Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is challenging and relies heavily on respiratory culture results. The results of this survey underscore the potential for a diagnostic stewardship nudge limiting culture reports to “potential colonization or contamination” in those without clinical findings of VAP to decrease unnecessary antibiotic prescribing.

Reading difficulties are prevalent worldwide, including in economically developed countries, and are associated with low academic achievement and unemployment. Longitudinal studies have identified several early childhood predictors of reading ability, but studies frequently lack genotype data that would enable testing of predictors with heritable influences. The National Child Development Study (NCDS) is a UK birth cohort study containing direct reading skill variables at every data collection wave from age 7 years through to adulthood with a subsample (final n = 6431) for whom modern genotype data are available. It is one of the longest running UK cohort studies for which genotyped data are currently available and is a rich dataset with excellent potential for future phenotypic and gene-by-environment interaction studies in reading. Here, we carry out imputation of the genotype data to the Haplotype Reference Panel, an updated reference panel that offers greater imputation quality. Guiding phenotype choice, we report a principal components analysis of nine reading variables, yielding a composite measure of reading ability in the genotyped sample. We include recommendations for use of composite scores and the most reliable variables for use during childhood when conducting longitudinal, genetically sensitive analyses of reading ability.

Chaff lining and chaff tramlining are harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems that involve the concentration of chaff material containing weed seed into narrow (20 to 30 cm) rows between or on the harvester wheel tracks during harvest. These lines of chaff are left intact in the fields through subsequent cropping seasons in the assumption that the chaff environment is unfavorable for weed seed survival. The chaff row environment effect on weed seed survival was examined in field studies, and chaff response studies determined the influence of increasing amounts of chaff on weed seedling emergence. The objectives of these studies were to determine the influences of (1) chaff lines on the summer–autumn seed survival of selected weed species and (2) chaff type and amount on rigid ryegrass seedling emergence. There was frequently no difference (P > 0.05) in seed survival of four weed species (rigid ryegrass, wild oat, annual sowthistle, and turnip weed) when seeds were placed beneath or beside chaff lines. In one instance, wild oat seed survival was increased (P < 0.05) when seed were placed beneath compared to beside a chaff line. The pot studies determined that increasing amounts of chaff consistently resulted in decreasing numbers of rigid ryegrass seedlings emerging through chaff material. The suppression of emergence broadly followed a linear relationship in which there was approximately a 2.0% reduction in emergence with every 1,000 kg ha–1 increase in chaff material. This relationship was consistent across wheat, barley, canola, and lupin chaff types, indicating that the physical presence of the chaff was more important than chaff type. These studies suggested that chaff lines may not affect the survival over summer–autumn of the contained weed seeds but that the subsequent emergence of weed seedlings will be restricted by high amounts of chaff (>40,000 kg ha–1).

Simulation models are used widely in pharmacology, epidemiology and health economics (HEs). However, there have been no attempts to incorporate models from these disciplines into a single integrated model. Accordingly, we explored this linkage to evaluate the epidemiological and economic impact of oseltamivir dose optimisation in supporting pandemic influenza planning in the USA. An HE decision analytic model was linked to a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) – dynamic transmission model simulating the impact of pandemic influenza with low virulence and low transmissibility and, high virulence and high transmissibility. The cost-utility analysis was from the payer and societal perspectives, comparing oseltamivir 75 and 150 mg twice daily (BID) to no treatment over a 1-year time horizon. Model parameters were derived from published studies. Outcomes were measured as cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the integrated model's robustness. Under both pandemic scenarios, compared to no treatment, the use of oseltamivir 75 or 150 mg BID led to a significant reduction of influenza episodes and influenza-related deaths, translating to substantial savings of QALYs. Overall drug costs were offset by the reduction of both direct and indirect costs, making these two interventions cost-saving from both perspectives. The results were sensitive to the proportion of inpatient presentation at the emergency visit and patients’ quality of life. Integrating PK/PD–EPI/HE models is achievable. Whilst further refinement of this novel linkage model to more closely mimic the reality is needed, the current study has generated useful insights to support influenza pandemic planning.

Carbonate-rich lacustrine and deltaic deposits, containing thin beds of finely laminated carbonates and thick beds of silt, crop out at several sites in the Taylor Valley and have been encountered in cores obtained by the Dry Valley Drilling Project (DVDP). Fragments of the more indurated carbonate beds have widespread occurrence as part of the desert “lag gravel” which covers much of the valley floor. Analysis of the carbonates suggests that they were deposited as algal limestones from waters derived from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet via the Taylor Glacier at times which correspond to the previous three global interglacial periods, as evidenced by the ice volumes deduced from oxygen-isotopic analysis of oceanic cores. The lacustrine carbonates have been found up to 30 km beyond the present terminus of the Taylor Glacier, and up to 100 m above the level of Lake Bonney, into which the Taylor Glacier at present discharges. It is concluded that the Taylor Glacier has advanced during each of the previous three interglaciations, and it is suggested that this has been caused by a thickening of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during the interglaciations.

