25 results
Somatic multicomorbidity and disability in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population: a quasi-epidemiological investigation in 54,826 subjects from 40 countries (COMET-G study)
- Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis, Grigorios N. Karakatsoulis, Seri Abraham, Kristina Adorjan, Helal Uddin Ahmed, Renato D. Alarcón, Kiyomi Arai, Sani Salihu Auwal, Michael Berk, Sarah Bjedov, Julio Bobes, Teresa Bobes-Bascaran, Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay, Cristina Ana Bredicean, Laurynas Bukelskis, Akaki Burkadze, Indira Indiana Cabrera Abud, Ruby Castilla-Puentes, Marcelo Cetkovich, Hector Colon-Rivera, Ricardo Corral, Carla Cortez-Vergara, Piirika Crepin, Domenico De Berardis, Sergio Zamora Delgado, David De Lucena, Avinash De Sousa, Ramona Di Stefano, Seetal Dodd, Livia Priyanka Elek, Anna Elissa, Berta Erdelyi-Hamza, Gamze Erzin, Martin J. Etchevers, Peter Falkai, Adriana Farcas, Ilya Fedotov, Viktoriia Filatova, Nikolaos K. Fountoulakis, Iryna Frankova, Francesco Franza, Pedro Frias, Tatiana Galako, Cristian J. Garay, Leticia Garcia-Álvarez, Maria Paz García-Portilla, Xenia Gonda, Tomasz M. Gondek, Daniela Morera González, Hilary Gould, Paolo Grandinetti, Arturo Grau, Violeta Groudeva, Michal Hagin, Takayuki Harada, Tasdik M. Hasan, Nurul Azreen Hashim, Jan Hilbig, Sahadat Hossain, Rossitza Iakimova, Mona Ibrahim, Felicia Iftene, Yulia Ignatenko, Matias Irarrazaval, Zaliha Ismail, Jamila Ismayilova, Asaf Jakobs, Miro Jakovljević, Nenad Jakšić, Afzal Javed, Helin Yilmaz Kafali, Sagar Karia, Olga Kazakova, Doaa Khalifa, Olena Khaustova, Steve Koh, Svetlana Kopishinskaia, Korneliia Kosenko, Sotirios A. Koupidis, Illes Kovacs, Barbara Kulig, Alisha Lalljee, Justine Liewig, Abdul Majid, Evgeniia Malashonkova, Khamelia Malik, Najma Iqbal Malik, Gulay Mammadzada, Bilvesh Mandalia, Donatella Marazziti, Darko Marčinko, Stephanie Martinez, Eimantas Matiekus, Gabriela Mejia, Roha Saeed Memon, Xarah Elenne Meza Martínez, Dalia Mickevičiūtė, Roumen Milev, Muftau Mohammed, Alejandro Molina-López, Petr Morozov, Nuru Suleiman Muhammad, Filip Mustač, Mika S. Naor, Amira Nassieb, Alvydas Navickas, Tarek Okasha, Milena Pandova, Anca-Livia Panfil, Liliya Panteleeva, Ion Papava, Mikaella E. Patsali, Alexey Pavlichenko, Bojana Pejuskovic, Mariana Pinto Da Costa, Mikhail Popkov, Dina Popovic, Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan, Francisca Vargas Ramírez, Elmars Rancans, Salmi Razali, Federico Rebok, Anna Rewekant, Elena Ninoska Reyes Flores, María Teresa Rivera-Encinas, Pilar Saiz, Manuel Sánchez de Carmona, David Saucedo Martínez, Jo Anne Saw, Görkem Saygili, Patricia Schneidereit, Bhumika Shah, Tomohiro Shirasaka, Ketevan Silagadze, Satti Sitanggang, Oleg Skugarevsky, Anna Spikina, Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa, Maria Stoyanova, Anna Szczegielniak, Simona Claudia Tamasan, Giuseppe Tavormina, Maurilio Giuseppe Maria Tavormina, Pavlos N. Theodorakis, Mauricio Tohen, Eva Maria Tsapakis, Dina Tukhvatullina, Irfan Ullah, Ratnaraj Vaidya, Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, Jelena Vrublevska, Olivera Vukovic, Olga Vysotska, Natalia Widiasih, Anna Yashikhina, Panagiotis E. Prezerakos, Daria Smirnova
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- CNS Spectrums , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 January 2024, pp. 1-24
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Background
The prevalence of medical illnesses is high among patients with psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to investigate multi-comorbidity in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population. Secondary aims were to investigate factors associated with metabolic syndrome and treatment appropriateness of mental disorders.
MethodsThe sample included 54,826 subjects (64.73% females; 34.15% males; 1.11% nonbinary gender) from 40 countries (COMET-G study). The analysis was based on the registration of previous history that could serve as a fair approximation for the lifetime prevalence of various medical conditions.
ResultsAbout 24.5% reported a history of somatic and 26.14% of mental disorders. Mental disorders were by far the most prevalent group of medical conditions. Comorbidity of any somatic with any mental disorder was reported by 8.21%. One-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients were also suffering from a mental disorder depending on the severity and multicomorbidity. Bipolar and psychotic patients and to a lesser extent depressives, manifested an earlier (15–20 years) manifestation of somatic multicomorbidity, severe disability, and probably earlier death. The overwhelming majority of patients with mental disorders were not receiving treatment or were being treated in a way that was not recommended. Antipsychotics and antidepressants were not related to the development of metabolic syndrome.
ConclusionsThe finding that one-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients also suffered from a mental disorder strongly suggests that psychiatry is the field with the most trans-specialty and interdisciplinary value and application points to the importance of teaching psychiatry and mental health in medical schools and also to the need for more technocratically oriented training of psychiatric residents.
The response to unfolded proteins in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
- C. Cachán, I. M. Valle, Y. Potes, A. González Rubio, N. Menéndez Coto, D. López Fanjul, I. Vega Naredo, B. Caballero, P. Saiz, J. Bobes, P. García Portilla, A. Coto Montes
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S636-S637
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Introduction
Schizophrenia (SCH) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe mental disordes, which have high incidence (Whiteford et al. Lancet 2013; 381 1575-86) and are the main causes of diasibility in young people (WHO 2022; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders).
