An individual’s birthweight, a marker of in utero exposures, was recently associated with certain psychiatric conditions. However, studies investigating the relationship between an individual’s preterm birth status and/or birthweight and risk for depression during adulthood are sparse; we used data from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) to investigate these potential associations. At study entry, 86,925 postmenopausal women reported their birthweight by category (<6 lbs., 6–7 lbs. 15 oz., 8–9 lbs. 15 oz., or ≥10 lbs.) and their preterm birth status (full-term or ≥4 weeks premature). Women also completed the Burnham screen for depression and were asked to self-report if: (a) they had ever been diagnosed with depression, or (b) if they were taking antidepressant medications. Linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted effect estimates. Compared to those born weighing between 6 and 7 lbs. 15 oz., individuals born weighing <6 lbs. (βadj = 0.007, P < 0.0001) and ≥10 lbs. (βadj = 0.006, P = 0.02) had significantly higher Burnam scores. Individuals born weighing <6 lbs. were also more likely to have depression (adjOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.11–1.31). Individuals born preterm were also more likely to have depression (adjOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.35); while attenuated, this association remained in analyses limited to only those reportedly born weighing <6 lbs. Our research supports the role of early life exposures on health risks across the life course. Individuals born at low or high birthweights and those born preterm may benefit from early evaluation and long-term follow-up for the prevention and treatment of mental health outcomes.

Preterm birth has been associated with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, a hallmark characteristic of type 2 diabetes. However, studies investigating the relationship between a personal history of being born preterm and type 2 diabetes are sparse. We sought to investigate the potential association between a personal history of being born preterm and risk for type 2 diabetes in a racially and ethnically diverse population. Baseline and incident data (>16 years of follow-up) from the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 85,356) were used to examine the association between personal history of being born preterm (born 1910–1940s) and prevalent (baseline enrollment; cross-sectional) or incident (prospective cohort) cases of type 2 diabetes. Logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate odds and hazards ratios. Being born preterm was significantly, positively associated with odds for prevalent type 2 diabetes at enrollment (adjOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.43–2.24; P < 0.0001). Stratified regression models suggested the positive associations at baseline were consistent across race and ethnicity groups. However, being born preterm was not significantly associated with risk for incident type 2 diabetes. Regression models stratified by age at enrollment suggest the relationship between being born preterm and type 2 diabetes persists only among younger age groups. Preterm birth was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes but only in those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes prior to study enrollment, suggesting the association between preterm birth and type 2 diabetes may exist at earlier age of diagnosis but wane over time.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To increase diversity in clinical and translational research (CTR), to strengthen protections for uninsured and under-insured study participants from vulnerable groups by addressing their medical, ancillary care and psycho-social needs and to develop a systematic ethically sound approach to addressing such needs in the study protocol and budget. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted) ethical analyses of: (1) the regulatory and ethics scholarship concerning protections and duty of care to research participants from vulnerable groups, and 2) arguments concerning the nature and scope of ancillary care obligations of researchers, as well as 3) a review of the applicable local, federal, and international regulations and practices concerning the duty of care to CTR participants and potential participants who are uninsured, under-insured and/or undocumented members of vulnerable groups. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Uninsured and underinsured study participants pose major ethical challenges for CTR as medical needs arising during a study are usually covered by the participants own insurance. Lack of health insurance increases vulnerability and creates (1) a barrier to research participation for members of socially disenfranchised groups, (2) risk of discriminatory exclusion of such participants from clinical studies, and (3) inter-institutional inconsistencies in meeting their medical needs; thus limiting diversity in CTR. To address the challenges, we propose an inclusive, systematic, ethically sound approach, which deliberately plans for and provides resources within a study protocol to address the medical and psycho-social needs of uninsured participants during and beyond the study. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Including diverse participants in CTR ensures data quality and social justice. PIs and IRBs should adopt an inclusive approach to the medical needs of vulnerable uninsured participants, plan for their medical and ancillary care needs in the protocol and budget, list community resources, provide follow-up support and note assistance in their files.

