Novel management strategies for controlling smutgrass have potential to influence sward dynamics in bahiagrass forage systems. This experiment evaluated population shifts in bahiagrass forage following implementation of integrated herbicide and fertilizer management plans for controlling smutgrass. Herbicide treatments included indaziflam applied PRE, hexazinone applied POST, a combination of PRE + POST herbicides, and a nonsprayed control. Fertilizer treatments included nitrogen, nitrogen + potassium, and an unfertilized control. The POST treatment reduced smutgrass coverage regardless of PRE or fertilizer application by the end of the first season and remained low for the 3-yr duration of the experiment (P < 0.01). All treatments, including nontreated controls, reduced smutgrass coverage during year 3 (P < 0.05), indicating that routine harvesting to remove the biomass reduced smutgrass coverage. Bahiagrass cover increased at the end of year 1 with POST treatment (P < 0.01), but only the POST + fertilizer treatment maintained greater bahiagrass coverage than the nontreated control by the end of year 3 (P < 0.05). Expenses associated with the POST + fertilizer treatment totaled US$348 ha−1 across the 3-yr experiment. Other smutgrass control options could include complete removal of biomass (hay production) and pasture renovation, which can cost 3-fold or greater more than POST + fertilizer treatment. Complete removal of biomass may reduce smutgrass coverage by removing mature seedheads, but at a much greater expense of US$2,835 to US$5,825 ha−1, depending on herbicide and fertilizer inputs. Bahiagrass renovation is US$826 ha−1 in establishment costs alone. When pasture production expenses are included for two seasons postrenovation, the total increases to US$1,120 ha−1 across three seasons. The importance of hexazinone and fertilizer as components of smutgrass control in bahiagrass forage was confirmed in this study. Future research should focus on the biology of smutgrass and the role of a PRE treatment in a long-term, larger-scale forage system.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To determine in vitro mechanisms by which fruits and vegetables (FV) contribute to colon barrier development in Latin American infants. We hypothesize that simulated colonic fermentation of FVs will stimulatein vitro cell barrier function by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway in colonocytes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: FVs consumed by US-based Latin American infants 6-12 months old (identified from NHANES-What We Eat in America Surveys) will be combined with human breast-milk samples from women self-identified as Hispanic or non-Hispanic, and then subjected to in vitro digestion and anaerobic colonic fermentation using human feces. FV fermenta will be incubated with Caco2 monolayers to measure in vitro cell permeability and protein levels of cellular tight junction, metabolic, and HIF signaling enzymes. To examine their effects in vivo, FVs identified to modulate in vitro barrier function, will be fed (5% freeze dried powder) to wild-type mice and the above parameters will be examined. If in vivo effects are found, intestinal specific HIF knockout mice will be used to examine the role of HIF signaling in mediating these effects. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect that fermenta derived from human milk and FVs will reduce in vitro gut permeability in Caco2 monolayers by increasing gene and protein expression of the HIF signaling complex relative to fermenta of human milk alone. This will be reflected with higher cellular trans-epithelial resistance and greater expression levels of tight junction proteins. We expect FV powder consumption will similarly increase in vivo gut permeability and expression of related genes in mice as compared to mice fed diets without FVs. As we expect an increase in HIF signaling in the colon, we expect that FV powder consumption will not enhance in vivo gut permeability in mice colons with an intestinal specific knockout of HIF. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Data from this study will provide mechanistic evidence to help clinicians promote relevant FVs recommendations for Latin American infants and families. Due to the link between gut permeability and obesity, our next step will be to conduct a dietary intervention in this population.

We recently reported on the radio-frequency attenuation length of cold polar ice at Summit Station, Greenland, based on bi-static radar measurements of radio-frequency bedrock echo strengths taken during the summer of 2021. Those data also allow studies of (a) the relative contributions of coherent (such as discrete internal conducting layers with sub-centimeter transverse scale) vs incoherent (e.g. bulk volumetric) scattering, (b) the magnitude of internal layer reflection coefficients, (c) limits on signal propagation velocity asymmetries (‘birefringence’) and (d) limits on signal dispersion in-ice over a bandwidth of ~100 MHz. We find that (1) attenuation lengths approach 1 km in our band, (2) after averaging 10 000 echo triggers, reflected signals observable over the thermal floor (to depths of ~1500 m) are consistent with being entirely coherent, (3) internal layer reflectivities are ≈–60$\to$–70 dB, (4) birefringent effects for vertically propagating signals are smaller by an order of magnitude relative to South Pole and (5) within our experimental limits, glacial ice is non-dispersive over the frequency band relevant for neutrino detection experiments.