Psycological stress appears in different mental disorders, and this is directly related to oxidative stress (Moller et al. Chem Biol Interact. 1996; 102 17-36)(Pupic-Bakrac et al. 2020; Psychiatr Danub. 32 412-9). Oxidative stress causes reticulum edoplasmic stress (ER stress) and this produces high levels of misfolded proteins. Defective proteins are degraded by the proteasome, but but when the density of misfolded proteins exceeds the capacity of the proteosome, the Unfolded and Misfolded Protein Response (UPR) is triggered through three main pathways: Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α); transcription factor 6 alpha (ATF6α) and protein kinase RNA-Like ER kinase (PERK), trying to recover normal protein synthesis capacity (Bermejo-Millo et al. 2018; Mol Neurobiol. 55 7973-86) (González-Blanco et al. 2022; J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13 919-31).
ObjectivesCharacterizing ER stress and UPR in SCH and BD.
MethodsWe studied ER stress and UPR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 50 patients with SCH and an equal number of patients with BD compared to their corresponding controls in order to achieve our objectives.
Western Blot assay were performed following classical procedure () and the results was normalized to Ponceau as loanding control (Nie et al. 2017; BiochemByophys Resp 12 10-13) (Sander et al. 2019; Anal Biochem 575 44-53). Proteasome activity was assessed using Proteasome Activity Assay Kit (ab107921, Abcam, Cambridge, UK).
ResultsER stress was evaluated with BiP/GRP78. Our results showed significantly increased expression in SCH (p<0,01) and BD (p<0,05), being more increased in SCH. Proteasome activity was increased in SCH and BD, being only statistically significant in SQZ (p<0,05). UPR study showed IRE1a cascade significantly activated in SCH (p<0,001) and only slight increased in BD showed without statistical differences. ATF6a pathway is measured by cleavage to active protein (50-kDa). Results showed higher expression in SCH than in BD and controls (p<0,001). In addition, PERK pathway showed higher statistical levels of p-eIF2a/eiF2a ratio in SCH than in BD and control respectively (p<0,05 and p<0,01).
ConclusionsOur results showed a greater alteration in SCH than in BD at the level of protein synthesis, which implies a greater toxicity at the cellular level and, therefore, a clear risk for the survival of cells in this pathology.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Psychiatric comorbidity profiles among suicidal attempters: A cohort study
- Y. Sanchez-Carro, M. Diaz-Marsa, V. Fernandez-Rodrigues, W. Ayad-Ahmed, A. Pemau, I. Perez-Diaz, A. Galvez-Merlin, P. de la Higuera-Gonzalez, V. Perez-Sola, P. Saiz, I. Grande, A. Cebria, J. Andreo-Jover, P. Lopez-Peña, M. Ruiz-Veguilla, A. de la Torre-Luque
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S318-S319
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Introduction
More than 700,000 people die by suicide in 2019 globally (World Health Organitation 2021). Mental health problems constitute a risk factor for suicidal behavior and death by suicide (Hoertel et al. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20 718–726). Different mental disorders have been related to different forms of suicidal ideation and behavior (Conejero et al. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20, 33) (Quevedo et al. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 102 152194). However, little is known on comorbidity profiles among suicide attempters.
ObjectivesThe aim of our work was to identify the psychiatric comorbidity profiles of individuals who were admitted a hospital emergency department due to a suicide attempt. Moreover, it intended to know their clinical characteristics according to comorbidity profile.
MethodsA sample of 683 attempters (71.30% female; M age= 40.85, SD= 15.48) from the SURVIVE study was used. Patients were assessed within the 15 days after emergency department admission. Sociodemographic (i.e., sex, age, marital status and employment status) and clinical data were collected. The International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess DSM-V Axis 1 mental health diagnoses and the Columbia Suicide Rating Scale (C-SSRS) to assess suicidal ideation and behavior. The Acquired Capacity for Suicide-Fear of Death Scale (ACSS-FAD), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess the frequency of depressive symptoms during the past 2 weeks, and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale to assess symptoms of worry and anxiety were also conducted. For the identification of comorbidity profiles, latent class analysis framework was followed considering diagnosis to each individual disorder as clustering variables. On the other hand, binary logistic regression was used to study the relationship between comorbidity profile membership and clinical factors.
ResultsTwo classes were found (Class I= mild symptomatology class, mainly featured by emotional disorder endorsement; and Class II= high comorbidity class, featured by a wide amount of endorsed diagnoses) (see figure 1). Individuals from the High comorbidity class were more likely to be female (OR= 0.98, p<.05), younger in age (OR= 0.52, p< .01), with more depressive symptoms (OR=1.09, p<.001) and have greater impulsivity (OR= 1.01, p<.05).
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ConclusionsWe found two profiles of people with suicidal behavior based on the presence of mental disorders. Each of the suicidal subtypes had different associated risk factors. They also had a different profile of suicidal behavior.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Altered Executive Function in Suicide Attempts
- J. Fernández, S. Alberich, I. Zorrilla, I. González-Ortega, M.P. López, V. Pérez-Solà, E. Vieta, A.M. González-Pinto, P.A. Saiz
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue S1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2022, p. S124
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Introduction
Executive function organizes and directs behaviour but alterations in this cognitive domain can lead to inaccurate perception, interpretation and response to environmental information, which could be a risk factor for suicide.
ObjectivesTo explore executive function performance of depressed recent suicide attempters in comparison to depressed past suicide attempters, depressed non-attempters and healthy controls.
