We study the generalized Ramsey–Turán function $\mathrm {RT}(n,K_s,K_t,o(n))$, which is the maximum possible number of copies of $K_s$ in an n-vertex $K_t$-free graph with independence number $o(n)$. The case when $s=2$ was settled by Erdős, Sós, Bollobás, Hajnal, and Szemerédi in the 1980s. We combinatorially resolve the general case for all $s\ge 3$, showing that the (asymptotic) extremal graphs for this problem have simple (bounded) structures. In particular, it implies that the extremal structures follow a periodic pattern when t is much larger than s. Our results disprove a conjecture of Balogh, Liu, and Sharifzadeh and show that a relaxed version does hold.

Digital technology enables employees to communicate with each other via virtual platforms. Emoji, particularly smile emoji, has received significant attention in virtual communication research. Drawing upon expectancy violation theory, we propose that in digital communications with followers, leader smile emoji usage has a positive effect on follower satisfaction with leader through perceived leader intimacy. In addition, leader smile emoji usage has a negative effect on perceived leader effectiveness through decreased perception of leader power. We further propose that the effects of leader smile emoji usage hinge on follower power distance orientation such that the negative effects of leader smile emojis usage are more pronounced for followers with high versus low power distance orientation. An experiment and a field study supported our hypotheses. Our research sheds light on the benefits and potential pitfalls of smile emoji usage in leader–follower digital communication.

Perceived intergenerational mobility profoundly influences individual attitudes and behaviour, carrying important implications for social stability and development. How do Chinese citizens perceive the intergenerational persistence of family advantages, and how do these perceptions compare with reality? This study conducts multiple randomized vignette experiments across two online surveys to assess public perceptions of correlations between various socio-economic indicators of parents and their children. Respondents estimate moderate to moderately strong correlations across generations. By leveraging the comparability of perceptions and objective estimates made possible by our novel measurement instrument, we find that respondents often overestimate the likelihood of equal opportunities for children from families with differing educational backgrounds. Alongside these largely optimistic perceptions, we also uncover signs of emerging pessimism. These results offer a nuanced snapshot of perceived social mobility in China, highlighting its multidimensional manifestations and divergence from reality, while also providing methodological insights for future research on its evolving dynamics.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) shows spatiotemporal heterogeneity in China. A spatiotemporal filtering model was constructed and applied to HFMD data to explore the underlying spatiotemporal structure of the disease and determine the impact of different spatiotemporal weight matrices on the results. HFMD cases and covariate data in East China were collected between 2009 and 2015. The different spatiotemporal weight matrices formed by Rook, K-nearest neighbour (KNN; K = 1), distance, and second-order spatial weight matrices (SO-SWM) with first-order temporal weight matrices in contemporaneous and lagged forms were decomposed, and spatiotemporal filtering model was constructed by selecting eigenvectors according to MC and the AIC. We used MI, standard deviation of the regression coefficients, and five indices (AIC, BIC, DIC, R2, and MSE) to compare the spatiotemporal filtering model with a Bayesian spatiotemporal model. The eigenvectors effectively removed spatial correlation in the model residuals (Moran’s I < 0.2, p > 0.05). The Bayesian spatiotemporal model’s Rook weight matrix outperformed others. The spatiotemporal filtering model with SO-SWM was superior, as shown by lower AIC (92,029.60), BIC (92,681.20), and MSE (418,022.7) values, and higher R2 (0.56) value. All spatiotemporal contemporaneous structures outperformed the lagged structures. Additionally, eigenvector maps from the Rook and SO-SWM closely resembled incidence patterns of HFMD.

