Foliar-applied postemergence applications of glufosinate are often applied to glufosinate-resistant crops to provide nonselective weed control without significant crop injury. Rainfall, air temperature, solar radiation, and relative humidity near the time of application have been reported to affect glufosinate efficacy. However, previous research may have not captured the full range of weather variability to which glufosinate may be exposed before or following application. Additionally, climate models suggest more extreme weather will become the norm, further expanding the weather range to which glufosinate can be exposed. The objective of this research was to quantify the probability of successful weed control (efficacy ≥85%) with glufosinate applied to some key weed species across a broad range of weather conditions. A database of >10,000 North American herbicide evaluation trials was used in this study. The database was filtered to include treatments with a single postemergence application of glufosinate applied to waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer], morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.), and/or giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) <15 cm in height. These species were chosen because they are well represented in the database and listed as common and troublesome weed species in both corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Van Wychen 2020, 2022). Individual random forest models were created. Low rainfall (≤20 mm) over the 5 d before glufosinate application was detrimental to the probability of successful control of A. tuberculatus and S. faberi. Lower relative humidity (≤70%) and solar radiation (≤23 MJ m−1 d−1) on the day of application reduced the probability of successful weed control in most cases. Additionally, the probability of successful control decreased for all species when average air temperature over the first 5 d after application was ≤25 C. As climate continues to change and become more variable, the risk of unacceptable control of several common species with glufosinate is likely to increase.

Foliar-applied postemergence herbicides are a critical component of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] weed management programs in North America. Rainfall and air temperature around the time of application may affect the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergence in corn or soybean production fields. However, previous research utilized a limited number of site-years and may not capture the range of rainfall and air temperatures that these herbicides are exposed to throughout North America. The objective of this research was to model the probability of achieving successful weed control (≥85%) with commonly applied postemergence herbicides across a broad range of environments. A large database of more than 10,000 individual herbicide evaluation field trials conducted throughout North America was used in this study. The database was filtered to include only trials with a single postemergence application of fomesafen, glyphosate, mesotrione, or fomesafen + glyphosate. Waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer], morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.), and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) were the weeds of focus. Separate random forest models were created for each weed species by herbicide combination. The probability of successful weed control deteriorated when the average air temperature within the first 10 d after application was <19 or >25 C for most of the herbicide by weed species models. Additionally, drier conditions before postemergence herbicide application reduced the probability of successful control for several of the herbicide by weed species models. As air temperatures increase and rainfall becomes more variable, weed control with many of the commonly used postemergence herbicides is likely to become less reliable.

Decision-making capacity (DMC) among psychiatric inpatients is a pivotal clinical concern. A review by Okai et al. (2007) suggested that most psychiatric inpatients have DMC for treatment, and its assessment is reliable. Nevertheless, the high heterogeneity and mixed results from other studies mean there is considerable uncertainty around this topic. This study aimed to update Okai's research by conducting a systematic review with meta-analysis to address heterogeneity. We performed a systematic search across four databases, yielding 5351 results. We extracted data from 20 eligible studies on adult psychiatric inpatients, covering DMC assessments from 2006 to May 2022. A meta-analysis was conducted on 11 papers, and a quality assessment was performed. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022330074). The proportion of patients with DMC for treatment varied widely based on treatment setting, the specific decision and assessment methods. Reliable capacity assessment was feasible. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Global Assessment of Function (GAF), and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) predicted clinical judgments of capacity. Schizophrenia and bipolar mania were linked to the highest incapacity rates, while depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with better capacity and insight. Unemployment was the only sociodemographic factor correlated with incapacity. Assessing mental capacity is replicable, with most psychiatric inpatients able to make treatment decisions. However, this capacity varies with admission stage, formal status (involuntary or voluntary), and information provided. The severity of psychopathology is linked to mental capacity, though detailed psychopathological data are limited.

