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187 results

Page 1 of 10

  • An outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O103:H2 associated with unpasteurized soft cheese, England and Wales, 2022

  • Ellen Heinsbroek, Eleanor Blakey, Alex Simpson, Neville Q Verlander, David R. Greig, Frieda Jorgensen, Andrew Nelson, Amy Douglas, Sooria Balasegaram, Claire Jenkins, Richard Elson
  • Journal:
    Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 152 / 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 January 2025, e172
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  • In July 2022, a genetically linked and geographically dispersed cluster of 12 cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O103:H2 was detected by the UK Health Security Agency using whole genome sequencing. Review of food history questionnaires identified cheese (particularly an unpasteurized brie-style cheese) and mixed salad leaves as potential vehicles. A case–control study was conducted to investigate exposure to these products. Case food history information was collected by telephone. Controls were recruited using a market research panel and self-completed an online questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable analyses were undertaken using Firth Logistic Regression. Eleven cases and 24 controls were included in the analysis. Consumption of the brie-style cheese of interest was associated with illness (OR 57.5, 95% confidence interval: 3.10–1,060). Concurrently, the production of the brie-style cheese was investigated. Microbiological sample results for the cheese products and implicated dairy herd did not identify the outbreak strain, but did identify the presence of stx genes and STEC, respectively. Together, epidemiological, microbiological, and environmental investigations provided evidence that the brie-style cheese was the vehicle for this outbreak. Production of unpasteurized dairy products was suspended by the business operator, and a review of practices was performed.

  • Guilt and Guilty Pleas

  • ANDREW T. LITTLE, HANNAH K. SIMPSON
  • Journal:
    American Political Science Review / Volume 119 / Issue 2 / May 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 August 2024, pp. 1003-1017
    Print publication:
    May 2025
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  • Plea bargaining figures heavily in criminal justice systems in the United States and, increasingly, around the globe. Conventional wisdom holds that plea bargaining generates efficiency gains for all parties, while sorting the guilty from the innocent. We build a series of formal models to consider the relationship between a defendant’s guilt and her likelihood of pleading guilty. In an inversion of the conventional wisdom, we show that under a range of empirically plausible scenarios—for example, if criminals are more risk-seeking than the wrongfully accused, or if prosecutors derive a career benefit from trial wins—the innocent are more likely than the guilty to plea bargain.

Comparative Perspectives in Scottish and Norwegian Legal History, Trade and Seafaring, 1200-1800
  • Edited by Andrew R. C. Simpson, Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde
  • Published by:
    Edinburgh University Press
    Published online:
    17 November 2023
    Print publication:
    31 March 2023
  • There were significant points of contact and similarities in the ways in which the laws of Scotland and Norway developed. The Treaty of Perth of 1266 was of significance in the state formation of both countries, and in the determination of their territorial boundaries. The laws and customs applicable in the Orkneys and the Shetlands remain distinctive due to Norse influence, centuries after those islands became subject to Scottish sovereignty. The extensive trading links between two countries united by the North Sea raises the question of how trade between the territories was regulated.

    This book brings together experts in Norwegian and Scottish legal, economic and political history to explore these points of contact. It breaks new ground, considering Scots law in terms of its historical interactions and similarities with another national legal system, rather than in terms of its place at the intersection between the common law and the civilian traditions.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Andrew R. C. Simpson, University of Edinburgh, Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde, Universitetet i Oslo
  • Book:
    Comparative Perspectives in Scottish and Norwegian Legal History, Trade and Seafaring, 1200-1800
    Published by:
    Edinburgh University Press
    Published online:
    17 November 2023
    Print publication:
    31 March 2023, pp 1-32

  • Summary

    A: 1266 AND ALL THAT?

