Abstract

School is an organization where relationships are intense, dependent, and occurring on a daily basis. The onus for shaping relationships is largely on teachers. Thus, it is of key importance to study and foster the emotional well-being of teachers in the workplace. This study aimed to explore and diagnose the psychosocial functioning of teachers faced with the changes brought about by Poland's current education reform; it also investigates relationships between personal variables (gender, age, and professional experience) and perceptions of the workplace; additionally, it was aimed at validating the School Climate Questionnaire (SCQ). The questionnaire study involved 224 teachers working at 10 elementary schools in little towns and villages across one county in the Lesser Poland. Selected outcomes demonstrate that particularly young teachers are burdened with workload and responsibilities. The study group has a positive outlook on their relationships with pupils, administrative staff, and other teachers. However, the outlook on their relationships with headmasters and parents is less positive. The same applies to their perceptions of Poland's current education reform. Further analysis reveals that the perceived school climate is shaped by their self-worth, self-agency, and self-esteem. The study suggests that young teachers (still learning the profession) and headmasters (faced with frustration and negative emotions from staff) are particularly in need of support. Both headmasters and teachers might benefit from know-how and experience in group processes. This may improve their understanding of group functioning and dynamics, regardless of the age and professional experience of group members.

Keywords: school climate, personal variables, interpersonal relationships, education reform

Klimat szkoły – perspektywa nauczycieli. Raport z badań prowadzonych w szkołach podstawowych w sytuacji reformy edukacji w Polsce Streszczenie

Szkoła jest organizacją, w której relacje miedzy uczestnikami są intensywne, codzienne i pełne zależności. Odpowiedzialność za kształtowanie relacji w znaczącej mierze spoczywa na nauczycielach. Stąd ważnym aspektem jest badanie i kształtowanie samopoczucia emocjonalnego nauczycieli w pracy. Celem prezentowanych badań była eksploracja i diagnoza funkcjonowania psychospołecznego nauczycieli w sytuacji zmiany, związanej z reformą w edukacji oraz poszukanie zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi podmiotowymi (płeć, wiek, staż pracy) a percepcją środowiska pracy oraz walidacja kwestionariusza Klimatu szkoły (SCQ).

Using the term ordinary, everyday magic Masten called the mechanism protecting or modifying the impact of difficult, traumatic experiences on the individual. Numerous studies on resilience in the last 30 years (Masten, Powell, 2003) allow to organize the factors protecting against trauma, grouping them into three areas: individual, family and environmental. Thanks to this classification, the model in the form of a two-dimensional grid allows for systematic verification. Individual factors interact and/or compensate, and the circular paradigm is used to understand their influence. The beginnings of research on resilience concerned mainly the period of childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, currently the research (Ostrowski et al., 2018) is conducted with the participation of people in every developmental period and various life situations. Luthar et al. (2000) distinguish emotional responses of individuals in case of risk factors, which translate into their cognitive and behavioral functioning, which are classified as resilience. Individuals maintain functioning much better than it might be expected or maintain good functioning despite difficult or traumatic experiences, or return quickly to well-being. The analysis of contemporary research (David-Ferdon et al., 2016; Vannucci et al., 2019) allows us to assign a preventive role to the development of resilience in children and adolescents, and the emphasis is on shaping the family and social environment towards healthy development. The clamping of healthy development are the features of the family and social environment, which include, among others: healthy communication, maintaining family rituals, cultivating social contacts.

When analyzing the terminology related to the issue of mental resilience, it should be noted that a certain group of concepts was already known in science, e.g. in psychopathology. It applies to such terms as: adversity, risk factor or vulnerability. However, the concept of resilience has now been significantly enriched with a range of new terms, among others, such as: protective factor, resource, compensatory factor (Wright, Masten, Narayan, 2013). Due to the concept of resilience and its increasingly common application, reflection on pathomechanisms of functioning and a salutogenetic approach have gained new research inspirations. Resilience is therefore a perfect example of the synthesis of knowledge about the context in which an individual, when confronted with various types of risk factors, can strengthen personal immune resources.

Abstract

The objective of the paper is to present a picture of the family in the situation of separation of parents, the needs and expectations of all family members and a model of working based on the authors’ program “Boat on Waves.” The program, which is a form of psychoeducational and therapeutic work, is addressed to parents in the situation of separation. The program was created as a response to the needs of families who came to Specialist Psychological and Pedagogical Counseling Center Krakow Center of Therapy from the family court or on their own initiative because of family crisis related to parental separation. The model of work with families includes a diagnosis stage, consisting of several meetings: with each parent separately and, if possible, a parental consultation takes place. The diagnosis stage ends with the qualification for the psychoeducational program, which is described in the article. When the program finishes, the family therapy is conducted separately for a mother with children and a father with children.

The program is addressed to parents, but the topics discussed during the lectures include the issue of experiencing separation by parents and children. Getting knowledge about the different functioning and experiencing breakup by partners, learning about their own feelings, subconscious conflicts, differences in coping with the crisis can relieve the split and allow to use the appropriate form of support.

Keywords: divorce, work with parental dyad, family in separation, educational program

Model pracy z rodziną w sytuacji rozstania rodziców – diagnoza, psychoedukacja, terapia rodziny Streszczenie

Celem pracy jest przedstawienie obrazu rodziny w sytuacji rozstania rodziców, potrzeb i oczekiwań wszystkich członków rodziny oraz modelu pracy na podstawie autorskiego programu „Łódź na falach”. Program, który jest formą pracy psychoedukacyjno-terapeutycznej jest adresowany do rodziców w sytuacji rozstania. Program powstał jako odpowiedź na potrzeby rodzin, które trafiały do Specjalistycznej Poradni Psychologiczno-Pedagogicznej „Krakowski Ośrodek Terapii” skierowane z sądu rodzinnego bądź z własnej inicjatywy w sytuacji kryzysu rodzinnego związanego z rozstaniem rodziców. Model pracy z rodzinami zakłada etap diagnozy, polegającej na kilku spotkaniach: z każdym rodzicem oddzielnie oraz, jeżeli jest to możliwe odbywa się konsultacja rodzicielska. Etap diagnozy kończy się kwalifikacją do programu psychoedukacyjnego, który opisany jest w artykule.

Abstract

The article presents the analysis of interviews with adults who recall their relations with siblings. Differentiation processes are taken into consideration with a particular concern. Deidentification processes determine how siblings, especially of the same gender, develop individual characteristics, sense of identity in interests, views and manner. The theoretical background to the conducted study is F.F. Schachter's (1976, 1978) concept and W. Toman's (1961) theory of family constellations considering the connections between birth order and personality traits. F.F. Schachter's deidentification concept concerns which sibling pairs differ the strongest and presents developmental function of this process.

Key words: siblings, family constellations, deidentification processes, identification, rivalry

Introduction

Cain and Abel, Antigone and Polynices, Hansel and Gretel, Kai and Gerda are sibling archetypes which have placed in world culture and survived in people's consciousness. They are examples of emotionally multicoloured relations between siblings, there can be found care, love, devotion, conflict, jealousy and so extreme envy that might be fatal. They let us become familiar with these emotions in real brother-sister relations. Research on family usually considers pairs parents-children or parents. Siblings have been neglected, the influence of relations between brothers and sisters on their later friendship and intimate relationship was undervalued. Psychoanalysts make much of a contribution to conceptualize brother-sister relationships (Walewska, 2011).