Methods96 participants from the Psychiatry Department of the Araba University Hospital-Santiago were recruited as follows: 20 patients with a recent suicide attempt (<30days) diagnosed with a Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), 33 MDD patients with history of attempted suicide, 23 non-attempter MDD patients and 20 healthy controls. All participants underwent a clinical interview and neuropsychological assessment on executive function with the Wisconsin Sorting Card Test. Backward multiple regressions were performed adjusting for significant confounding variables. For group comparisons ANOVA test and Bonferroni post hoc test were performed with p<0.05 significance level.
ResultsPatient groups did not differ regarding severity of depression. All patient groups performed significantly worse than healthy controls on executive function. Adjusted comparisons between patient groups indicated that recent suicide attempters had a poorer performance in this cognitive domain in comparison to both depressed lifetime attempters and depressed non-attempters (B=0.296, p=0.019 and B=0.301, p=0.028 respectively).
ConclusionsExecutive function performance is altered in recent suicide attempts. As impaired executive function can be a risk factor for suicide, preventive interventions on suicide should focus on its assessment and rehabilitation.
DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Association between the Prime Diet Quality Score and depressive symptoms in a Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome. Cross-sectional and 2-year follow-up assessment from PREDIMED-PLUS study
- Naomi Cano-Ibáñez, Lluis Serra-Majem, Sandra Martín-Peláez, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Maria Dolores Corella Piquer, Camille Lassale, José Alfredo Martínez Hernandez, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Jesús Vioque Lopez, Dora Romaguera, José López-Miranda, Ramon Estruch, Ana María Gómez-Pérez, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas, Josep A. Tur, Vicente Martín, Xavier Pintó Sala, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Pilar Matía Martín, Josep Vidal, Jersy J. Cárdenas, Lidia Daimiel Ruiz, Emilio Ros, Pilar Buil-Cosiales, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Carmen Saiz, Miguel-Ángel Muñoz-Perez, Itziar Abete, Lucas Tojal-Sierra, Olga Fernández-Barceló, Andrea Bernabé-Casanova, Jadwiga Konieczna, Antonio García-Ríos, Rosa Casas, Maria Rosa Bernal-López, José Lapetra, Estefanía Toledo, Carlos Gómez-Martínez, Oscar Coltell, Mireia Malcampo-Manrúbia, María Angeles Zulet, Carolina Sorto-Sánchez, Alfredo Gea, José Luis Hernández-Fleta, Olga Castañer Niño, Almudena Sánchez-Villegas
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 128 / Issue 6 / 28 September 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 October 2021, pp. 1170-1179
- Print publication:
- 28 September 2022
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The burden of depression is increasing worldwide, specifically in older adults. Unhealthy dietary patterns may partly explain this phenomenon. In the Spanish PREDIMED-Plus study, we explored (1) the cross-sectional association between the adherence to the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS), an a priori-defined high-quality food pattern, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms at baseline (cross-sectional analysis) and (2) the prospective association of baseline PDQS with changes in depressive symptomatology after 2 years of follow-up. After exclusions, we assessed 6612 participants in the cross-sectional analysis and 5523 participants in the prospective analysis. An energy-adjusted high-quality dietary score (PDQS) was assessed using a validated FFQ. The cross-sectional association between PDQS and the prevalence of depression or presence of depressive symptoms and the prospective changes in depressive symptoms were evaluated through multivariable regression models (logistic and linear models and mixed linear-effects models). PDQS was inversely associated with depressive status in the cross-sectional analysis. Participants in the highest quintile of PDQS (Q5) showed a significantly reduced odds of depression prevalence as compared to participants in the lowest quartile of PDQS (Q1) (OR (95 %) CI = 0·82 (0·68, 0·98))). The baseline prevalence of depression decreased across PDQS quintiles (Pfor trend = 0·015). A statistically significant association between PDQS and changes in depressive symptoms after 2-years follow-up was found (β (95 %) CI = −0·67 z-score (–1·17, −0·18). A higher PDQS was cross-sectionally related to a lower depressive status. Nevertheless, the null finding in our prospective analysis raises the possibility of reverse causality. Further prospective investigation is required to ascertain the association between PDQS and changes in depressive symptoms along time.
Suicidal behaviour and cognition: A systematic review with special focus on prefrontal deficits
- J. Fernández-Sevillano, A. González-Pinto, J. Rodríguez-Revuelta, S. Alberich-Mesa, L. González-Blanco, I. Zorrilla-Martínez, Á. Velasco, P. López-Pena, I. Abad-Acebedo, P.A. Saiz
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 64 / Issue S1 / April 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 August 2021, p. S584
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Introduction
Suicidal behaviour and cognition: A systematic review with special focus on prefrontal deficits Introduction: Suicide is a major health concern worldwide, thus, identifying risk factors would enable a more comprehensive understanding and prevention of this behaviour. Neuropsychological alterations could lead to difficulties in interpreting and managing life events resulting in a higher risk of suicide.
ObjectivesObjective: Bibliographic review about the influence of neuropsychological deficits on suicidal behaviour.
MethodsMethod: A systematic literature search from 2000 to 2020 was performed in Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, SciELO Citation Index, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Cochrane Library databases regarding studies comparing cognition of attempters versus non-attempters that share same psychiatric diagnosis. Results: 1.885 patients diagnosed with an Affective Disorder (n = 1512) and Schizophrenia/ Schizoaffective Disorder (n = 373) were included.
ResultsIn general comparison, attention was found to be clearly dysfunctional. Regarding diagnosis, patients with Schizophrenia and previous history of suicidal behaviour showed a poorer performance in executive function. Patients with current symptoms of an Affective Disorder and a previous history of suicidal attempt had poorer performance in attention and executive function. Similarly, euthymic affective patients with history of suicidal behaviour had worse decision-making, attention and executive function performance compared to euthymic non-attempters.
ConclusionsPatients who have attempted suicide have a poorer neuropsychological functioning than non-attempters with a similar psychiatric disorder in attention and executive function. These alterations increase vulnerability for suicide.