    1266 is not as famous a year as 1066 in the history of the British Isles. Nonetheless, it is one useful point of departure for any attempt to compare the legal and political histories of Scotland and Norway. In that year, a long-running conflict between Scotland and Norway came to an end. This culminated in the Treaty of Perth, which was agreed between the representatives of the respective kings of the two countries – Magnus VI of Norway (r. 1263–1280) and Alexander III of Scotland (r. 1249–1286). Both kings shared certain assumptions about what it meant to exercise kingship. Both wanted to articulate the territorial boundaries of their realms – something that the Treaty of Perth helped to achieve. Within their territorial boundaries, they sought to articulate their kingship in similar ways. For example, they both reformed the coinage, in Alexander III's case by establishing a remarkable number of mints across the kingdom during the 1250s, and in Magnus VI's case during the two succeeding decades. In addition, they both cultivated the idea that their realms possessed unitary laws. In the Treaty of Perth, it was provided that the people living in islands ceded by Norway to Scotland would thereafter be governed by the “laws and customs of the kingdom of Scotland and be dealt with and judged according to them from now into the future”. This indicates that Alexander III and his advisers could at least appeal to a unitary law of the realm as an ideal. In Norway, Magnus VI's political efforts after the Treaty of Perth were directed towards unifying the law of the realm, including the law in the Northern Isles and the Faroes, Iceland and Greenland. This reinforced the older idea that the king might issue law for the whole of the realm, and simultaneously created a standard of unified law for the whole kingdom.

    Considering these points about Alexander III and Magnus VI together is a helpful way to introduce the present volume, which is concerned with comparative legal history, and specifically comparing the legal histories of Norway and Scotland. The stories of their reigns illustrate that some of the elements essential for any effective comparison are present. Ostensibly, there are similarities in the historical developments of both kingdoms as their rulers sought to forge political and legal identities within their territorial realms.

  • 6 - Urban Legal Procedure in Fourteenth Century Scotland: A fresh look at the 1317 court roll of Aberdeen

  • Edited by Andrew R. C. Simpson, University of Edinburgh, Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde, Universitetet i Oslo
  • Book:
    Comparative Perspectives in Scottish and Norwegian Legal History, Trade and Seafaring, 1200-1800
    Published by:
    Edinburgh University Press
    Published online:
    17 November 2023
    Print publication:
    31 March 2023, pp 181-208

  • Summary

    A: INTRODUCTION

    In 1317, a court of the burgh of Aberdeen had regard to what it called the leges burgorum Scocie – the laws of the burghs of Scotland – in determining the outcome of a particular legal process. The leges were used in part to identify the procedures that had to be followed when transferring claims to lands within the burgh from one person to another. Yet what did the court mean when it referred to the leges burgorum Scocie? In essence, that is the central question that will be considered throughout this chapter.

    Those familiar with the history of the laws of the medieval Scottish kingdom might quite reasonably assume that when the court considered the leges burgorum Scocie, it was in fact referring to a text that survives in several manuscript witnesses dateable to the late-thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The earliest manuscript witness bar one to the surviving text – the Ayr MS, dateable to 1323–1346 – refers to it as the “captiula legis burgorum Scocie” (i.e. the chapters of the law of the burghs of Scotland), whilst what may be the next earliest witness – the Bute MS, dateable to the final years of the fourteenth century – labels a Scots translation of it the “leges burgorum Scocie facte apud nouvm castrum super Tynam per Dauid regem Scotorum illustrisimum” (i.e. the laws of the burghs of Scotland made at Newcastle upon Tyne by David, most illustrious king of the Scots). This text may itself have owed something – or nothing, or a great deal, it is impossible to know for certain – to lost texts of burgh laws once contained in two rolls in the Scottish royal treasury in Edinburgh Castle in 1292. The rolls were labelled “de legibus assisis regni Scocie et de legibus et consuetudinibus Burgorum Scocie et de quibusdam statutis editis per reges Scocie” (i.e. concerning the laws and assizes of the kingdom of Scotland and concerning the laws and customs of the burghs of Scotland and concerning certain statutes brought forth by the kings of Scotland). Of course, anyone assuming that the court of the burgh of Aberdeen must have had the text attested in the Ayr MS and the Bute MS in mind when it referred to the leges burgorum Scocie might pause to reflect on the fact that the earliest witness to that text is labelled rather differently.