Background: Using patient data from the electronic health record (EHR) and computer logic, an “electronic phenotype” can be created to identify patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in real time to assist with syndrome-specific antimicrobial stewardship efforts.1 We adapted and validated the performance of an inpatient CAP electronic phenotype for antimicrobial stewardship interventions. Methods: An automated scoring system was created within the EHR (Epic Systems) to identify hospitalized patients with CAP based on the variables and logic listed in Fig. 1B. We adapted a score used by the Michigan Hospital Medicine Safety Consortium (HMS) to identify patients with CAP, with additions made to improve sensitivity (Fig. 1).1 The score can be displayed in a column within the EHR patient list (Fig. 2). We validated the electronic phenotype via chart review of all hospitalized patients on systemic antimicrobials admitted to a medicine team consecutively between November 8 and 18, 2021. Patients who were readmitted within the validation time frame were excluded. We assessed the performance of the electronic phenotype by comparing the score to manual chart review, where “CAP diagnosis” was defined as (1) mention of “pneumonia” or “CAP” as part of the differential diagnosis in the admission documentation, (2) antimicrobials were started within 48 hours of admission, and (3) radiographic findings were suggestive of pneumonia. After initial evaluation, the scoring system was adjusted, and performance was re-evaluated during prospective audit and feedback performed on EHR CAP–positive patients over 13 days between July 2022 and December 2022. Results: We included 191 patients in our initial validation cohort. The CAP score had high sensitivity (95.83%), specificity (92.2%), and negative predictive value (99.35%), though lower positive predictive value (63.89%) was noted (Table 2). The rules were further refined to include bloodstream infection only with Haemophilus influenza or Streptococcus pneumoniae in rule 2B, and azithromycin was removed from “CAP antibiotics.” After these changes, repeated evaluation of 88 patients with positive CAP EHR score was performed, and only 20 (23%) were considered false-positive results. Conclusions: Electronic phenotypes can be used to create automated tools to identify patients with CAP with reasonable performance. Data from this tool can be used to guide more focused antimicrobial stewardship interventions and clinical decision support in the future. Reference: Vaughn VM, et al. A statewide collaborative quality initiative to improve antibiotic duration and outcomes in patients hospitalized with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2022;75:460–467.

Disclosures: None

The U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) has been a leader in weed science research covering topics ranging from the development and use of integrated weed management (IWM) tactics to basic mechanistic studies, including biotic resistance of desirable plant communities and herbicide resistance. ARS weed scientists have worked in agricultural and natural ecosystems, including agronomic and horticultural crops, pastures, forests, wild lands, aquatic habitats, wetlands, and riparian areas. Through strong partnerships with academia, state agencies, private industry, and numerous federal programs, ARS weed scientists have made contributions to discoveries in the newest fields of robotics and genetics, as well as the traditional and fundamental subjects of weed–crop competition and physiology and integration of weed control tactics and practices. Weed science at ARS is often overshadowed by other research topics; thus, few are aware of the long history of ARS weed science and its important contributions. This review is the result of a symposium held at the Weed Science Society of America’s 62nd Annual Meeting in 2022 that included 10 separate presentations in a virtual Weed Science Webinar Series. The overarching themes of management tactics (IWM, biological control, and automation), basic mechanisms (competition, invasive plant genetics, and herbicide resistance), and ecosystem impacts (invasive plant spread, climate change, conservation, and restoration) represent core ARS weed science research that is dynamic and efficacious and has been a significant component of the agency’s national and international efforts. This review highlights current studies and future directions that exemplify the science and collaborative relationships both within and outside ARS. Given the constraints of weeds and invasive plants on all aspects of food, feed, and fiber systems, there is an acknowledged need to face new challenges, including agriculture and natural resources sustainability, economic resilience and reliability, and societal health and well-being.

In this study, for the first time, we consider longitudinal motion of the walls during peristalsis in a distensible tube and how this affects backward (or retrograde) flow, i.e. peristaltic reflux. Building on the analytical model developed by Shapiro et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 37, no. 4, 1969, pp. 799–825) based on lubrication theory, we model peristalsis as a two-dimensional infinite sinusoidal wavetrain. We develop an objective function with high mechanical pumping efficiency and low reflux to find optimal peristalsis conditions. We show that optimal wall longitudinal motion contributes substantially to limiting reflux during peristalsis. The results suggest that the optimal form of wall longitudinal velocity is a linear function of the wall transverse coordinate, moving forward with the wave when the tube is distended and retracting when contracted. Our results are in general agreement with clinical observations of ureteral peristalsis.