How do subsidiaries sell initiatives to their headquarters? Multilayer decision-makers at corporate headquarters, with divergent interests and power, can overly complicate the acceptance process. We present a multi-case study to explore how subsidiaries of a Chinese multinational enterprise convince top management teams and department heads at their corporate headquarters to engage in foreign investments. Building on a micropolitical perspective, we develop a process model of subsidiary micropolitical strategy adoption consisting of (a) political tension retrieval regarding divergent interests and power at corporate headquarters around specific initiatives, (b) selective coalition building whose interests and power are aligned with the initiatives, and (c) a transitive relation leveraging strategy based on the ties of allied headquarters' managers. We further reveal the interplay between corporate motivations (i.e., market seeking vs. strategic asset seeking) and specific micropolitical activities adopted by subsidiary managers. We enhance the understanding of micropolitics in subsidiary initiatives by underscoring how to strategically manage differences among multilayer actors at corporate headquarters. Additionally, we reveal a political view of foreign investment decision-making in addition to rationality.

Direct numerical simulations in a low-curvature viscoelastic turbulent Taylor vortex flow, with Reynolds numbers ranging from 1500 to 8000 and maximum chain extensibility ($L$) from 50 to 200, reveal a maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote. Compared with the classical MDR observed in planar wall-bounded shear flows, that is, drag reduction (DR) is $\sim -80\, \%$, this MDR state achieves only moderate levels of DR ($\sim -60\,\%$). This is due to the existence of large-scale structures (LSSs). A careful examination of the flow structures reveals that the polymer–turbulence interaction suppresses small-scale vortices and stabilizes the LSSs. These structural changes in turn lead to a reduction of Reynolds stress, and consequently to a DR flow state. Although Reynolds stress does not vanish as observed in classical MDR states, the small-scale vortices that heavily populate the near-wall region are also almost completely eliminated in this flow state. Concurrently, significant polymer stresses develop as a consequence of the interaction between polymer chains and LSSs that partially offset the magnitude of DR, leading to MDR asymptotes with moderate levels of DR. Moreover, we demonstrate that polymer deformation, i.e. deviation from the equilibrium state, is directly correlated with the LSSs dynamics, while the polymer deformation fluctuation displays a universal property in the MDR state. Hence, it is not surprising that the extent of DR exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on the maximum chain extensibility. Specifically, the variation in $L$ alters the incoherent and coherent angular momentum transport by small- and large-scale flow structures, respectively. To that end, the most DR flow state occurs at a moderate value $L=100$. Overall, this study further supports the universal property of polymer-induced asymptotic states in wall-bounded turbulence and paves the way for mechanistic understanding of drag modification that arises from the interaction of polymers with small- and large-scale flow structures.

The impact of long-term nocturnal warming on soil aggregate stability and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration was examined in agricultural fields. Employing a passive warming system, the nighttime warming experiment involved two treatments: a control check (CK) and a nighttime warming treatment (WT), spanning the entire growth seasons of wheat from 2013 to 2021. The annual average temperature increase ranged from 0.3 to 1.3°C, with an average increment of 0.71°C over the eight years. Both dry and wet sieving methods showed that nighttime warming reduced the proportion of macroaggregates and increased microaggregates compared to CK, thereby diminishing soil aggregate (SA) stability. While nighttime warming had the potential to elevate the concentrations and contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), significant effects were only observed in the concentrations and contribution rates of SOC and TN. The C/N ratios across different particle sizes within SA were not significantly affected by nighttime warming. Additionally, no significant correlation was found between the SOC/TN contents and contribution rates and the stability of SA. These results suggest that eight years of nighttime warming could undermine the stability of SA, yet it did not impact the pools of N and C in the agricultural lands of central China.