The main result of the present article is a Rademacher-type theorem for intrinsic Lipschitz graphs of codimension $k\leq n$ in sub-Riemannian Heisenberg groups ${\mathbb H}^{n}$ . For the purpose of proving such a result, we settle several related questions pertaining both to the theory of intrinsic Lipschitz graphs and to the one of currents. First, we prove an extension result for intrinsic Lipschitz graphs as well as a uniform approximation theorem by means of smooth graphs: both of these results stem from a new definition (equivalent to the one introduced by B. Franchi, R. Serapioni and F. Serra Cassano) of intrinsic Lipschitz graphs and are valid for a more general class of intrinsic Lipschitz graphs in Carnot groups. Second, our proof of Rademacher’s theorem heavily uses the language of currents in Heisenberg groups: one key result is, for us, a version of the celebrated constancy theorem. Inasmuch as Heisenberg currents are defined in terms of Rumin’s complex of differential forms, we also provide a convenient basis of Rumin’s spaces. Eventually, we provide some applications of Rademacher’s theorem including a Lusin-type result for intrinsic Lipschitz graphs, the equivalence between ${\mathbb H}$ -rectifiability and ‘Lipschitz’ ${\mathbb H}$ -rectifiability and an area formula for intrinsic Lipschitz graphs in Heisenberg groups.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: There is not much known on how to improve informed consent understanding and there are no effective interventions that have been identified to improve understanding rates of information. This study seeks to assess participants understanding of the informed consent. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We studied a non-probability sample of 245 participants, 57% female, with age range from 6 to 84, currently enrolled in clinical trials conducted at an urban city, multi CTSA institution. A self-administered questionnaire approved by IRB was utilized. Redcap database was utilized for data entry. The items in the questionnaire reflected understanding of the informed consent (e.g., purpose for the study, participants’ rights, risks, benefits). Participants completed the survey during their first visit to the research centers or on a follow-up visit. Data were collected from July 2018 to November 2019. Data were analyzed descriptively by summary statistics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: African Americans were 44%, Non-Hispanic Whites were 36%, Hispanic 6%. Others 13%. 52% married, 12% completed High school, 74.8% completed College, 13% less High school. 91% read the form themselves. 99% knew the purpose of the study; 99% knew they could quit the study at any time. While (113) 47% indicated knowledge of the potential risk, only (12)10.6% could not list any associated risk. 98% stated they had information on who to call with questions regarding the study. (204)86% knew of a potential benefit, only (11)5% could not name some study benefit. 38% were unsure/did not know the total number of visits study required of them. 74% knew the duration of the study. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Extended discussion and more time on one-one by the study teams in this CTSA tend to increase trust. This approach has been reported to be most effective in improving participant understanding of informed consent process and may result in the positive experience.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objectives of this study were (1) to examine research participant levels of satisfaction, experiences, and perceptions; and (2) to determine best practices for researchers for engaging research volunteers in clinical trials, and thereby reducing barriers to participation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A self-administered IRB approved survey on satisfaction and perceptions of research participants in clinical and translational studies was developed. The study questions were validated by 5 key informants from each of the 3 research centers who were asked to provide constructive feedback on the clarity and relevance of the questions. The final survey was a 25-item questionnaire that used a Likert scale and focused on 5 domains to reflect satisfaction with “Staff delivery of care,” “Environment,” “Center Operations,” “Study specific questions,” and “overall experiences.” Questions to reflect participant perceptions were open ended. A convenience sample of all participants currently enrolled in research studies at CTSA institutions (GU, HU, and MHRI) was obtained. In total, 131 participants completed the survey. Of these, 15 were “surrogate” partners. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Eighty-two (60%) of the participants were African Americans, 40 (29%) were Whites; 94 (67%) were first time study participants. Over 90% of those surveyed strongly agreed that they were “treated well,” that their “privacy was respected,” and that they “felt comfortable asking questions of the staff.” Eighty-four percent indicated they would participate in future studies while over 91% indicated they would recommend a family member or a friend. Only 46% of participants coming for their first research visit strongly agreed that the “compensation received was satisfactory.” However, 74% of participants returning for follow-up or who had been enrolled in a previous study felt the compensation was appropriate. Seventy-four percent of those enrolled for the first time indicated “knowing the duration of this study” as compared with only 38% of repeat visitors. When asked what they liked most about participating in a research study their primary responses were “contribution to science” and “knowledge about their diseases.” Conversely, when asked what they liked least about the study they responded that the blood draws were uncomfortable and there were often barriers to transportation and parking. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The results of this survey demonstrated that the majority of research participants rate their experience as highly favorable even among those who had never participated in clinical research previously. In some existing literature, it has been reported that financial compensation was a major motivation to participation in studies involving healthy volunteers. In this current study, however, financial compensation did not appear to be the primary motivation for participation. The participants’ at all 3 sites stated that the main reason for their participation was the increased knowledge about their disease and the contribution to science. Negative experiences cited were primarily discomfort with blood draw, transportation, and parking logistics. Most importantly, a majority of the participants stated they would participate in future studies and would recommend a family member or a friend for a clinical study. In our sample, there was no difference in the favorable ratings as determined by race/ethnicity. In conclusion, the findings of this study inform the community with regard to how the research participants rate their experiences, and thus motivate others to participate in clinical research. Reasons for participants to withdraw from trials may be associated to their dissatisfaction with a trial or with the study staff. Thus, the degree of satisfaction with the research staff and the trial itself is crucial to reducing drop-out rates and increasing compliance with study procedures. Hence participant satisfaction is key to increasing participation in clinical trials, particularly among African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities.

