAT). Fluridone, in combination with clomazone preemergence, caused up to 36% rice injury 21 DAT; however, early season injury did not negatively affect rice yields. Palmer amaranth biomass and fecundity were reduced with herbicide programs that included fluridone plus florpyrauxifen-benzyl, and, in some instances, there was no Palmer amaranth biomass or seed production following multiple applications of both herbicides. Fluridone- and florpyrauxifen-benzyl–based herbicide programs achieved effective control of Palmer amaranth when applied timely, but injury to hybrid rice is enhanced with preemergence applications of fluridone that are not permitted with the current label.

Translational research needs to show value through impact on measures that matter to the public, including health and societal benefits. To this end, the Translational Science Benefits Model (TSBM) identified four categories of impact: Clinical, Community, Economic, and Policy. However, TSBM offers limited guidance on how these areas of impact relate to equity. Central to the structure of our Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Diabetes Translation Research are seven regional, independent Satellite Centers dedicated to community-engaged research. Drawing on our collective experience, we provide empirical evidence about how TSBM applies to equity-focused research that centers community partnerships and recognizes Indigenous knowledge. For this special issue – “Advancing Understanding and Use of Impact Measures in Implementation Science” – our objective is to describe and critically evaluate gaps in the fit of TSBM as an evaluation approach with sensitivity to health equity issues. Accordingly, we suggest refinements to the original TSBM Logic model to add: 1) community representation as an indicator of providing community partners “a seat at the table” across the research life cycle to generate solutions (innovations) that influence equity and to prioritize what to evaluate, and 2) assessments of the representativeness of the measured outcomes and benefits.

The swelling of n-butylammonium vermiculite in water was investigated as a function of the sol concentration (r), the salt concentration (c) and the temperature (T).

The interlayer spacing in the gel phase was investigated as a function of r and c by neutron diffraction and by laboratory experiments which measured how many times its own volume a crystal would absorb. The salt concentration was found to be the stronger variable with the interlayer spacing decreasing proportional to c0.5, which is consistent with previous results and with the Coulombic attraction theory. The sol concentration was found to affect the swelling for two reasons, the salt fractionation effect and the trapped salt effect. Both of these cause the salt concentration in the supernatant fluid to be greater than that originally added to the crystals and so reduce the swelling.

A new method was used for extracting the solution from inside the gels by collapsing the gels by the addition of potassium hydrogen carbonate. The Volhardt titration was carried out on the extracted and supernatant solutions from about 250 gels. The ratio of the external to the internal chloride concentration was found to be approximately constant across the range of salt concentrations. Its average value was equal to 2.6, again in agreement with Coulombic attraction theory and showing the surface potential to be constant at about 70 mV.

The (r, c, T) boundary of the two phase colloid region was investigated by three methods. A plot of log c against Tc was linear within experimental accuracy, with a gradient of 0.077 K−1 or 13 K per log unit. This shows that the surface potential varies by only 1 mV per decade in the salt concentration. The system is therefore governed by the Dirichlet boundary condition and not by the Nernst equation.

For turbulent bubbly flows, multi-phase simulations resolving both the liquid and bubbles are prohibitively expensive in the context of different natural phenomena. One example is breaking waves, where bubbles strongly influence wave impact loads, acoustic emissions and atmospheric-ocean transfer, but detailed simulations in all but the simplest settings are infeasible. An alternative approach is to resolve only large scales, and model small-scale bubbles adopting sub-resolution closures. Here, we introduce a large eddy simulation smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) scheme for simulations of bubbly flows. The continuous liquid phase is resolved with a semi-implicit isothermally compressible SPH framework. This is coupled with a discrete Lagrangian bubble model. Bubbles and liquid interact via exchanges of volume and momentum, through turbulent closures, bubble breakup and entrainment, and free-surface interaction models. By representing bubbles as individual particles, they can be tracked over their lifetimes, allowing closure models for sub-resolution fluctuations, bubble deformation, breakup and free-surface interaction in integral form, accounting for the finite time scales over which these events occur. We investigate two flows: bubble plumes and breaking waves, and find close quantitative agreement with published experimental and numerical data. In particular, for plunging breaking waves, our framework accurately predicts the Hinze scale, bubble size distribution, and growth rate of the entrained bubble population. This is the first coupling of an SPH framework with a discrete bubble model, with potential for cost-effective simulations of wave–structure interactions and more accurate predictions of wave impact loads.