Objectives/Goals: Our study’s objective is to evaluate RadOnc-GPT, a GPT-4o powered LLM, in generating responses to in-basket messages related to prostate cancer treatment in the Radiation Oncology department. By integrating it with electronic health record (EHR) systems, the goal is to assess its impact on clinician workload, response quality, and efficiency in healthcare communication. Methods/Study Population: RadOnc-GPT was integrated with patient EHRs from both hospital-wide and radiation-oncology-specific databases. The study examined 158 pre-recorded in-basket message interactions from 90 non-metastatic prostate cancer patients. Quantitative natural language processing analysis and two randomized single-blinded grading studies, involving four clinicians and four nurses, were conducted to evaluate RadOnc-GPT’s response quality in completeness, correctness, clarity, empathy, and estimated editing time. Response times were measured to estimate the time saved for clinicians and nurses. The study population included patient messages across all phases of care (pre-, during, and post-treatment) for those undergoing radiotherapy. Results/Anticipated Results: In the single-blinded grader study, clinician graders evaluated 316 responses (158 from human care teams and 158 from RadOnc-GPT). Results showed RadOnc-GPT outperformed human responses in empathy and clarity, while humans excelled in completeness and correctness. Sentiment analyses using TextBlob and VADER revealed RadOnc-GPT responses had a positive mean score of 0.25, whereas human responses clustered around neutral. VADER analysis indicated a high median score for RadOnc-GPT, nearing 1.0, reflecting predominantly positive sentiment, while human responses displayed a broader sentiment range, indicating sensitivity to context. Clinicians averaged 3.60 minutes (SD 1.44) to respond, compared to 6.39 minutes (SD 4.05) for nurses, highlighting RadOnc-GPT’s efficiency in generating timely responses. Discussion/Significance of Impact: RadOnc-GPT effectively generated responses to individualized patient in-basket messages, comparable to those from radiation oncologists and nurses. While human oversight is still necessary to avoid errors, RadOnc-GPT can speed up response times and reduce pressure on care teams, shifting their role from drafting to reviewing responses.

Objectives/Goals: Sexual minority populations (SMPs), including lesbian, gay, and bisexual groups, disproportionately encounter discriminatory experiences due to bi/homonegativity and systemic inequities across various social domains. We aim to understand how the neighborhood-level stressors and resilience sources differed across specific groups in SMPs. Methods/Study Population: Utilizing the NIH All of Us’ cloud-based platform, we selected cohorts self-identifying as gay (n  =  9,454), bisexual (n  =  15,284), lesbian (n = 5267), or straight (n  =  349,748). We explored multiple key measures of neighborhood-level stressors (e.g., neighborhood disorder, neighborhood cohesion, and environment index) and resilience sources (e.g., neighbor cohesion, social support), and other factors (e.g., food insecurity, housing insecurity, and housing instability) by their sexual orientations using analysis of variance or Chi-square analyses. Results/Anticipated Results: Our sample comprised 60.8% females and 37.5% males identifying as non-binary or transgender, with an average age of 55.6 years (SD  =  17.1). The racial composition was 56.0% White, 19.4% Black, 18.7% Hispanic, and 5.9% others (e.g., Asian, multiracial). Compared to straight individuals, SMPs reported high neighborhood stressors (e.g., disorder, worse environment) but lower neighborhood-level resilience sources (e.g., social support, cohesion). In addition, bisexual groups reported highest prevalence of housing insecurity (6.7% vs. 2.3%), housing instability (36.0% vs. 19.6%), and food insecurity (26.57% vs. 12.21%). Discussion/Significance of Impact: SMPs, particularly bisexual individuals, face greater neighborhood stressors and fewer resilience sources than their straight counterparts. These findings call for targeted interventions to address these disparities and promote health equity, using large-scale datasets to inform community-based solutions.

