We continue to investigate the design, synthesis, and characterization of electrically and ionically active conjugated polythiophene copolymers for integrating a variety of biomedical devices with living tissue. This paper will describe some of our most recent results, including the development of several new monomers that can tailor the surface chemistry, adhesion, and biointegration of these materials with neural cells. Our efforts have focused on copolymers of 3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), functionalized variants of EDOT (including EDOT-acid and the trifunctional EPh), and dopamine (DOPA). The resulting PEDOT-based copolymers have electrical, optical, mechanical, and adhesive properties that can be precisely tailored by fine tuning the chemical composition and structure. Here we present results on EDOT-dopamine bifunctional monomers and their corresponding polymers. We discuss the design and synthesis of an EDOT-cholesterol that combines the thiophene with a biological moiety known to exhibit surface-active behaviour. We will also introduce EDOT-aldehyde and EDOT-maleimide monomers and show how they can be used as the starting point for a wide variety of functionalized monomers and polymers.

Large surveys of the local Universe have shown that galaxies with different intrinsic properties such as colour, luminosity and morphological type display a range of clustering amplitudes. Galaxies are therefore not faithful tracers of the underlying matter distribution. This modulation of galaxy clustering, called bias, contains information about the physics behind galaxy formation. It is also a systematic to be overcome before the large-scale structure of the Universe can be used as a cosmological probe. Two types of approaches have been developed to model the clustering of galaxies. The first class is empirical and filters or weights the distribution of dark matter to reproduce the measured clustering. In the second approach, an attempt is made to model the physics which governs the fate of baryons in order to predict the number of galaxies in dark matter haloes. I will review the development of both approaches and summarise what we have learnt about galaxy bias.

The future of centimetre and metre-wave astronomy lies with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), a telescope under development by a consortium of 17 countries that will be 50 times more sensitive than any existing radio facility. Most of the key science for the SKA will be addressed through large-area imaging of the Universe at frequencies from a few hundred MHz to a few GHz. The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) is a technology demonstrator aimed in the mid-frequency range, and achieves instantaneous wide-area imaging through the development and deployment of phased-array feed systems on parabolic reflectors. The large field-of-view makes ASKAP an unprecedented synoptic telescope that will make substantial advances in SKA key science. ASKAP will be located at the Murchison Radio Observatory in inland Western Australia, one of the most radio-quiet locations on the Earth and one of two sites selected by the international community as a potential location for the SKA. In this paper, we outline an ambitious science program for ASKAP, examining key science such as understanding the evolution, formation and population of galaxies including our own, understanding the magnetic Universe, revealing the transient radio sky and searching for gravitational waves.

We have measured the angular two-point correlation function of EROs. The halo model is fitted to the observed clustering, and dark matter halo mass, bias and satellite fraction are estimated in three redshift bins. We also compare our results with the semi-analytical galaxy formation model. This work illustrates the power of clustering analysis in providing observational constraints on simulations.

It is concluded that Bearup's cercaria, described from Pyrazus australis in Australia, is different from Cercaria variglandis; the former develops into Austrobilharzia terrigalensis and the latter into A. variglandis (Syn. M. Chapini Price, 1929; M. variglandis Stunkard and Hinchliffe, 1952).

Bearup's cercaria should be henceforth treated as that of A. terrigalensis and not as C. variglandis.

Two specimens of this fluke were collected from the nictitating membrane of the Steppe Eagle, Aquila nipalensis Hudson, shot near the lake Chinhut, about 5 miles from Lucknow, U.P.

The body.(Fig. 1) is aspinose, flattened and clavate with a narrow anterior and a broadly rounded posterior end. It measures 4·5–5·9 mm. in length and 1·5–1·8 mm. in maximum width in the middle region. The oral sucker is terminal measuring 0·33–0·36 mm. X 0·47–0·49 mm. The ventral sucker is larger than the oral sucker, situated at the level of the division of. the anterior and middle-thirds of the body, and about 1·14 mm. from the anterior extremity. It measures 0·56–0·61 mm. X 0·52–0·54 mm.

We present maps of the artificial sky brightness in Europe in V band with a resolution of ~1 km. The aim is to understand the state of night sky pollution in Europe, to quantify the present situation and to allow future monitoring of trends. For each terrestrial site the artificial sky brightness in a given direction on the sky is obtained by integrating the contributions from each surface area in the surroundings, using detailed models of the propagation in the atmosphere of the upward light flux emitted by the area. The top-of-atmosphere light flux is measured by the Operational Linescan System of the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. The modelling technique, which was introduced and developed by Garstang, takes into account the extinction along light paths, double scattering of light from atmospheric molecules and aerosols, and Earth curvature. Use of this technique allows us to assess the aerosol content of the atmosphere.