Conflict of interestJessica Fernández-Sevillano is beneficiary of the Pre-PhD Training Programme of the Basque Government. Dr. Gonzalez-Pinto has received grants and served as consultant, advisor or CME speaker for the following entities: Almirall, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers
Examining the association between exposome score for schizophrenia and functioning in schizophrenia, siblings, and healthy controls: Results from the EUGEI study
- Gamze Erzin, Lotta-Katrin Pries, Jim van Os, Laura Fusar-Poli, Philippe Delespaul, Gunter Kenis, Jurjen J. Luykx, Bochao D. Lin, Alexander L. Richards, Berna Akdede, Tolga Binbay, Vesile Altınyazar, Berna Yalınçetin, Güvem Gümüş-Akay, Burçin Cihan, Haldun Soygür, Halis Ulaş, Eylem Şahin Cankurtaran, Semra Ulusoy Kaymak, Marina M. Mihaljevic, Sanja Andric-Petrovic, Tijana Mirjanic, Miguel Bernardo, Gisela Mezquida, Silvia Amoretti, Julio Bobes, Pilar A. Saiz, Maria Paz García-Portilla, Julio Sanjuan, Eduardo J. Aguilar, Jose Luis Santos, Estela Jiménez-López, Manuel Arrojo, Angel Carracedo, Gonzalo López, Javier González-Peñas, Mara Parellada, Nadja P. Maric, Cem Atbaşoğlu, Alp Ucok, Köksal Alptekin, Meram Can Saka, Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) investigators, Celso Arango, Micheal C. O’Donovan, Bart P. F. Rutten, Sinan Guloksuz
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 64 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 March 2021, e25
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Background
A cumulative environmental exposure score for schizophrenia (exposome score for schizophrenia [ES-SCZ]) may provide potential utility for risk stratification and outcome prediction. Here, we investigated whether ES-SCZ was associated with functioning in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls.
MethodsThis cross-sectional sample consisted of 1,261 patients, 1,282 unaffected siblings, and 1,525 healthy controls. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale was used to assess functioning. ES-SCZ was calculated based on our previously validated method. The association between ES-SCZ and the GAF dimensions (symptom and disability) was analyzed by applying regression models in each group (patients, siblings, and controls). Additional models included polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ) as a covariate.
ResultsES-SCZ was associated with the GAF dimensions in patients (symptom: B = −1.53, p-value = 0.001; disability: B = −1.44, p-value = 0.001), siblings (symptom: B = −3.07, p-value < 0.001; disability: B = −2.52, p-value < 0.001), and healthy controls (symptom: B = −1.50, p-value < 0.001; disability: B = −1.31, p-value < 0.001). The results remained the same after adjusting for PRS-SCZ. The degree of associations of ES-SCZ with both symptom and disability dimensions were higher in unaffected siblings than in patients and controls. By analyzing an independent dataset (the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis study), we replicated the results observed in the patient group.
ConclusionsOur findings suggest that ES-SCZ shows promise for enhancing risk prediction and stratification in research practice. From a clinical perspective, ES-SCZ may aid in efforts of clinical characterization, operationalizing transdiagnostic clinical staging models, and personalizing clinical management.
OP315 An Artificial Intelligence Approach To Improve Medical Diagnosis Of Ischemic Cardiopathy In Patients With Non-Traumatic Chest Pain
- Eunate Arana Arri, Aitor García de Vicuña-Meléndez, Ana Santorcuato, Ivan Revuelta-Antizar, Imanol González-Barcina, Santiago Rodríguez-Tejedor, Borja López-Moreno, Carlos Saiz Hernándo
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 36 / Issue S1 / December 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 December 2020, pp. 5-6
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Introduction
Current clinical practice is based on guidelines and local protocols that are informed by clinical evidence. This means that clinical variability is reduced, but can lead to inefficient clinical decision-making and can increase medical errors, decreasing patient's safety. The aim of the EXCON project is to investigate the innovative concept of Intelligent Clinical History (ICH), and to develop functional prototypes of high added-value in healthcare services.
MethodsThe innovative EXCON project will take advantage of recent advances in technologies for coding, structuring and semantizing medical information. Thanks to this new structuring, the EXCON platform will be developed. The final users will be health professionals and other decision-makers. Doctors, nurses, epidemiologists and information specialists will be involved in the development and subsequent validation of the platform.
ResultsThe EXCON platform identifies profiles of patients with a high probability of ischemic heart disease. In the sample analyzed (n = 4,700), 17 percent of patients were admitted to a cardiology unit with suspected coronary heart disease. Of the patients admitted, 53.7 percent did not have ischemic heart disease at discharge. If we apply the algorithm developed by the EXCON project, 24.8 percent of patients would not have been admitted and did not have ischemic heart disease.
ConclusionsIn coming decades, patient management will be impacted by the application of new advanced data analytics tools. This will allow for safer and more efficient clinical management, decrease variability in clinical practice, and improve equity. That is why the development and assessment of these technologies is necessary.
Examining the independent and joint effects of genomic and exposomic liabilities for schizophrenia across the psychosis spectrum
- L.-K. Pries, G. A. Dal Ferro, J. van Os, P. Delespaul, G. Kenis, B. D. Lin, J. J. Luykx, A. L. Richards, B. Akdede, T. Binbay, V. Altınyazar, B. Yalınçetin, G. Gümüş-Akay, B. Cihan, H. Soygür, H. Ulaş, E. Şahin Cankurtaran, S. Ulusoy Kaymak, M. M. Mihaljevic, S. Andric Petrovic, T. Mirjanic, M. Bernardo, G. Mezquida, S. Amoretti, J. Bobes, P. A. Saiz, M. Paz García-Portilla, J. Sanjuan, E. J. Aguilar, J. L. Santos, E. Jiménez-López, M. Arrojo, A. Carracedo, G. López, J. González-Peñas, M. Parellada, N. P. Maric, C. Atbaşoğlu, A. Ucok, K. Alptekin, M. Can Saka, Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) investigators, C. Arango, M. O'Donovan, S. Tosato, B. P. F. Rutten, S. Guloksuz
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 29 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 November 2020, e182
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Aims
Psychosis spectrum disorder has a complex pathoetiology characterised by interacting environmental and genetic vulnerabilities. The present study aims to investigate the role of gene–environment interaction using aggregate scores of genetic (polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ)) and environment liability for schizophrenia (exposome score for schizophrenia (ES-SCZ)) across the psychosis continuum.