Scholarship on “stealth democracy” finds that many citizens want to avoid the debate and conflict that often come with democratic governance. This scholarship has argued that citizens adopt this posture because they are uncomfortable with disagreement and desire a more expedient political process that enables leaders to make decisions without discussion or compromise. We revisit this argument in light of recent political developments that suggest another reason why citizens may desire a more expedient political process. We examine the possibility that some citizens are not merely uncomfortable with disagreement but also want leaders who will aggressively protect them and champion their interests. Using a nationally representative survey, we ask citizens about their preferences for stealth democracy. We also ask questions that tap into their willingness to support leaders who would “bend the rules for supporters” and take aggressive action against political opponents. We find that a substantial component of the electorate continues to prefer a stealth version of democracy. However, we also find that many “stealth democrats” are willing to support leadership practices that would threaten or even undermine democratic norms. We argue that this evidence indicates that, in recent years, many citizens who appear to desire “stealth democracy” pose a threat to democracy itself.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Informatics Program in the Wake Forest CTSI is experiencing rapid growth. To accommodate an influx of both staff and clinical investigators this program Invests resources in self-service tools to increase researcher capabilities Automates resource intensive activities Creates transparency of operational processes for researchers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Self-service tools (immediate/automated) The i2b2 tool queries clinical data for feasibility numbers and cohort identification; and provides demographic breakdowns of patient sets The Data Puller tool pulls identified patient data (with IRB approval) The SKAN NLP tool pulls aggregate numbers from over 3 million clinical notes Automation A custom-built tracking system automates parts of tracking requests for data and checking IRB protocols Operational transparency The Data Request Dashboard shows requesters information about their request and where it is in the process of being fulfilled The Data Quote tool was constructed leveraging the integrated CTSA informatics network and uses details of the request to estimate how long it will take to complete. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: i2b2 has had over 300 unique users each year; 80% are faculty or research staff, 20% are clinicians or students. From 2017-2021 there have been an average of 300 i2b2 queries and 45 Data Puller pulls each month. SKAN has had 58 unique users since its implementation in late 2020, averaging 5 new users per month. The automated data request tracking system took approximately 30 staff hours to create and saves an average of 4 hours of staff time per week. It also decreases human error by pulling/pushing information directly between systems. The Informatics program has received positive feedback from researchers who use the Data Request Dashboard. The Data Quote Tool is being used to give standardized quotes to researchers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Investing resources in developing and implementing self-service tools and operational transparency ultimately reduces overall resource consumption, saving staff and investigator time and effort. This enables the Informatics program to maintain a high standard of service while experiencing rapid growth.

Indigenous people throughout North America were dramatically affected by the invasion of European colonizers. Growing evidence suggests that, among many strategies for survival and perseverance, increased sedentism was common; it often resulted from either forced resettlement or attempts to access European resources. We present artifactual, paleoethnobotanical, and faunal findings from the yak tichu tichu yak tilhini northern Chumash village of Tstyiwi (CA-SLO-51/H) where a reasonably discrete postcontact component provides evidence for extreme resource intensification and year-round site use following contact. Although there is evidence for diachronic settlement shifts preceding arrival of the Spanish, the postcontact occupation at Tstyiwi contrasts significantly with 35 exclusively pre-invasion components in its seasonal profile, artifact diversity, density of plant remains, and abundance of fishing equipment and fish bone. High frequencies of the latter two features seem to reflect use of a resource that became the primary focus of subsistence for this coastal community as its inhabitants intensified their work effort to levels never before seen in attempts to avoid the Spanish whose presence had restricted their foraging radius.

For improving human health, reformulation can be a tool as it allows individuals to consume products of choice while reducing intake of less desirable nutrients, such as sugars and fats, and potentially increasing intake of beneficial nutrients such as fibre. The potential effects of reformulating foods with increased fibre on diet and health need to be better understood. The objective of this statistical modelling study was to understand how fibre enrichment can affect the diet and health of consumers. The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey datasets from 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016 were utilised to evaluate intakes of fibre and kilocalories with a dietary intake model. Foods and beverages eligible for fibre enrichment were identified (n 915) based on EU legislation for fibre content claims. Those people who meet dietary reference values and fibre enrichment health outcomes such as weight, CVD and type 2 diabetes risk reductions were quantified pre- and post-fibre reformulation via Reynolds et al., D’Agostino et al. and QDiabetes algorithms, respectively. The fibre enrichment intervention showed a mean fibre intake of 19·9 g/d in the UK, signifying a 2·2 g/d increase from baseline. Modelling suggested that 5·9 % of subjects could achieve a weight reduction, 72·2 % a reduction in cardiovascular risk and 71·7 % a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with fibre fortification (all Ps ≤ 0·05). This study gives a good overview of the potential public health benefits of reformulating food products using a straightforward enrichment scenario.