Objectives/Goals: Lung transplant is a life-saving surgery for patients with advanced lung diseases yet long-term survival remains poor. The clinical features and lung injury patterns of lung transplant recipients who die early versus those who survive longer term remain undefined. Here, we use cell-free DNA and rejection parameters to help elucidate this further. Methods/Study Population: Lung transplant candidacy prioritizes patients who have a high mortality risk within 2 years and will likely survive beyond 5 years. We stratified patients who died within 2 years of transplant as early death (n = 50) and those who survived past 5 years as long-term survivors (n = 53). Lung transplant recipients had serial blood collected as part of two prospective cohort studies. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was quantified using relative (% donor-derived cfDNA {%ddcfDNA}) and absolute (nuclear-derived {n-cfDNA}, mitochondrial-derived {mt-cfDNA}) measurements. As part of routine posttransplant clinical care, all patients underwent pulmonary function testing (PFT), surveillance bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), transbronchial biopsy (TBBx), and donor-specific antibody testing (DSA). Results/Anticipated Results: Over the first 2 years after transplant, the number of episodes of antibody-mediated rejection (p) Discussion/Significance of Impact: Clinically, early-death patients perform worse on routine surveillance PFTs and experience a worse degree of CLAD. These patients also have higher levels of cfDNA as quantified by n-cfDNA and mt-cfDNA. These results provide preliminary evidence that early-death patients have worse allograft rejection, dysfunction, and molecular injury.

Combine modifications for harvest weed seed control, like the Redekop Seed Control Unit (SCU) and the integrated Harrington Seed Destructor (iHSD), have been successfully used to kill problematic weed seeds in small grain production in Australia. These seed impact mills could have a fit in US soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. Testing the seed kill rate of problematic weed species in soybean is important for confirming the efficacy of the mills. Additionally, the mills may be affected by changes in crop yield and harvest residue moisture as they can have an impact on chaff flow rate and chaff moisture, respectively. This research aimed to determine the seed kill percent for problematic weeds and how varying chaff flow rates and chaff moisture content in soybean chaff affect the seed kill rate and horsepower draw of two different impact mills, the Redekop SCU and the iHSD. All testing was conducted using stationary test stands. Chaff flow rate and chaff moisture levels tested ranged from 0.5x to 2x standard combine throughput and 11.7%-28.6% moisture, respectively. All tested species were killed at >98% by both mills. Increasing chaff flow rate resulted in a decrease in seed kill for all tested species with the iHSD and only common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) with the Redekop SCU. Increasing chaff moisture only resulted in a decrease in seed kill for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) with the iHSD. Data evaluating the horsepower needed to power the mills also indicated that chaff flow rate and chaff moisture resulted in a significant increase in horsepower draw. With generally high kill rates (>98%) and the ability to kill weed seeds at >98% in less-than-ideal harvest conditions (i.e. high moisture chaff), seed impact mills could be used in soybean production to reduce weed seed inputs into the soil seedbank during harvest.

Seed impact mills, like the Redekop Seed Control Unit (SCU) and the integrated Harrington Seed Destructor (iHSD), have the potential to fit within the U.S. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production system, but they may be affected by changes in crop yield and harvest residues moisture as they can have an impact on chaff flow rate and chaff moisture, respectively. This research aimed to determine the seed kill of problematic weed species and how varying chaff flow rates and chaff moisture affect seed kill and horsepower draw of the SCU and the iHSD. Four different chaff flow rates were tested at 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3.0 kg sec-1, which spans 0.5x to 2x of a combines standard throughput. Additionally, four chaff moisture contents were tested at 10.7%, 16.4%, 22.1%, and 27.8%, which span and exceed typical harvest conditions. Results indicated that >91% of all weed seeds of the tested species were killed by either mill. Seed kill decreased by 7.9% and 0.08% for every 1 kg increase in chaff flow rate for Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), respectively, for the iHSD. Seed kill also decreased by 3.4% for every 1 kg increase in chaff flow rate for weedy L. perenne ssp. multiflorum for the SCU. Increasing chaff moisture resulted in seed kill decreasing by 0.43% and 0.015% for every 1% increase in chaff moisture for weedy L. perenne ssp. multiflorum and Brassica napus L., respectively, with the SCU. Both chaff flow rate and chaff moisture had a significant effect on horsepower draw for both mills compared to an empty mill. Despite the increase in horsepower draw and the decrease in seed kill, these data indicate the potential for seed impact mills to operate in less-than-ideal conditions while still providing seed kill rates >74%.

Elastoinertial turbulence (EIT) is a chaotic state that emerges in the flows of dilute polymer solutions. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of EIT is highly computationally expensive due to the need to resolve the multiscale nature of the system. While DNS of two-dimensional (2-D) EIT typically requires $O(10^6)$ degrees of freedom, we demonstrate here that a data-driven modelling framework allows for the construction of an accurate model with 50 degrees of freedom. We achieve a low-dimensional representation of the full state by first applying a viscoelastic variant of proper orthogonal decomposition to DNS results, and then using an autoencoder. The dynamics of this low-dimensional representation is learned using the neural ordinary differential equation (NODE) method, which approximates the vector field for the reduced dynamics as a neural network. The resulting low-dimensional data-driven model effectively captures short-time dynamics over the span of one correlation time, as well as long-time dynamics, particularly the self-similar, nested travelling wave structure of 2-D EIT in the parameter range considered.