MethodsThe sample consisted of 1699 patients, 1753 unaffected siblings, and 1542 healthy comparison participants. The Structured Interview for Schizotypy-Revised (SIS-R) was administered to analyse scores of total, positive, and negative schizotypy in siblings and healthy comparison participants. The PRS-SCZ was trained using the Psychiatric Genomics Consortiums results and the ES-SCZ was calculated guided by the approach validated in a previous report in the current data set. Regression models were applied to test the independent and joint effects of PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ (adjusted for age, sex, and ancestry using 10 principal components).
ResultsBoth genetic and environmental vulnerability were associated with case-control status. Furthermore, there was evidence for additive interaction between binary modes of PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ (above 75% of the control distribution) increasing the odds for schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis (relative excess risk due to interaction = 6.79, [95% confidential interval (CI) 3.32, 10.26], p < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses using continuous PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ confirmed gene–environment interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.80 [95% CI 1.01, 3.32], p = 0.004). In siblings and healthy comparison participants, PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ were associated with all SIS-R dimensions and evidence was found for an interaction between PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ on the total (B = 0.006 [95% CI 0.003, 0.009], p < 0.001), positive (B = 0.006 [95% CI, 0.002, 0.009], p = 0.002), and negative (B = 0.006, [95% CI 0.004, 0.009], p < 0.001) schizotypy dimensions.
ConclusionsThe interplay between exposome load and schizophrenia genetic liability contributing to psychosis across the spectrum of expression provide further empirical support to the notion of aetiological continuity underlying an extended psychosis phenotype.
Evidence, and replication thereof, that molecular-genetic and environmental risks for psychosis impact through an affective pathway
- Jim van Os, Lotta-Katrin Pries, Margreet ten Have, Ron de Graaf, Saskia van Dorsselaer, Philippe Delespaul, Maarten Bak, Gunter Kenis, Bochao D. Lin, Jurjen J. Luykx, Alexander L. Richards, Berna Akdede, Tolga Binbay, Vesile Altınyazar, Berna Yalınçetin, Güvem Gümüş-Akay, Burçin Cihan, Haldun Soygür, Halis Ulaş, Eylem Şahin Cankurtaran, Semra Ulusoy Kaymak, Marina M. Mihaljevic, Sanja Andric Petrovic, Tijana Mirjanic, Miguel Bernardo, Gisela Mezquida, Silvia Amoretti, Julio Bobes, Pilar A. Saiz, María Paz García-Portilla, Julio Sanjuan, Eduardo J. Aguilar, José Luis Santos, Estela Jiménez-López, Manuel Arrojo, Angel Carracedo, Gonzalo López, Javier González-Peñas, Mara Parellada, Nadja P. Maric, Cem Atbaşoğlu, Alp Ucok, Köksal Alptekin, Meram Can Saka, Celso Arango, Michael O'Donovan, Bart P. F. Rutten, Sinan Guloksuz
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 10 / July 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 October 2020, pp. 1910-1922
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Background
There is evidence that environmental and genetic risk factors for schizophrenia spectrum disorders are transdiagnostic and mediated in part through a generic pathway of affective dysregulation.
MethodsWe analysed to what degree the impact of schizophrenia polygenic risk (PRS-SZ) and childhood adversity (CA) on psychosis outcomes was contingent on co-presence of affective dysregulation, defined as significant depressive symptoms, in (i) NEMESIS-2 (n = 6646), a representative general population sample, interviewed four times over nine years and (ii) EUGEI (n = 4068) a sample of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, the siblings of these patients and controls.
ResultsThe impact of PRS-SZ on psychosis showed significant dependence on co-presence of affective dysregulation in NEMESIS-2 [relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI): 1.01, p = 0.037] and in EUGEI (RERI = 3.39, p = 0.048). This was particularly evident for delusional ideation (NEMESIS-2: RERI = 1.74, p = 0.003; EUGEI: RERI = 4.16, p = 0.019) and not for hallucinatory experiences (NEMESIS-2: RERI = 0.65, p = 0.284; EUGEI: −0.37, p = 0.547). A similar and stronger pattern of results was evident for CA (RERI delusions and hallucinations: NEMESIS-2: 3.02, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 6.44, p < 0.001; RERI delusional ideation: NEMESIS-2: 3.79, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 5.43, p = 0.001; RERI hallucinatory experiences: NEMESIS-2: 2.46, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 0.54, p = 0.465).
ConclusionsThe results, and internal replication, suggest that the effects of known genetic and non-genetic risk factors for psychosis are mediated in part through an affective pathway, from which early states of delusional meaning may arise.
A replication study of JTC bias, genetic liability for psychosis and delusional ideation
- Cécile Henquet, Jim van Os, Lotta K. Pries, Christian Rauschenberg, Philippe Delespaul, Gunter Kenis, Jurjen J. Luykx, Bochao D. Lin, Alexander L. Richards, Berna Akdede, Tolga Binbay, Vesile Altınyazar, Berna Yalınçetin, Güvem Gümüş-Akay, Burçin Cihan, Haldun Soygür, Halis Ulaş, Eylem S. Cankurtaran, Semra U. Kaymak, Marina M. Mihaljevic, Sanja S. Petrovic, Tijana Mirjanic, Miguel Bernardo, Gisela Mezquida, Silvia Amoretti, Julio Bobes, Pilar A. Saiz, Maria P. García-Portilla, Julio Sanjuan, Eduardo J. Aguilar, Jose L. Santos, Estela Jiménez-López, Manuel Arrojo, Angel Carracedo, Gonzalo López, Javier González-Peñas, Mara Parellada, Nadja P. Maric, Cem Atbaşoğlu, Alp Ucok, Köksal Alptekin, Meram C. Saka, Celso Arango, Michael O'Donovan, Bart P.F. Rutten, Sinan Gülöksüz
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 9 / July 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 October 2020, pp. 1777-1783
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Background
This study attempted to replicate whether a bias in probabilistic reasoning, or ‘jumping to conclusions’(JTC) bias is associated with being a sibling of a patient with schizophrenia spectrum disorder; and if so, whether this association is contingent on subthreshold delusional ideation.