Objectives/Goals: To evaluate equity in utilization of free initial health evaluation (IHE) services among members of a limited health care program, the World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program (Program), to inform intervention development and provide insights for similar healthcare programs. Methods/Study Population: We included Program members who newly enrolled during 2012–2022, and who had an IHE or were alive for ≥ 1 year after enrollment. Program administrative and surveillance data collected from January 2012 to February 2024 were used. We evaluated two outcomes: timely IHE utilization (proportion of members completing an IHE within 6 months of enrollment) and any IHE utilization (proportion completing an IHE by February 2024). We described IHE utilization by enrollment year and various members’ characteristics and conducted multivariable logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds ratios for IHE utilizations to identify factors related to potential inequities for the two member types: Responders, who performed support services, vs. Survivors, who did not respond but were present in the New York disaster area. Results/Anticipated Results: A total of 27,379 Responders and 30,679 Survivors were included. Responders were 89% male, 70% 45–64 years old at enrollment and 76% White. Survivors were 46% female, 54% 45–64 years old at enrollment, and 57% White. Timely IHE utilizations remained relatively stable (~65%) among Responders across time and increased from 16% among Survivors who enrolled in 2017 to 68% among Survivors who enrolled in 2021. Timely IHE utilization was lower for younger members (enrolled Discussion/Significance of Impact: This study highlights Program achievements and gaps in providing equitable IHE services. Strategies to improve members’ equitable IHE utilization can include: adopt/expand flexible scheduling; increase non-English language capacity and cultural competency; and facilitate transportation/assistance for members with accessibility barriers.

Triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) is a surrogate marker of subcutaneous fat. Evidence is limited about the association of sex-specific TSF with the risk of all-cause mortality among maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship of TSF with all-cause mortality among MHD patients. A multicenter prospective cohort study was performed in 1034 patients undergoing MHD. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association of TSF with the risk of mortality. The mean (standard deviation) age of the study population was 54.1 (15.1) years. 599 (57.9%) of the participants were male. The median (interquartile range) of TSF was 9.7 (6.3–13.3 mm) in males and 12.7 (10.0–18.0 mm) in females. Over a median follow up of 4.4 years (interquartile range, 2.4-7.9 years), there were 548 (53.0%) deaths. When TSF was assessed as sex-specific quartiles, compared with those in quartile 1, the adjusted HRs (95%CIs) of all-cause mortality in quartile 2, quartile 3 and quartile 4 were 0.93 (0.73, 1.19), 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) and 0.69 (0.52, 0.92), respectively (P for trend =0.005). Moreover, when analyzed by sex, increased TSF (≥9.7 mm for males and ≥18mm for females) was significantly associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (quartile 3-4 vs. quartile 1-2; HR, 0.70; 95%CI: 0.55, 0.90 in males; quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1-3; HR, 0.69; 95%CI: 0.48, 1.00 in females). In conclusion, high TSF was significantly associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in MHD patients.

Objectives/Goals: The World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program (Program), a limited federal healthcare program for eligible people exposed to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, expanded telemedicine services during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed service use trends from 2020–2021 to describe how the program implemented telemedicine services. Methods/Study Population: We estimated use rates of telemedicine-eligible services and telemedicine services by all included program members and by subgroups of members defined by member type (responder or survivor) and selected characteristics for the study period 2020–2021. We described the use trends of total telemedicine-eligible visits, telemedicine visits, and in-person visits, respectively, by quarter. We calculated the quarterly rates of telemedicine use per 1000 living members. We used a multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between member characteristics and telemedicine use rates. Results/Anticipated Results: About 75% of telemedicine visits were related to mental health services. In the second quarter of 2020 (April–June), telemedicine use rate (367 visits/1000 members) increased, exceeding in-person service rate (152 visits/1000 members) by 1.4 fold. Telemedicine use rate decreased gradually in the rest of the study period but still represented 38% of total visits by the end of 2021. Regression models showed differences in telemedicine use rates by member type and by demographic characteristics. Survivor members (vs. responder members), those self-identified as non-Hispanic Other races (vs. non-Hispanic White), those with preferred non-English language (vs. preferred English), and those not living in the New York metropolitan area (vs. living in the New York metropolitan area) were less likely to use telemedicine. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The expansion of telemedicine service provided members uninterrupted access to necessary health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. It underscored the importance of extensive partner collaboration, the capacity to rapidly develop necessary technical guidance, and the flexibility to timely address frequent regulatory guidance updates.