In this paper we report on a systematic study of Cu thin film dewetting by the monitoring of the intensity of the infra-red emission from the film surface during Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition of graphene. The time evolution of Cu coverage highlights three typical stages of dewetting which strongly depend not only on the temperature and film thickness, but also on the pressure and composition of the gas in chamber. Consequently, we demonstrate that the Cu surface can be effectively activated in films at temperatures lower than in foils and the process can be fully controlled by adjusting those parameters, in order to reach the optimal conditions for graphene growth.

Chemical Vapor Deposition of graphene on metallic substrates is one of the most attracting techniques for large area graphene production. The technique widely employed for transferring graphene to other substrates involves deposition of a polymer support with subsequent etching of the metal substrate. Here we report a safer transfer process, which requires a two-step PMMA deposition and bonding under pressure. Sheets of graphene before and after transfer have been both characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and show comparable quality, indicating that the proposed technique does not introduce additional defects in graphene.

In this paper an overview is given on recent results obtained in the framework of an Italian/Croatian collaboration aimed to explore the potential of techniques based on focused MeV ion beams to locally modify the structural, electrical and optical features of diamond.

Experiments were carried out using light (H, He, C) ion beams with energies of the order of MeV, focused to micrometer-size spot and raster scanned onto the surface of monocrystalline (IIa or Ib) diamond samples. Different energies, ion species and fluences were used, in conjunction with variable thickness masks and post annealing processes, to define three-dimensional structures in diamond, whose electrical/optical/structural properties have been suitably characterized. Finite element numerical methods have been employed in the modeling of the material modification and in device design.

CVD diamond could be an electroluminescent material. While its photoluminescent and cathodoluminescent properties are relatively well known, the electroluminescent ones have not been intensively investigated. The electroluminescent emission of CVD diamond is reminescent of the so-called “band A”; it is centered at 2.8 eV and extends from 2.6 to 3 eV. The luminescenceintensity increases linearly with the electric current and corresponds to a superquadratic regime of I-V characteristics in the dark and to a quadratic regime under a λ = 442 nm illumination. The I-V characteristics can be related to space charge limited current (SCLC) phenomena. Besides, the temperature behaviour of electroluminescence and of photoexcited current can be put into relation with the presence of a deep state in the bandgap where injected carriers from both electrodes recombine. The electroluminescent emission, even in a wavelength region far away from the photopic response, is clearly and strongly visible at naked eye. The luminescence efficiency is being discussed in order to consider CVD diamond as a material for optoelectronic devices.

Miniature metal-diamond wire detectors have been fabricated by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (HFCVD) method and characterized as x-ray dosimeters in the energy range 50 keV–250 keV. Linearity of the response and the sensitivity as a function of energy have been accurately determined in a range routinely used for x-ray radiotherapy. With a Mo wire substrate, a 10 μm thick CVD diamond film can reach sensitivities of the order of 4×10−8 A/Gy/min, more than one order of magnitude larger than for a 6 cm3 standard ionization chamber.

CVD diamond films show both at optical microscope and at SEM a quasi-columnar structure, not homogeneously distributed in the bulk which is agreed to be responsible for the relatively large charge collection lengths measured in the material. In this work, we present the first data on charge collection efficiency distributions as measured directly in the bulk by a 3 Meν proton microbeam. The results indicate that the material is really non-homogeneous, that only few columns are really connecting both electrodes and that, finally, a real connection exists between the morphological structure and the maps of collection efficiency distribution.

Photosensitive a-Si:H p-i-n diodes, working in photovoltaic mode, have been coupled to CsI(T1) scintillators for dosimetry applications to X-ray monitoring in the energy range from 50 keV up to 15 MeV. A “mesa” approach for p-i-n diodes has been adopted both in order to better define the geometry and to obtain very low dark current. In order to optimize the geometry, a computer program has been created which simulates light generation in the scintillator, the collection by the detector and the photovoltaic current obtained as a function of exposure rate.

Measurements have been carried out in the X-rays energy ranges 50-240 keV, at 6MeV and at 15 MeV. Detectors are linear in response and shows a good sensitivity, with the capability of measuring dose rates as low as 60 mR/h.

The agreement between experimental data and simulation outputs can be considered good.

Recently, we reported a simulation of spectroscopic performances of CdTe detectors by a Monte Carlo program ‘ISIDE’. The program was demonstrated to be extremely useful both for an exact simulation of the spectral response of CdTe to γy-rays and for a detailed understanding of the effect of physical and electronic parameters on the experimental performances. In the present work, the attention is focused on the various aspects of CdTe response to 57Co γ-rays, in an energy interval which is extremely interesting for practical applications of CdTe spectroscopy. Spectra are presented for different experimental conditions, particularly as far as electronics set up is concerned, in correlation with the relevant rise time distributions and with spatial distribution of interaction points in the detector. It is proved that in order to account for the rise times distributions as compared with the experimental ones, one must assume the presence of a dead region on the front of the detector. Moreover, a clear indication of what is needed in order to reach the best energy resolution in realistic conditions is given.