The next generation of high-power lasers enables repetition of experiments at orders of magnitude higher frequency than what was possible using the prior generation. Facilities requiring human intervention between laser repetitions need to adapt in order to keep pace with the new laser technology. A distributed networked control system can enable laboratory-wide automation and feedback control loops. These higher-repetition-rate experiments will create enormous quantities of data. A consistent approach to managing data can increase data accessibility, reduce repetitive data-software development and mitigate poorly organized metadata. An opportunity arises to share knowledge of improvements to control and data infrastructure currently being undertaken. We compare platforms and approaches to state-of-the-art control systems and data management at high-power laser facilities, and we illustrate these topics with case studies from our community.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Multiple Organ Failure, often precipitated by Acute Lung Injury, is a life-threatening condition that causes death in military and civilian life. Furthermore, Acute Kidney Injury is very common, increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, understanding the molecular difference between survivors and non-survivors is urgently needed. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A 24-hour unilateral pulmonary contusion porcine model (pneumonectomy) of trauma-induced Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) model (n=17) and separate 48-hour polytrauma injury of bilateral pulmonary contusion, traumatic brain injury, and hemorrhage (polytrauma) MOF model (n=26) was developed at Dr. Batchinsky's AREVA laboratory. Serum was assayed at baseline and 3h or 6h post-trauma for amino acid metabolites using the Zip-Chip platform for mass spectrometry. The IDO1 enzyme activity assay kit (ab235936) was used to measure IDO1 enzyme activity in the tissue. Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) was employed to frozen kidney tissues. Tissues were sectioned to 10- micron thickness. For MSI, the DAN matrix was utilized, and MALDI-MSI images were processed and obtained from METASPACE and SCILS software. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the pneumonectomy model, 10 survived, 7 died, and in the polytrauma group, 13 survived, and 13 died. In the pneumonectomy model, there was a significant increase in the serum kynurenine/tryptophan (KYN/TRP) ratio in the non-survivors 3h post-injury. A similar pattern was found in the validation group, which showed a significant increase in the KYN/TRP ratio at 6h post-trauma in non-survivors from the polytrauma model. There was a significant increase in IDO1 enzyme activity in non-survivor kidney tissues and a downregulation of tryptophan (TRP) metabolite in the kidney section in the non-survivor group post-trauma. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An increase in the KYN/TRP ratio post-trauma identified the pigs that suffered early mortality. A decrease in TRP metabolite and an increase in IDO1 enzyme activity in the kidney could contribute to an increase in KYN in the non-survivors. As a result, focusing on therapeutics targeting the KYN/TRP to reduce the incidence and severity of MOF is warranted.

The present study examined the association between adolescents’ extracurricular activities and bullying perpetration and victimisation. The sample was drawn from the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health dataset. Analyses included descriptive statistics and logistic regression for the early adolescent and middle adolescent groups. Among early adolescents, sports were negatively associated with victimisation. Participation in clubs/organisations, organised activities or lessons, and community services were negatively associated, while employment was positively related to bullying perpetration. Among middle adolescents, all extracurricular activities were negatively related to victimisation. As for bullying perpetration, organised activities or lessons and community services were negatively associated with bullying. The study highlights the potential for sport and extracurricular involvement as ways to possibly deter bullying perpetration and victimisation. Future research should consider these associations longitudinally.

Robot positioning performance is studied in the scope of a robotized X-ray computed tomography application on a ABB IRB4600 robot. The robot has the “absolute accuracy” option, that is, the manufacturer has identified the manufacturing defects and included them in the robot control. Laser-tracker measurement on a 6.5-h long linear trajectory shows thermal drift and backlash issues, affecting the positioning unidirectional repeatability and bidirectional accuracy. A thermo-geometrical model with backlash compensation is developed. Geometrical calibration improves the forwards unidirectional mean accuracy from 1.39 to 0.06 mm between theoretical and optimized geometrical parameters with a stable thermal state. Thermo-geometrical calibration reduces the positioning scattering from a maximum of 0.15 to 0.05 mm (close to the repeatability of the robot). Backlash compensation improves the bidirectional mean accuracy from 1.53 to 0.07 mm.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Implement and evaluate a fellowship program to foster a new generation of entrepreneurial and collaboratively-minded team scientists, equipped with the knowledge and skills to innovate technology-based solutions for COVID-19 to advance human health OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Mount Sinai Targeted Healthcare Innovation Fellowship (THRIVE) is a 9-month program for participants from diverse professional backgrounds to develop HealthTech innovations related to COVID-19. The program is designed to provide an experiential team science platform for fellows to take an idea from concept to commercially viable innovation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Following a competitive application process, 16 THRIVE fellows comprise four teams working collaboratively in an online forum with input from experts in the field. Success of the program will be evaluated by:

