We continue our study of intermediate sums over polyhedra, interpolating between integrals and discrete sums, which were introduced by Barvinok [Computing the Ehrhart quasi-polynomial of a rational simplex. Math. Comp. 75 (2006), 1449–1466]. By well-known decompositions, it is sufficient to consider the case of affine cones $s+\mathfrak{c}$ , where $s$ is an arbitrary real vertex and $\mathfrak{c}$ is a rational polyhedral cone. For a given rational subspace  $L$ , we define the intermediate generating functions $S^{L}(s+\mathfrak{c})(\unicode[STIX]{x1D709})$ by integrating an exponential function over all lattice slices of the affine cone  $s+\mathfrak{c}$ parallel to the subspace  $L$ and summing up the integrals. We expose the bidegree structure in parameters $s$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D709}$ , which was implicitly used in the algorithms in our papers [Computation of the highest coefficients of weighted Ehrhart quasi-polynomials of rational polyhedra. Found. Comput. Math.12 (2012), 435–469] and [Intermediate sums on polyhedra: computation and real Ehrhart theory. Mathematika59 (2013), 1–22]. The bidegree structure is key to a new proof for the Baldoni–Berline–Vergne approximation theorem for discrete generating functions [Local Euler–Maclaurin expansion of Barvinok valuations and Ehrhart coefficients of rational polytopes. Contemp. Math.452 (2008), 15–33], using the Fourier analysis with respect to the parameter  $s$ and a continuity argument. Our study also enables a forthcoming paper, in which we study intermediate sums over multi-parameter families of polytopes.

The Ginibre point process (GPP) is one of the main examples of determinantal point processes on the complex plane. It is a recurring distribution of random matrix theory as well as a useful model in applied mathematics. In this paper we briefly overview the usual methods for the simulation of the GPP. Then we introduce a modified version of the GPP which constitutes a determinantal point process more suited for certain applications, and we detail its simulation. This modified GPP has the property of having a fixed number of points and having its support on a compact subset of the plane. See Decreusefond et al. (2013) for an extended version of this paper.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) continues to cause outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boar in Eastern European countries. To gain insights into its transmission dynamics, we estimated the pig-to-pig basic reproduction number (R0) for the Georgia 2007/1 ASFV strain using a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model with parameters estimated from transmission experiments. Models showed that R0 is 2·8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3–4·8] within a pen and 1·4 (95% CI 0·6–2·4) between pens. The results furthermore suggest that ASFV genome detection in oronasal samples is an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of infection. This study provides quantitative information on transmission parameters for ASFV in domestic pigs, which are required to more effectively assess the potential impact of strategies for the control of between-farm epidemic spread in European countries.

The study of the evolution of organic matter subjected to space conditions, and more specifically to Solar photons in the vacuum ultraviolet range (120–200 nm) has been undertaken in low-Earth orbit since the 1990s, and implemented on various space platforms. This paper describes a photochemistry experiment called AMINO, conducted during 22 months between 2009 and 2011 on the EXPOSE-R ESA facility, outside the International Space Station. Samples with relevance to astrobiology (connected to comets, carbonaceous meteorites and micrometeorites, the atmosphere of Titan and RNA world hypothesis) have been selected and exposed to space environment. They have been analysed after return to the Earth. This paper is not discussing the results of the experiment, but rather gives a general overview of the project, the details of the hardware used, its configuration and recent developments to enable long-duration exposure of gaseous samples in tight closed cells enabling for the first time to derive quantitative results from gaseous phase samples exposed in space.

In this globalized world, the spread of new, exotic and re-emerging diseases has become one of the most important threats to animal production and public health. This systematic review analyses conventional and novel early detection methods applied to surveillance. In all, 125 scientific documents were considered for this study. Exotic (n = 49) and re-emerging (n = 27) diseases constituted the most frequently represented health threats. In addition, the majority of studies were related to zoonoses (n = 66). The approaches found in the review could be divided in surveillance modalities, both active (n = 23) and passive (n = 5); and tools and methodologies that support surveillance activities (n = 57). Combinations of surveillance modalities and tools (n = 40) were also found. Risk-based approaches were very common (n = 60), especially in the papers describing tools and methodologies (n = 50). The main applications, benefits and limitations of each approach were extracted from the papers. This information will be very useful for informing the development of tools to facilitate the design of cost-effective surveillance strategies. Thus, the current literature review provides key information about the advantages, disadvantages, limitations and potential application of methodologies for the early detection of new, exotic and re-emerging diseases.