MethodsData were derived from the EUGEI project, a 25-centre, 15-country effort to study psychosis spectrum disorder. The current analyses included 1261 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 1282 siblings of patients and 1525 healthy comparison subjects, recruited in Spain (five centres), Turkey (three centres) and Serbia (one centre). The beads task was used to assess JTC bias. Lifetime experience of delusional ideation and hallucinatory experiences was assessed using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences. General cognitive abilities were taken into account in the analyses.
ResultsJTC bias was positively associated not only with patient status but also with sibling status [adjusted relative risk (aRR) ratio : 4.23 CI 95% 3.46–5.17 for siblings and aRR: 5.07 CI 95% 4.13–6.23 for patients]. The association between JTC bias and sibling status was stronger in those with higher levels of delusional ideation (aRR interaction in siblings: 3.77 CI 95% 1.67–8.51, and in patients: 2.15 CI 95% 0.94–4.92). The association between JTC bias and sibling status was not stronger in those with higher levels of hallucinatory experiences.
ConclusionsThese findings replicate earlier findings that JTC bias is associated with familial liability for psychosis and that this is contingent on the degree of delusional ideation but not hallucinations.
Sociodemographic Profile and Clinical Data of Suicide Attempters from the Emergency Room of the Central Hospital of Asturias (Northern Spain)
- J.L. López, S. Al-Halabí, E.M. Díaz-Mesa, M.T. Bascarán, M. Bousoño, M.P. García-Portilla, P.A. Sáiz, J. Bobes
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 24 / Issue S1 / January 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, 24-E777
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Objectives:
i. To establish the sociodemographic profile of the subjects who attempted suicide in the Health Area IV of Asturias (Northern Spain);
ii. To determinate the mental disorders more frequently associated with suicide attempts (SA);
iii. To study the relationship between repetition of suicidal behaviour and severity of the SA;
iv. To determinate the more commonly used methods for SA.
Method:1,633 suicide attempters who attended the Emergency Room of the University Central Hospital of Asturias during the period 2003-2005 were included in the study. Evaluation of these patients was made using the WHO/Euro Multicentre Study Protocol. Psychiatric diagnoses were made following ICD-10 criteria.
Results:Sociodemographic data: mean age (SD) = 38.66 (15.13); females: 62%; single: 39.8%; living with their family: 83.8%; lowest educational level: 67%; economically inactive: 33.8%. More prevalent psychiatric diagnoses were affective disorders (24.1%) and anxiety disorders (21.6%). Previous SA were present in 49.2% and 40% repeat the attempt during the monitoring period. Severity of the attempt (lethality of method and intentionality) was related with repetition of the behaviour during the monitoring period (p = 0.001). More frequent methods were overdose (74.8%) followed by cutting (18.5%).
Conclusions:SA was more prevalent in a single woman with age between 30 and 50 years who suffering for affective or anxiety disorders. Many of the patients repeat the suicidal behaviour and this was related to the severity of the attempt. Individuals appear to use the methods that are available to them to attempt suicide.
Childhood trauma in suicide attempters: Case-control study
- L. Jimenez-Trevino, L. Gonzalez-Blanco, M.P. Garcia-Portilla, H. Blasco Fontecilla, J. Lopez Castroman, P. Courtet, V. Carli, M. Sarchiapone, E. Baca-Garcia, P. Saiz Martinez, J. Bobes Garcia
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 33 / Issue S1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S111
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Introduction
An expanding body of research suggests that childhood trauma and adverse experiences can lead to a variety of negative health outcomes, including substance abuse, depressive disorders, and attempted suicide among adolescents and adults. Alcoholism, depressed affect, and illicit drug use, which are strongly associated with such experiences, appear to partially mediate this relationship as observed in population studies.
ObjectivesWe have tested the association between early trauma and suicide attempts in a sample of suicide attempters from the Eureca International Project and a matched healthy control sample.
MethodsWe have studied the prevalence of childhood stressful events compared with healthy controls in a multicentre sample of 791 suicide attempters (SA) and 630 healthy controls (C), we have measured childhood parental neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Chi2 tests were performed using SPSS v15.0.
ResultsA significant increase in prevalence of childhood trauma was found in the suicide attempters sample for all types of trauma: childhood physical abuse: 25.3% (SA) vs. 11.1% (C) (Chi2 test: 120,108 P = 0.000); childhood sexual abuse: 18.2% (SA) vs. 2.4% (C) (Chi2 test: 88,212 P = 0.000); parental neglect 25.3% (SA) vs. 1.1% (C) (Chi2 test: 164,910 P = 0.000); childhood emotional abuse: 34.9% (SA) vs. 5.6% (C) (Chi2 test: 176,546 P = 0.000).
Suicide attempters were increasingly overrepresented compared with controls if experiencing more than 1 trauma: represented 77% of the sample who suffered 1 type of childhood trauma vs. more than 90% of the sample with 2 or more types of trauma.
ConclusionsA powerful graded relationship exists between adverse childhood experiences and risk of attempted suicide.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Neuroacanthocytosis syndromes and neuropsychiatry symptoms associated
- H. Saiz Garcia, L. Montes Reula, A. Portilla Fernandez, V. Pereira Sanchez, N. Olmo Lopez, E. Mancha Heredero, A.S. Rosero Enriquez
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S702
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Introduction
Neuroacanthocytosis is an infrequent cause of both neurological and psychiatric manifestations, and acanthocytes, which are a special form of spiculated red blood cells. Clinically significant psychopathology, ranging from behavioural disturbance to frank psychiatric illness, has been reported to occur in up to 60% of ChAc patients.