assessing pre- and post- collaborative research orientation among THRIVE fellows using the ROI scale1

using social network analysis (SNA) to investigate the social networks of THRIVE fellows to capture patterns of communication and collaboration related to innovation development

exploring participant experiences of group formation, teamwork and collaboration related to innovation development using one-to-one semi-structured interview

determining team success in innovation development, measured by number of publications, funding awarded, provisional patents and viable products. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Paired t-tests will determine whether collaborative orientation of THRIVE fellows changes pre- vs. post- program participation, indicating changes in attitude toward multidisciplinary team work. SNA will be used to describe structural patterns of communication that occur at individual and group levels. Network-level indices will provide insight into patterns of communication that exist in innovation development: degree centrality (number of connections per individual), betweenness centrality (number of bridges to others in a network), closeness centrality (closeness to others in a network). We will also test for associations between network characteristics and team success. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Understanding patterns of formal and informal relationships, interactions, and perceptions of the collaborative process among individuals in THRIVE teams will elucidate whether such a program can provide an effective forum for team science and innovation development related to COVID-19.

Evidence from animal models demonstrate that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) alters airway structure and function which may affect susceptibility to disease. Airway inflammation and dysregulated epithelial barrier properties are features of asthma which have not been examined in the context of IUGR. This study used a maternal hypoxia-induced IUGR mouse model to assess lung-specific and systemic inflammation and airway epithelial tight junctions (TJs) protein expression. Pregnant BALB/c mice were housed under hypoxic conditions (10.5% O2) from gestational day (GD) 11 to 17.5 (IUGR group; term, GD 21). Following hypoxic exposure, mice were returned to a normoxic environment (21% O2). A Control group was housed under normoxic conditions throughout pregnancy. Offspring weights were recorded at 2 and 8 weeks of age and euthanized for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peritoneal cavity fluid collection for inflammatory cells counts. From a separate group of mice, right lungs were collected for Western blotting of TJs proteins. IUGR offspring had greater inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid but not in peritoneal fluid compared with Controls. At 8 weeks of age, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-13, and eotaxin concentrations were higher in male IUGR compared with male Control offspring but not in females. IUGR had no effect on TJs protein expression. Maternal hypoxia-induced IUGR increases inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid of IUGR offspring with no difference in TJs protein expression. Increased cytokine release, specific to the lungs of IUGR male offspring, indicates that both IUGR and sex can influence susceptibility to airway disease.

This paper examines the misalignment between modern human society and certain male phenotypes, a misalignment that has been highlighted and explored in great detail in the work of Tom Dishion. We begin by briefly enumerating the ongoing developmental difficulties of many boys and young men and how these difficulties affect them and those around them. We then suggest that the qualities that have been advantageous for men and their families in our earlier evolution but that are often no longer functional in modern society are a source of these problems. Finally, we provide a brief review of prevention programs that can contribute to preventing this type of problematic development and eliciting more prosocial behavior from at-risk boys and men. We conclude with an overview of research and policy priorities that could contribute to reducing the proportion of boys and young men who experience developmental difficulties in making their way in the world.

This article explores the moral politics of the welfare state and the social conflicts that underlie them. We argue that existing research on the moralism of redistributive and social policy preferences is overly one-dimensional, with a longstanding concentration on attitudes toward welfare state beneficiaries. To widen our understanding of the phenomenon, we introduce the concept of motive attribution: that is, how people answer the question “what drives others to take the positions that they hold?” Doing so allows us to shift the subject of moralistic attitudes, with a move toward uncovering what citizens think of those who hold a given social policy stance. The article then lays out a first systematic overview of motive attributions using an original dataset built from nationally representative surveys conducted in ten Western democracies. Comparing responses across these countries, we draw out important cross-national differences in ascribed motives, including within welfare state regime types.