Careful examination of the present metabolism and in vitro selection of various catalytic RNAs strongly support the RNA world hypothesis as a crucial step of the origins and early life evolution. Small functional RNAs were exposed from 10 March 2009 to 21 January 2011 to space conditions on board the International Space Station in the EXPOSE-R mission. The aim of this study was to investigate the preservation or modification properties such as integrity of RNAs after space exposition. The exposition to the solar radiation has a strong degradation effect on the size distribution of RNA. Moreover, the comparison between the in-flight samples, exposed to the Sun and not exposed, indicates that the solar radiation degrades RNA bases.

Given a Poisson process on a d-dimensional torus, its random geometric simplicial complex is the complex whose vertices are the points of the Poisson process and simplices are given by the C̆ech complex associated to the coverage of each point. By means of Malliavin calculus, we compute explicitly the three first-order moments of the number of k-simplices, and provide a way to compute higher-order moments. Then we derive the mean and the variance of the Euler characteristic. Using the Stein method, we estimate the speed of convergence of the number of occurrences of any connected subcomplex as it converges towards the Gaussian law when the intensity of the Poisson point process tends to infinity. We use a concentration inequality for Poisson processes to find bounds for the tail distribution of the Betti number of first order and the Euler characteristic in such simplicial complexes.

We study intermediate sums, interpolating between integrals and discrete sums, which were introduced by A. Barvinok in [Computing the Ehrhart quasi-polynomial of a rational simplex. Math. Comp. 75 (2006), 1449–1466]. For a given polytope 𝔭 with facets parallel to rational hyperplanes and a rational subspace L, we integrate a given polynomial function h over all lattice slices of the polytope 𝔭 parallel to the subspace L and sum up the integrals. We first develop an algorithmic theory of parametric intermediate generating functions. Then we study the Ehrhart theory of these intermediate sums, that is, the dependence of the result as a function of a dilation of the polytope. We provide an algorithm to compute the resulting Ehrhart quasi-polynomials in the form of explicit step-polynomials. These formulas are naturally valid for real (not just integer) dilations and thus provide a direct approach to real Ehrhart theory.

Little is known about the impact of habitual fluid intake on physiology. Specifically, biomarkers of hydration status and body water regulation have not been adequately explored in adults who consume different fluid volumes in everyday conditions, without prolonged exercise or environmental exposure. The purpose of the present study was to compare adults with habitually different fluid intakes with respect to biomarkers implicated in the assessment of hydration status, the regulation of total body water and the risk of kidney pathologies. In the present cross-sectional study, seventy-one adults (thirty-two men, thirty-nine women, age 25–40 years) were classified according to daily fluid intake: thirty-nine low drinkers (LD; ≤ 1·2 litres/d) and thirty-two high drinkers (HD; 2–4 litres/d). During four consecutive days, urinary parameters (first morning urine (FMU) on day 1 and subsequent 24 h urine (24hU) collections), blood parameters, and food and beverage intake were assessed. ANOVA and non-parametric comparisons revealed significant differences between the LD and HD groups in 24hU volume (1·0 (se 0·1) v. 2·4 (se 0·1) litres), specific gravity (median 1·023 v. 1·010), osmolality (767 (se 27) v. 371 (se 33) mOsm/kg) and colour (3·1 (se 0·2) v. 1·8 (se 0·2)). Similarly, in the FMU, the LD group produced a smaller amount of more concentrated urine. Plasma cortisol, creatinine and arginine vasopressin concentrations were significantly higher among the LD. Plasma osmolality was similar between the groups, suggesting physiological adaptations to preserve plasma osmolality despite low fluid intake. The long-term impact of adaptations to preserve plasma osmolality must be examined, particularly in the context of renal health.

In this article, we begin by recalling the inversion formula for the convolution with the box spline. The equivariant cohomology and the equivariant $K$-theory with respect to a compact torus $G$ of various spaces associated to a linear action of $G$ in a vector space $M$ can both be described using some vector spaces of distributions, on the dual of the group $G$ or on the dual of its Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. The morphism from $K$-theory to cohomology is analyzed, and multiplication by the Todd class is shown to correspond to the operator (deconvolution) inverting the semi-discrete convolution with a box spline. Finally, the multiplicities of the index of a $G$-transversally elliptic operator on $M$ are determined using the infinitesimal index of the symbol.

In this note, we study an invariant associated with the zeros of the moment map generated by an action form, the infinitesimal index. This construction will be used to study the compactly supported equivariant cohomology of the zeros of the moment map and to give formulas for the multiplicity index map of a transversally elliptic operator.