MethodsA review was conducted aiming to clarify the physiopathology of this illness and its clinical features in order to distinguish neuroacanthocytosis from other neurological or psychiatric diseases. The literature search was conducted in PubMed data reviewing articles dating between 2010 and 2016.
Results– Neuroacanthocytosis autosomal recessive disorder associated with mutations or deletions in the VPS13A gene on chromosome 9q, which codes for the membrane protein chorein. Chorein is strongly expressed in the brain. Chorein loss particularly affects the basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus and putamen;
– Dysexecutive syndromes, OCD, depression and possibly psychosis, which may precede the frank motor and cognitive impairment;
– The most recently developed treatment for neuroacanthocytoses is the use of deep-brain stimulation (DBS), with stimulation of the globus pallidus internus.
ConclusionsWhile conducting a neurological exam, secondary causes of psychosis have to be included in the differential diagnosis. It is important to notice the possible confusion between tardive dyskinesia and a primary movement disorder. It should be necessary to investigate all de novo movement disorders in psychotic patients in order to eliminate etiologies other than iatrogenic ones.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Which one is the best anaesthetic agent for Ect?
- H. Saiz Garcia, L. Montes Reula, A. Portilla Fernandez, V. Pereira Sanchez, N. Olmo Lopez, E. Mancha Heredero, A.S. Rosero Enriquez, M.E. Martinez Parreño
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S702
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Introduction
The most frequently used anesthesiologic agents are methohexital, thiopental, etomidate, propofol, ketamine, and sevoflurane. The objective is to clarify the differences on recovery, cardiovascular variables, cognitive functions, and response to treatment showed by these drugs.
MethodsA review was conducted aiming to clarify the differences between anaesthetic agnets used in ECT. The literature search was conducted in PubMed data reviewing articles dating between 2015 and 2016.
Results– Propofol seems to have better hemodynamic effects in comparison with etomidate in patients with schizophrenia and depression;
– The seizure duration was significantly shorter with propofol, but this did not cause a difference regarding clinical improvement;
– The seizure duration was longer with etomidate in many studies. It did not decrease in a dose-dependent fashion with etomidate in a study comparing methohexital, etomidate, and propofol;
– The most frequently observed adverse effects were arrhythmias and nausea and they occurred more frequently in patients who were given thiopental. The pain at the injection site was more frequent in patients who were given propofol;
– Etomidate seems to have better clinical improvement than thiopental. Thiopental seems to have better results than propofol, which has an anticonvulsant feature effects.
ConclusionsIn order to figure out which anaesthetic agent was the most indicated for undergoing ECT, we found that both EEG-based seizure duration and motor seizure duration showed the sequence etomidatemethohexical>thio- pental>propofol. These items are directly related with clinical improvement. When a drug is chosen, It is important to individualize the treatment according to the patients’ comobidity.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Modafinil: A smart drug with psychiatric implications
- H. Saiz Garcia, L. Montes Reula, A. Portilla Fernádez, V. Pereira Sanchez, N. Olmo Lopez, E. Mancha Heredero, A.S. Rosero Enriquez, M.E. Martinez Parreño
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. s877
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Introduction
Modafinil is approved to treat excessive somnolence but it is also off-spec used as a treatment for ADHD and as a cognitive enhancer. Research on the effects of modafinil on cognitive function have yielded mixed results. Modafinil interact with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, glutamate, orexin, histamine and GABA levels. The regulation of these neurotransmitters is widely known to be implicated in most of the neuropsychiatric disorders.
MethodologyA review was conducted aiming to clarify the biological mechanisms of action of modafinil; its effects on attention, learning, executive functions and creative thinking; as well as possible neuropsychiatric disorders associated to its intake. The literature search was conducted in PubMed data reviewing articles dating between 2015 and 2016.
Results(1) Empirical evidence for cognitive enhancing effects of one of the most frequently used substances, modafinil, is sparse. Studies suggest that with more protracted and complex testing, more benefits are associated to modafinil use.
(2) Modafinil may be implicated in alterations of reward-related behaviour. Compared to placebo, modafinil leads to an enhanced tendency to make previously rewarded choices compared to the avoidance of previously punished choices. This pattern of altered choice behaviour is probably induced by an increase of the dopamine level and a potential contribution of elevated noradrenaline.
ConclusionsSome people share information about this drug in social network. Off-label use of this drug may be implicated in alterations of reward-related behaviour and patients with previous psychiatric disorders should be aware of its possible adverse effects.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Nootropics: Emergents drugs associated with new clinical challenges
- H. Saiz Garcia, L. Montes Reula, A. Portilla Fernandez, V. Pereira Sanchez, N. Olmo Lopez, E. Mancha Heredero, A.S. Rosero Enriquez, M.E. Martinez Parreño
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. s877-s878
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Introduction
The “nootropic” or simplified as a “smart drug”, is a common term that will tag along with the compound responsible for the enhancement of mental performance. Certain individuals with a history of mental or substance use disorders might be particularly vulnerable to its adverse effects.
MethodologyA review was conducted aiming to clarify the mechanisms associated of how these drugs increase mental functions including memory, motivation, concentration, and attention; and which kind of individuals are at risk of developing adverse effects when taking these drugs. The literature search was conducted in PubMed data reviewing articles dating between 2015 and 2016.
Results– Glutaminergic Signalling, Cholinergic System, Amyloid Precursor Protein and Secondary Messenger may be related to the cognitive enhancement achieved by Nootropics. Others, like insulin and angiotensin receptor may involved too.
– Some of them, like Ginkgo biloba, seem to have neuroprotective effects observed in human and animal models, acting as antioxidant and antiapoptotic, also inducing inhibition effects against caspase-3 activation and amyloid-aggregation toward Alzheimer's disease.
– Synthetic nootropics, a lab created compound such as piracetam, especially in people with history of drug abuse, may be associated with psychiatric exacerbations of some patients.