  • Symptom monitoring after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in a large integrated healthcare system: Separating symptoms from severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection

  • Erica S. Shenoy, Paige G. Wickner, Lauren R. West, Aleena Banerji, Kimberly G. Blumenthal, Amanda J. Centi, Andrew Gottlieb, Dean M. Hashimoto, Esther Kim, Marvel Kim, Hang Lee, Lynn A. Simpson, Adam B. Landman
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 43 / Issue 10 / October 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 November 2021, pp. 1439-1446
    Print publication:
    October 2022
  • Objective:

    To describe the incidence of systemic overlap and typical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms in healthcare personnel (HCP) following COVID-19 vaccination and association of reported symptoms with diagnosis of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the context of public health recommendations regarding work exclusion.

    Design:

    This prospective cohort study was conducted between December 16, 2020, and March 14, 2021, with HCP who had received at least 1 dose of either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.

    Setting:

    Large healthcare system in New England.

    Interventions:

    HCP were prompted to complete a symptom survey for 3 days after each vaccination. Reported symptoms generated automated guidance regarding symptom management, SARS-CoV-2 testing requirements, and work restrictions. Overlap symptoms (ie, fever, fatigue, myalgias, arthralgias, or headache) were categorized as either lower or higher severity. Typical COVID-19 symptoms included sore throat, cough, nasal congestion or rhinorrhea, shortness of breath, ageusia and anosmia.

    Results:

    Among 64,187 HCP, a postvaccination electronic survey had response rates of 83% after dose 1 and 77% after dose 2. Report of ≥3 lower-severity overlap symptoms, ≥1 higher-severity overlap symptoms, or at least 1 typical COVID-19 symptom after dose 1 was associated with increased likelihood of testing positive. HCP with prior COVID-19 infection were significantly more likely to report severe overlap symptoms after dose 1.

    Conclusions:

    Reported overlap symptoms were common; however, only report of ≥3 low-severity overlap symptoms, at least 1 higher-severity overlap symptom, or any typical COVID-19 symptom were associated with infection. Work-related restrictions for overlap symptoms should be reconsidered.

  • Associations between conflicting nutrition information, nutrition confusion and backlash among consumers in the UK

  • Santosh Vijaykumar, Andrew McNeill, Joshua Simpson
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 5 / April 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 January 2021, pp. 914-923
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  • Objective:

    To examine the effects of exposure to conflicting nutritional information (CNI) through different forms of media on nutrition-related confusion and backlash among consumers in the UK.

    Design:

    Cross-sectional survey administered via Qualtrics among 18–75-year-old participants in the UK. The sample was stratified by age and gender with quotas defined according to the 2011 UK census distribution.

    Setting:

    Qualtrics’ Online panel of respondents in the UK.

    Participants:

    676 participants comprising nearly an equal number of females (n 341) and males (n 335) and a majority (58·6 %) from households whose income was <£30 000.

    Results:

    Our findings showed that nearly 40 % of respondents were exposed to some or a lot of CNI. We found that while exposure to CNI from TV and online news increased nutrition confusion, CNI from health professionals increased backlash. Exposure to CNI from social media and health websites was associated with reduced backlash. We also found that nutrition confusion and backlash were negatively associated with exercise behaviour and fruit and vegetable consumption, respectively.

    Conclusions:

    Our study supports the theoretical pathways that explain the influence of CNI exposure on nutrition-related cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Additionally, different types of online information sources are associated with these outcomes to varying degrees. In the context of obesity and diabetes rates in the UK, our findings call for (a) further experimental research into the effects of CNI on consumers’ diet-related cognitions and behaviours and (b) multi-stakeholder, interdisciplinary approaches to address this problem.

  • Interagency Cooperation in the Twilight of the Great Society: Telemedicine, NASA, and the Papago Nation

  • ANDREW T. SIMPSON, CHARLES R. DOARN, STEPHEN J. GARBER
  • Journal:
    Journal of Policy History / Volume 32 / Issue 1 / January 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2020, pp. 25-51

  • NASA has put people in unique and extreme environments for over six decades. Supporting these individuals with a comprehensive health-care system has evolved over this period. As the Apollo program ended and NASA began to contemplate a space shuttle and space station program, societal pressures in the late 1960s and early 1970s caused federal agencies such as NASA to reconsider how to link the needs of the space program with a growing pressure to address societal needs by forging interagency partnerships. The Space Technology Applied to the Rural Papago Health Care (STARPAHC) project provides an example of how NASA sought to balance these two imperatives in an age of diminishing federal support. This project can provide lessons for today’s uncertain budgetary future for agencies such as NASA, which are once again being asked to find creative and innovative ways to support their missions while demonstrating their larger value to society.