Melarsomine hydrochloride can cure Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels at a dose of 0·25 mg/kg, but at that dose relapses occur in cattle. In our study, the efficacy of an intramuscular injection of melarsomine hydrochloride at 0·5 mg/kg was assessed in 3 normal and 3 splenectomized dairy cattle experimentally infected with a stock of T. evansi from Thailand. The animals were monitored for 5 months by haematocrit centrifugation, blood- or cerebrospinal fluid-mouse inoculation, polymerase chain reaction, the card agglutination test (CATT) for T. evansi, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay‑T. evansi. Parasitological and DNA tests became and remained negative just after treatment. By the end of the experiment, CATT was negative and ELISA scores were below or very close to the cut-off value. One of the splenectomized cattle died from anaplasmosis during the experiment, but tested negative for surra. It was concluded that the parasites had been cleared from the cattle, and melarsomine hydrochloride at 0·5 mg/kg can be recommended for treatment against T. evansi infection in dairy cattle in Thailand. Further work is necessary to validate the efficacy of the treatment in the event of confirmed CSF-infection.

For every mill the ideal roll can be considered as one that can be used in a mill stand indefinitely. Unfortunately for the roll user, such ideal rolls do not exist. One major reason for work roll changes (planned or unplanned) is “wear”. In the context of cold rolling and temper rolling, “wear” primarily refers to loss of roughness and/or surface texture. Another limitation to roll performance is the fact that mill incidents – minor as well as major incidents – inflict damage on the work rolls, requiring redressing in the roll shop. If a major defect is present in a forged roll, e.g. due to a mill incident, catastrophic roll failure may occur in a violent, explosive manner. Improvement of the value-in-use of a work roll implies a superior wear resistance, a superior damage resistance, and elimination of the safety risks associated with explosive roll failures. In order to deal with this in a concerted R&D approach, a consortium of two roll users in the steel industry, a leading roll manufacturer, a high-tech supplier of roll damage detection equipment, and specialised research institutes have joined forces. Cold rolling trials have been performed, using pilot mills as well as industrial mills, with both novel forged HSS work rolls and conventional forged 3–5%Cr steel work rolls. Separate trials have been designed to focus on either the aspect of roughness evolution or damage resistance. Complementary data from various laboratory tests and industrial mill and roll shop data have been collected. Models have been developed for damage evolution in a roll, and for roughness evolution of the roll surface. In addition, novel non-destructive detection systems and sensors have been designed and tested. This paper provides a concise overview of the results achieved.

Soya isoflavones: genistein and daidzein are increasingly consumed in Western countries. Their beneficial effects are discussed considering nutrition and health in Asia. The present study aimed to check whether chronic ingestions, ethnic origin and dietary context can influence soya phyto-oestrogen bioavailability. Two prospective trials were carried out to blindly assess the pharmacokinetics after acute and chronic intake of soya-based cheese (45·97 (sd1·57) mg isoflavones) taken once a day for 10 d. Twelve healthy young Asians immersed for 2 months in France were randomised in a cross-over design to compare the influence of a Western v. Asian dietary context. The second trial partly nested in the first one, compared Asians under the Western diet to twelve healthy young male Caucasians under the same diet. All volunteers were non-equol producers. After an acute intake of soya in Western diet, Asians exhibited higher maximum concentration measured in plasma (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) for genistein and daidzein than Caucasians (P = 0·005, 0·006, 0·032 and 0·008, respectively). In Caucasians under Western diet, AUC and Cmax values significantly increased after chronic intake. This was not the case for daidzein in Asians whatever the dietary context. For the first time, it is evidenced that on acute intake of soya cheese, Asians absorb soya phyto-oestrogens better than Caucasians, regardless of whether the background diet is Western or Asian. On chronic ingestions, AUC and Cmax values were increased for daidzein and genistein in Caucasians but not in Asians. There are ethnical differences in isoflavone pharmacokinetic and bioavailability. This may influence health outcomes.

The blackmouth catshark, Galeus melastomus presents a wide Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution, and is commonly captured off the Languedocian coast (southern France, northern Mediterranean). The males and females sexually matured between 510–550 mm and 520–610 mm total length (TL), respectively. The largest male and the largest female were 620 mm and 640 mm TL, respectively. There was a significant relationship of total liver mass vs TL between males and females. The diameter of the largest yolky oocytes ranged from 15 to 18 mm (16.5 ± 2.7). Production of egg cases was observed throughout the year, except in September. Egg cases had between 36 and 50 mm (mean: 45.3 mm ± 3.9) in length without horns, and between 14 and 21 mm (18.2 mm ± 1.4) in width. Fecundity remained difficult to assess; an estimation based on production of egg cases enabled us to consider 93 egg cases per year as a maximum.