ConclusionsYoung adults all over Europe, especially university students, are starting to use nootropic drugs to improve their academic results. Some of them seem to have beneficial effects over mental health but others are sometimes related with sudden and unexplained exacerbations in stable psychiatric patients. It is important to early identify symptoms and to treat them properly.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants and how to prevent it. Is vortioxetine effective?
- H. Saiz Garcia, L. Montes Reula, A. Portilla Fernandez, V. Pereira Sanchez, N. Olmo Lopez, E. Mancha Heredero, A.S. Rosero Enriquez, M.E. Martinez Parreño
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. S759-S760
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Introduction
One of the most common, and many times hidden, secondary effects of antidepressants drugs use is sexual dysfunction (SD). It has been noted that as many as 20% of patients will discontinue treatment with an SSRI, with one-third of these patients doing so due to adverse reactions.
MethodologyA review was conducted aiming to clarify the pathogenesis of sexual dysfunction in depressed patients or taking antidepressants and how to prevent and manage it. The literature search was conducted in PubMed data reviewing articles dating between 2015 and 2016.
Results(1) the sexual response cycle is negatively affected in individuals suffering from major depressive disorder, even before initiation of any psychotropic medication. The serotonergic system plays a largely inhibitory role on sexual desire, orgasm, and ejaculation with involvement of the hippocampus and amygdala. Tricyclic antidepressants increase the level of prolactin and indirectly suppress the level of testosterone. (2) Bupropion and vortioxetine are the only antidepressants that have level 1 evidence supporting that they either have a more favorable SD profile. (3) SD with vortioxetine was not statistically higher when compared with placebo, and was statistically lower compared with other SSRIs or SNRIs. (4) There is evidence that antidepressants that are also 5–HT1A receptor agonists (e.g. vortioxetine and vilazodone) may facilitate sexual performance.
ConclusionsIn case of SD pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic options are available. Vortioxetine seems to be a good pharmacologic option, with better NNH than SNRI and less SD.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Replicated evidence that endophenotypic expression of schizophrenia polygenic risk is greater in healthy siblings of patients compared to controls, suggesting gene–environment interaction. The EUGEI study
- Jim van Os, Lotta-Katrin Pries, Philippe Delespaul, Gunter Kenis, Jurjen J. Luykx, Bochao D. Lin, Alexander L. Richards, Berna Akdede, Tolga Binbay, Vesile Altınyazar, Berna Yalınçetin, Güvem Gümüş-Akay, Burçin Cihan, Haldun Soygür, Halis Ulaş, Eylem Şahin Cankurtaran, Semra Ulusoy Kaymak, Marina M. Mihaljevic, Sanja Andric Petrovic, Tijana Mirjanic, Miguel Bernardo, Bibiana Cabrera, Julio Bobes, Pilar A. Saiz, María Paz García-Portilla, Julio Sanjuan, Eduardo J. Aguilar, José Luis Santos, Estela Jiménez-López, Manuel Arrojo, Angel Carracedo, Gonzalo López, Javier González-Peñas, Mara Parellada, Nadja P. Maric, Cem Atbaşoğlu, Alp Ucok, Köksal Alptekin, Meram Can Saka, Genetic Risk and Outcome Investigators (GROUP), Celso Arango, Michael O'Donovan, Bart P. F. Rutten, Sinan Guloksuz
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 11 / August 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 August 2019, pp. 1884-1897
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Background
First-degree relatives of patients with psychotic disorder have higher levels of polygenic risk (PRS) for schizophrenia and higher levels of intermediate phenotypes.
MethodsWe conducted, using two different samples for discovery (n = 336 controls and 649 siblings of patients with psychotic disorder) and replication (n = 1208 controls and 1106 siblings), an analysis of association between PRS on the one hand and psychopathological and cognitive intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia on the other in a sample at average genetic risk (healthy controls) and a sample at higher than average risk (healthy siblings of patients). Two subthreshold psychosis phenotypes, as well as a standardised measure of cognitive ability, based on a short version of the WAIS-III short form, were used. In addition, a measure of jumping to conclusion bias (replication sample only) was tested for association with PRS.
ResultsIn both discovery and replication sample, evidence for an association between PRS and subthreshold psychosis phenotypes was observed in the relatives of patients, whereas in the controls no association was observed. Jumping to conclusion bias was similarly only associated with PRS in the sibling group. Cognitive ability was weakly negatively and non-significantly associated with PRS in both the sibling and the control group.
ConclusionsThe degree of endophenotypic expression of schizophrenia polygenic risk depends on having a sibling with psychotic disorder, suggestive of underlying gene–environment interaction. Cognitive biases may better index genetic risk of disorder than traditional measures of neurocognition, which instead may reflect the population distribution of cognitive ability impacting the prognosis of psychotic disorder.
Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV) in monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and Alouatta pigra) and crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus and C. acutus–C. moreletti hybrids) in Mexico
- E. LOZA-RUBIO, E. ROJAS-ANAYA, R. DEL C. LÓPEZ-RAMÍREZ, J. C. SAIZ, E. ESCRIBANO-ROMERO
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- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 144 / Issue 11 / August 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 April 2016, pp. 2371-2373
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West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic viral pathogen maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes (vectors) and birds (natural hosts) with equids, humans, and other vertebrates acting as dead-end hosts. WNV activity in Mexico has been reported in several domestic and wild fauna and in humans, and the virus has been isolated from birds, mosquitoes, and humans. However, no serological studies have been conducted in monkeys, and only two in a limited number of crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii). Here we present data on the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against WNV in 53 healthy wild monkeys (49 Ateles geoffroyi and four Alouatta pigra), and 80 semi-captive healthy crocodiles (60 C. acutus and 20 C. acutus–C. moreletti hybrids) sampled during 2012. None of the monkey sera neutralized WNV, whereas 55% of the crocodile sera presented neutralizing antibodies against WNV. These results can contribute to the design of surveillance programmes in Mexico.