The effect of incorporation of SiH2 on a-Si:H matrix on the optical properties has been investigated on some details. It is shown that SiH2 incorporation is responsible for a further increase of the optical gap, and also for an increase in disorder. For concentrations larger than 15% approximately, microvoids are probably created and SiH2, which is covering their inner surfaces, seems not to affect the optical properties further on. The results indicate also clearly that the effect of autoannealing of the film during its growth cannot be neglected and that a new parameter should be retained, i.e. the total deposition time.

The effect of microvoids on optical properties of a-Si:H deposited by PECVD of SiH4 has been investigated in the deposition temperature range between 143°C and 266°C. Microvoids seem not to affect the density up to H concentrations CH of 15%. The density is decreased only by H incorporation, which, at the same time, influences directly the optical energy gap Eg Above CH=15%, microvoids can easily accommodate H and no further variation either of Eg or the index of refraction n can be appreciated. Microvoids are proven to be affected not only by deposition temperature, but also by deposition time and by a further annealing step, even if at a relative extent.

RY Scuti (HD 169515) is a massive 9thmag eclipsing binary (Porb = 11.12d) surrounded by a peculiar nebula. High resolution spectroscopic observations in Hα, He I (λ5876), [N II] (λλ6548, 6584), [A III] (λ7136) and [S III] (λλ9069, 9532) are presented. All emission lines show a complex profile with two main structures: a sharp and strong red component and a very broad fainter complex blue one in which at least three sub-components can be detected. We have analysed these profiles in order to derive information on the velocity field in the nebula. Permitted and forbidden lines show the same velocity field indicating a common line forming region. The presence of a multi-structured blue component in all profiles gives evidence that velocity gradients are present within the nebula. Systemic corrected expansion velocities of + 30 and −45,−30,−9 Km/s are found for the red and the three blue components respectively. Weaker emission structures, reflecting the same asymmetries of the strong emissions, are observed close to the permitted lines at larger velocities (Vb = −189 Km/s and Vr = 158 K m/s). The observed velocity field indicates an asymmetric mass outflow from the system very likely through the second Lagrange point rather than via stellar wind. The system should loose mass during the mass exchange phase. Using the masses (M1 = 39M⊙, M2 = 49M⊙) and radii (R1 = 37R⊙, R2 = 41R⊙) of the two components (Milano et al., 1981), and locating RY Scuti in the [log R, log M] diagram for early type contact binaries from Leung and Schneider (1979), we find that this system has just evolved-off the Terminal Age Main Sequence. Moreover, placing RY Scuti in the [log P, log M1/M2] diagram for O+O and WR+OB binaries of Massey (1981) we find that it is in an evolutionary phase just preceeding a WR+OB stage.

A long term multifrequency campaign on the T Tauri star RU Lupi has been carried out in the X-Ray, UV optical and IR spectral regions with ASTRON and IUE satellites and ESO 1.5 m+IDS, 1.4 m CAT, 0.5 m UBVRI and 1 m IR telescopes, respectively.

We present two flare-like events occurred on April 17, 1984 and June 30, 1986. The first one was detected only in the UV, clue to lack the of simultaneous observations in other spectral regions. The second one was observed in UV, optical and IR regions showing a maximum roughly in the U band A comparison of the whole energy distribution of this event with that of a quiescent state observed on June 27 shows a flux enhancement of (89 ± 2)%. A detailed analysis of UV continuum and lines, namely N V, C I, CII, CIV, Si II and Si IV, shows that ihe surfaces fluxes of RU Lupi are always larger than those observed on typical flare stars and on the Sun by a factor of roughly 2 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. This fact allows us to conclude that RU Lupi activity cannot be explained even invoking a complete coverage by solar-like plages. On the contrary a patchy distribution of the emitting regions could explain the observed behaviour of this active star.

Both single layers (SL) of Tb-Fe and multilayer (ML) TbFe/Al2O3 films have been prepared and the magnetic and magnetooptical properties have been studied as a function of Tb-Fe layer thickness (d,) and modulation characteristics. Perfect rectangular loop is observed only for d1 > 20 na. However in ML, even for d1 -8 nm such characteristics are obtained. Hc shows a stronger dependence on d1 particularly in ML samples. The properties of ML samples are determined by d1 A12O3 layer thickness and the number of bi-layers. The Faraday rotation for Tb19Fe81 films at 633 nm is found to be 2×105 deg.cm-1. Magnetic inhomogeneities cause steps and peaks in Faraday and Kerr loops respectively.