Soya isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, are the focus of numerous studies investigating their potential effects on health and results remain controversial. Bioavailability is clearly a crucial factor influencing their bioefficacy and could explain these discrepancies. This study aimed at assessing: (1) the isoflavone content of sixty-nine European soya-derivative products sold on the French market; (2) the bioavailability of isoflavones comparing supplement with food. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited in a randomized two-way crossover trial and received 35 mg isoflavones equivalent aglycone either through supplements or through cheese, both containing different patterns of isoflavone conjugates and different daidzein:genistein ratios. A specific ELISA method was used to assess the plasma and urinary concentrations of isoflavones and thus the pharmacokinetic parameters, which were then normalized to mg of each isoflavone ingested. Results showed that the normalized Cmax of daidzein (P = 0·002) and similarly the normalized AUC0 → ∞ and Cmax of genistein (P = 0·002) from soya-based capsules were higher than that from soya-based cheese. In conclusion, this work completes studies on isoflavone bioavailability and presents new data regarding isoflavone concentrations in soya-derivative products. Assuming that isoflavone conjugation patterns do not influence isoflavone bioavailability, this study shows that isoflavones contained in capsules are more bioavailable than those contained in soya-based cheese. Although the supplement is more bioavailable, the relative importance of this is difficult to interpret as there is little evidence that supplements are biologically active in human subjects to date and further studies will be necessary for this specific supplement to prove its efficacy.

L'objectif de cet atelier du GT SFRP-COFREND a été de proposer une analyse des risques pour la réalisation future d'études de postes sur les tirs en milieu industriel (nucléaire et hors nucléaire). Le principe retenu a été de réaliser un découpage des différentes phases d'un chantier, en y associant à chaque étape les risques associés. Les examens et contrôles non destructifs (END et CND) sont des activités qui nécessitent une vigilance de tous les instants (Fig. 1) pour : s'assurer de la qualité du travail ; gérer les différents risques dont le risque d'exposition aux rayonnements ionisants ; lutter contre des baisses d'attention liées aux formes de fatigue, aux conditions de travail, aux difficultés d'accès et dans certains cas au travail nocturne, etc. ; gérer les pressions temporelles (audits, surveillances...) ; gérer la co-activité pour éviter d'exposer d'autres professionnels ; gérer le risque lié au milieu de travail (INB, présence de produits dangereux...). Le champ d'étude d'une analyse de risque couvre les métiers, les tâches et activités, les nuisances, et les risques... Le principe par la suite d'une étude de poste sera une approche descriptive et analytique de toutes les composantes de la réalité d'un travail donné, son organisation, son environnement, ses contraintes et moyens d'ajustement (Fig. 2). L'étude de poste s'appuiera sur des méthodes objectives d'observation, d'analyse de risque et de mesure (rapport du groupe de coordination étude de postes médecins du travail EDF). L'objectif de l'étude de poste est de lister l'ensemble des actions à mener pour garantir des conditions d'intervention et de travail acceptables afin de prévenir l'ensemble des risques.

Nous présentons une méthode d'interaction fluide-structure basée sur une approche monolithique eulérienne permettant d'étudier à différentes échelles les procédés de mélange sous leur aspect dispersif et distributif. Une première approche macroscopique traitant de la résolution mécanique dans le procédé, où interviennent des outils tournants, est présentée, puis une approche microscopique modélisant la dispersion d'un agglomérat, et enfin une approche couplée via une théorie cinétique.

Summary

Background and objective: We recently demonstrated that intrathecal bupivacaine before or after acute photochemical spinal injury improved functional outcome in rats. However, the closest model to spinal trauma is the contusive weight-drop method. The aim of this study was to evaluate functional, electrophysiological and anatomical consequences of a contusive spinal-cord lesion in rats with or without an intrathecal injection of bupivacaine. Methods: Fifteen minutes before a contusive spinal lesion, 18 rats received intrathecally either 0.5% bupivacaine (Group T) or saline (Group C). During an 18-days period, motor and sensory functions were evaluated, and bladder voiding dysfunction was noted. Somatosensory evoked potential testings were performed at day 18. Then, the intact spinal cord area at the epicentre of the lesion and the extent of the lesion were measured. Results: Motor deficit was less and inclined-plane stability was better in treated animals at all times, the scores were statistically different from day 7. There were no differences concerning the sensory test. Despite no significant difference, there were less spinal bladders in the T group from day 7. Somatosensory evoked potential latencies were longer in T group, but only the first negative component (N1) was statistically significant. Amplitudes were higher in T group, but were not statistically different. The spinal cord intact area at the epicentre of the lesion was higher in the T group (1.23 ± 0.8 mm2 vs. 0.81 ± 0.39 mm2; P < 0.05). The extent of the lesion was higher in the C group (9.4 ± 2.9 mm vs. 6.4 ± 3.4 mm; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine provide a neuroprotective effect by decreasing functional, electrophysiological and anatomical consequences after a contusive spinal cord injury.