  • A survey of bolus tube feeding prevalence and practice in adult patients requiring home enteral tube feeding

  • Gary P. Hubbard, Sophie Andrews, Sean White, Gary Simpson, Sarah Topen, Lindsay Carnie, Claire Murphy, Rhian Collins, Judith Davies, Annalisa Owen, Julie Barker, Lisa Green, Ileen Patel, Joanne Ridgway, Jo Lenchner, Julie Faerber, Lorna Pearce, Hannah Meanwell, Natalie Kominek, Lucy Stark, Heather Best, Rebecca Simons, Tessa Cross, Rebecca J. Stratton
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 122 / Issue 11 / 14 December 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 September 2019, pp. 1271-1278
    Print publication:
    14 December 2019
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  • Anecdotal evidence suggests the use of bolus tube feeding is increasing in the long-term home enteral tube feed (HETF) patients. A cross-sectional survey to assess the prevalence of bolus tube feeding and to characterise these patients was undertaken. Dietitians from ten centres across the UK collected data on all adult HETF patients on the dietetic caseload receiving bolus tube feeding (n 604, 60 % male, age 58 years). Demographic data, reasons for tube and bolus feeding, tube and equipment types, feeding method and patients’ complete tube feeding regimens were recorded. Over a third of patients receiving HETF used bolus feeding (37 %). Patients were long-term tube fed (4·1 years tube feeding, 3·5 years bolus tube feeding), living at home (71 %) and sedentary (70 %). The majority were head and neck cancer patients (22 %) who were significantly more active (79 %) and lived at home (97 %), while those with cerebral palsy (12 %) were typically younger (age 31 years) but sedentary (94 %). Most patients used bolus feeding as their sole feeding method (46 %), because it was quick and easy to use, as a top-up to oral diet or to mimic mealtimes. Importantly, oral nutritional supplements (ONS) were used for bolus feeding in 85 % of patients, with 51 % of these being compact-style ONS (2·4 kcal (10·0 kJ)/ml, 125 ml). This survey shows that bolus tube feeding is common among UK HETF patients, is used by a wide variety of patient groups and can be adapted to meet the needs of a variety of patients, clinical conditions, nutritional requirements and lifestyles.

  • Dog bites in the emergency department: a descriptive analysis

  • Alexander Morzycki, Andrew Simpson, Jason Williams
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 21 / Issue 1 / January 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 March 2018, pp. 63-70
    Print publication:
    January 2019
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  • Objective

    The purpose of this study was to assess the pattern of adult dog bites presenting to a medium size Canadian city’s Emergency Departments.

    Methods

    All adult (≥16 years) patients presenting to Emergency Departments in our region during a 30-month period (January 2013 to June 2015) were identified. Demographics, injury patterns, and dog-specific characteristics were studied.

    Results

    A total of 475 dog bites were identified. The greatest proportion of dog bites occurred in the summer months (140, 30%). Pit-bull type was the most frequently implicated breed (27%). The majority of patients identified were female (295, 62%). The majority of bites occurred in the hands (264 cases, 56%). Bites occurring in the head and neck accounted for 11% of all injuries. Although 50% of injuries required only washout and dressing, 15 cases (3%) required a complex primary closure. The operating room was utilized in the reconstruction of eight defects (2%). There were four (1%) tendon repairs, one (0.2%) nerve repair, and one injury requiring a skin graft (0.2%). Three patients were admitted to hospital. We identified an overall infection rate of 10%.

    Conclusions

    Dog bites most commonly occurred in the hands and upper extremities, and carried an infection risk of approximately 10%. Large, muscular breeds were the most frequently implicated. The effectiveness of breed-specific legislation remains unclear, but educational programs for dog owners, children, and health care workers may help decrease the number and severity of attacks.

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