Some of the writers whose remarks I have quoted may belong to the school often referred to as the New Critics. At any rate, if we can trust their frequently expressed disapproval of current scholarship, the New Critics would not disagree with those remarks. I do not wish to be intolerant of those whose intolerance I deprecate. There is more than one fruitful approach to a work of literature, and while some of the New Criticism seems to me to be quite sterile I am ready to welcome any method of interpretation which leads to the fuller understanding and enjoyment of a work of literature. What I am not willing to admit is that the New Criticism is the only true source of illumination. Behind the poem is the poet, and whatever in his own life or in the life of his time helps us to understand the man helps us to understand his work. Literary history is a frame which enhances the work of art, or, if I may change the figure, a means of displaying it, a setting which permits us to view it in proper perspective. Without it we should be like the historian who would interpret Magna Carta or the Declaration of Independence without reference to the conditions which called these documents into being. Besides this, literary history as a part of the history of man is as legitimate an object of interest and as worthy of study as political or economic history, or the history of science or art. And the history of literature has been made possible only by the patient labors of scholars who have quarried and shaped the stone out of which the edifice has been built. We need criticism and we need the historical perspective which investigation makes possible. Let us seek for a fruitful union of the two without disparaging the share which each contributes to the common end.

Polycrystalline diamond thin films have been deposited on single crystal silicon substrates at low temperatures (⋚ 600 °C) using a mixture of hydrogen and methane gases by high pressure microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Low temperature deposition has been achieved by cooling the substrate holder with nitrogen gas. For deposition at reduced substrate temperature, it has been found that nucleation of diamond will not occur unless the methane/hydrogen ratio is increased significantly from its value at higher substrate temperature. Selective deposition of polycrystalline diamond thin films has been achieved at 600 °C. Decrease in the diamond particle size and growth rate and an increase in surface smoothness have been observed with decreasing substrate temperature during the growth of thin films. As-deposited films are identified by Raman spectroscopy, and the morphology is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.

Polycrystalline diamond thin films have been deposited on single crystal silicon substrates at low temperatures (<950° C) using a mixture of methane and hydrogen gases by high pressure microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. Low temperature deposition has been achieved by cooling the substrate holder with nitrogen gas. For deposition at reduced substrate temperature, it has been found that nucleation of diamond will not occur unless methane/hydrogen ratio is increased significantly from its value at higher substrate temperature. Selective deposition of polycrystalline diamond thin films has been achieved at 600° C using our technique previously used at 930° C. Decrease in the diamond particle size and growth rate, and an increase in surface smoothness have been observed with decreasing substrate temperature during the growth of thin films. The morphology is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and the as-deposited films are identified by Raman spectroscopy.

It is a familiar phenomenon in the scholarship on any subject that ideas which begin as opinions become petrified into dogma at the same time that assumptions have a way of taking on the status of fact. In secondary works they are generalized and disseminated. From time to time it is well to take stock by reexamining the evidence and trying to appraise the validity of current views. Those views need not always be the opinions of others. It is equally salutary to examine one's own, to ask onself whether the ideas which one has been expressing with such confidence are as solidly grounded as one thought. Often in the process one becomes aware of questions not previously resolved, sometimes not clearly apprehended. It is with this purpose in mind that in the course of the last year I have re-read all the Middle English romances, unhurriedly and with an eye to what they can tell us about their authorship, their mode of presentation, their appeal implicit or avowed, the transformations which they underwent in the course of their transmission, the state in which they have come down to us, and various other matters. Not that I regard this as an achievement, much less as a chore: I enjoy reading the Middle English romances, or, at any rate, most of them. I have always regarded it as ironical that a professor of literature has so little time to read.

The subject on which I propose to speak to you tonight is a large one. In a sense it covers almost the whole profession of which this Association is the organ—the teaching and the research in one large segment of the humanities. I shall start with the assumption that we are all teachers. This, I know, is not strictly true. But it is probably true of ninety percent, and of the other ten percent some have been teachers and many are preparing themselves for teaching careers. How many of our members are engaged in research I do not know, but the number interested in research or in its results is large, as any one can see from the size of our annual conventions and the attendance at group and sectional meetings. I shall address myself particularly to the job which we have to do as teachers, and I shall consider the part which research plays in that job. I shall even direct a few remarks at those who are so heretical as to think that the MLA and PMLA are not perfect! In the light of this modest preview I am sure of your unanimous agreement on one point, that I have set myself a sufficiently large task for fifty minutes.

To one standing on the threshold of the twentieth century and looking back over the route traversed by students of Chaucer in the century that was just closing it must have seemed that they had come a long way. The main facts of the poet's life had been established and were buttressed by an impressive volume of Life Records. For more than thirty years Furnivall, that great pioneer and crusader for Early English studies, had poured forth a steady stream of discoveries, notes, and observations, and in his Temporary Preface and Trial-Forewards had grappled with fundamental problems, many of which he was the first to raise. The Chaucer Society, which he organized, had published more than a hundred issues devoted to unprinted manuscripts, sources and analogues, essays, studies, and aids of one kind or another. Ten Brink, in his Chaucer Studien of 1870, had exemplified a method and approach to the study of Chaucer's poetry leading to results which, so far as they went, seemed definitive in their day. Child and Manly and Kittredge had put the study of Chaucer's language and meter on a solid foundation, on a part of which ten Brink had erected a more unified structure in his Chaucers Sprache und Verskunst (1884). And finally, as a kind of culmination to a half-century of unprecedented scholarly activity came the monumental Oxford edition of the poet by Skeat in six volumes and a supplement. The Student's edition of this work and the Globe edition of Pollard and his collaborators had provided very acceptable texts for the general reader and the classroom. It can justly be said that Chaucer studies had reached scholarly maturity by 1900.