The Weill Cornell Heart to Heart Community Outreach Campaign (H2H) is a free outreach program that provides mobile health screenings. The program brings medical and nursing faculty and students to the underserved, uninsured communities of New York City. Participants are screened for diabetes and heart disease risk factors through onsite exams, including point of care blood tests. If an abnormality is found, they receive a medical consultation to offer personalized advice and referrals to free/low-cost clinics when needed. The goal is to help underserved individuals understand their cardiometabolic health and to promote early intervention. This article describes the development of the program, including factors that were essential to the collaboration, challenges faced, barriers to implementation, and its evolution throughout the first 12 years. The program has benefited from strong foundational program leadership, effective inter-institutional collaboration, and maintaining community trust.

This research paper compares fertility traits, health indicators and health management routines of Swiss dairy farms characterized by short vs. long productive lifespans (SPL vs. LPL). We evaluated whether a longer productive lifespan will result in poorer cow health based on herdbook data from breeders associations (n = 142), farm questionnaire data (n = 67), veterinary treatment data (n = 64) and data obtained during farm visits (n = 30). Dairy farms were selected in such a way that they contrasted in terms of length of productive lifespan, but were representative of the Swiss dairy sector. Fertility performance was better on farms with LPL indicated by a lower number of inseminations per heifer, shorter average number of days open and shorter calving intervals. Consistently, the proportion of antibiotic veterinary treatments due to fertility problems was by tendency higher on SPL farms, as was the number of antibiotic treatments due to other problems (i.e. other than fertility, udder or locomotion problems). Other types of veterinary medical treatments did not differ by productive lifespan profiles. Average somatic cell score and proportions of test day records with elevated somatic cell count (SCC) were significantly higher on farms with LPL. However, this increase was smaller than what could be expected due to the age difference between contrasting productive lifespan profiles and was not associated with higher treatment incidences for clinical mastitis. Locomotion scores and lameness incidence did not differ by productive lifespan profile. Apart from a slightly higher proportion of farms with LPL practicing abrupt drying off, cow health management routines did not differ significantly between farms of contrasting productive lifespans. We conclude that a longer productive lifespan is not at the expense of health, even if the SCC level increased with age. Fertility, limb and udder health should be the main focus when aiming for a long productive lifespan.

Partial remission after major depressive disorder (MDD) is common and a robust predictor of relapse. However, it remains unclear to which extent preventive psychological interventions reduce depressive symptomatology and relapse risk after partial remission. We aimed to identify variables predicting relapse and to determine whether, and for whom, psychological interventions are effective in preventing relapse, reducing (residual) depressive symptoms, and increasing quality of life among individuals in partial remission. This preregistered (CRD42023463468) systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis (IPD-MA) pooled data from 16 randomized controlled trials (n = 705 partial remitters) comparing psychological interventions to control conditions, using 1- and 2-stage IPD-MA. Among partial remitters, baseline clinician-rated depressive symptoms (p = .005) and prior episodes (p = .012) predicted relapse. Psychological interventions were associated with reduced relapse risk over 12 months (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43–0.84), and significantly lowered posttreatment depressive symptoms (Hedges’ g = 0.29, 95% CI 0.04–0.54), with sustained effects at 60 weeks (Hedges’ g = 0.33, 95% CI 0.06–0.59), compared to nonpsychological interventions. However, interventions did not significantly improve quality of life at 60 weeks (Hedges’ g = 0.26, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.58). No moderators of relapse prevention efficacy were found. Men, older individuals, and those with higher baseline symptom severity experienced greater reductions in symptomatology at 60 weeks. Psychological interventions for individuals with partially remitted depression reduce relapse risk and residual symptomatology, with efficacy generalizing across patient characteristics and treatment types. This suggests that psychological interventions are a recommended treatment option for this patient population.

The authors offer reflections and lessons learned in a single pediatric tertiary center’s experience during a pediatric mass casualty incident (MCI). The MCI occurred at a holiday parade and the patients were brought to multiple community emergency departments for initial resuscitation prior to transfer to the Pediatric level 1 trauma center. In total, 18 children presented with severe blunt force trauma after a motor vehicle entered the parade route. Following initial triage in emergency departments, 10 of 18 children injured during the incident were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, collectively representing a system-wide stressor of emergency medicine, critical care, and surgical services. Institutional characteristics, activation of personnel and supplies, and psychosocial support for families during an MCI are important to consider in children’s hospitals’ disaster preparedness planning.

In this first report of endoparasites from endemic land-mammals of the Galápagos Islands, we describe a new species of cestode of the genus Raillietina (Cyclophyllidea: Davaineidae) from a species of Nesoryzomys and summarize the extent of helminth parasitism in both oryzomyine endemics and introduced species of Rattus. Up to the current time, no helminth parasites have been reported from rodents of the Galápagos, and little work has yet been done describing and synthesizing Galápagos parasite diversity. In historical times, several species of autochthonous rodents have occupied the islands including: Nesoryzomys narboroughi Heller 1904, N. fernandinae Hutterer and Hirsch 1979, N. swarthi Orr, 1938, and Aegialomys galapagoensis (Waterhouse, 1839). Colonization of the islands by humans brought 3 known species of synanthropic rodents: Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, and Mus musculus which are suspected to have caused the extinction of at least 3 other oryzomyines in historical times.

For finite nilpotent groups $J$ and $N$, suppose $J$ acts on $N$ via automorphisms. We exhibit a decomposition of the first cohomology set in terms of the first cohomologies of the Sylow $p$-subgroups of $J$ that mirrors the primary decomposition of $H^1(J,N)$ for abelian $N$. We then show that if $N \rtimes J$ acts on some non-empty set $\Omega$, where the action of $N$ is transitive and for each prime $p$ a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $J$ fixes an element of $\Omega$, then $J$ fixes an element of $\Omega$.