Malaria remains one of the most significant global public health burdens, with nearly half of the world's population at risk of infection. Malaria is not however a monolithic disease – it can be caused by multiple different parasite species of the Plasmodium genus, each of which can induce different symptoms and pathology, and which pose quite different challenges for control. Furthermore, malaria is in no way restricted to humans. There are Plasmodium species that have adapted to infect most warm-blooded vertebrate species, and the genus as a whole is both highly successful and highly diverse. How, where and when human malaria parasites originated from within this diversity has long been a subject of fascination and sometimes also controversy. The past decade has seen the publication of a number of important discoveries about malaria parasite origins, all based on the application of molecular diagnostic tools to new sources of samples. This review summarizes some of those recent discoveries and discusses their implication for our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the Plasmodium genus. The nature of these discoveries and the manner in which they are made are then used to lay out a series of opportunities and challenges for the next wave of parasite hunters.

During spray trials carried out recently for European pine shoot moth control in Ontario, a method was developed to assess dyed, oil-based insecticide spray deposits colorimetrically using a paper sampling surface. The procedure permits intensive sampling without the necessity of handling fragile or bulky sampling kits in the field.

In healthy older subjects, the glycaemic response to carbohydrate-containing meals is dependent on gastric emptying and intestinal absorption; when the latter is slowed, the magnitude of the rise in glucose is attenuated. The oligosaccharide α-cyclodextrin has been reported to diminish the glycaemic response to starch in young adults; this effect has been attributed to the inhibition of pancreatic amylase. We examined the effects of α-cyclodextrin on gastric emptying of, and the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to, oral sucrose in healthy older subjects; as sucrose is hydrolysed by intestinal disaccharides, any effect(s) of α-cyclodextrin would not be attributable to amylase inhibition. A total of ten subjects (seven males and three females, age 68–76 years) were studied on 2 d. Gastric emptying, blood glucose and serum insulin were measured after ingestion of a 300 ml drink containing 100 g sucrose, labelled with 99mTc-sulphur colloid, with or without 10 g α-cyclodextrin. Gastric emptying was slowed slightly by α-cyclodextrin; this effect was evident between 135 and 195 min and was associated with a slight increase (P < 0·05) in distal stomach retention. After α-cyclodextrin, blood glucose was slightly less (P < 0·05) at 60 min, and serum insulin was less (P < 0·0005) at 90 and 120 min. There was no difference in the incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for blood glucose, but there was a trend for the iAUC for serum insulin to be lower (P = 0·09) after α-cyclodextrin. We conclude that in a dose of 10 g, α-cyclodextrin has modest effects to slow gastric emptying of, and modify the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to, oral sucrose, probably due to delayed intestinal carbohydrate absorption.

The lipid composition of natural populations of diatoms in the sea ice at McMurdo Sound was determined during the austral spring bloom of 1985, using and Iatroscan TLC–FID system. The major lipid classes in all samples were polar lipids (including phospholipid, glycolipid and chlorophyll) and triacylglycerol, with lesser proportions of free fatty acids. Total lipid increased through November and early December, reaching a maximum (3300 mg m−2 at Cape Armitage and 1800 mg m−2 at Erebus Ice Tongue) c. one week after the chlorophyll a maxima. This increase was largely attributable to a corresponding increase in triacylglycerol. At the lipid maxima, triacylglycerol/polar lipid ratios in the range 1.0 to 2.5 were observed. The dynamic variations in lipid class abundances indicate that profound changes in the physiology of sea-ice diatoms are occurring throughout the spring bloom. A range of sterols (C26–C30) were detected; 24-methylenecholesterol, brassicasterol and 24-ethylcholesterol were the major sterols at the Cape Armitage and Erebus sites. The similarity of the sterol profiles to those of Antarctic freshwater algal communities strongly indicates diatoms as a more probable source of C29 sterols in the freshwater lakes than cyanobacteria or other algal groups. The hydrocarbons isolated from sea-ice diatoms at all sites were dominated by two unsaturated components, n−C21:6 and a diunsaturated isoprenoid C25 alkene. Until this study, no biological source had been validated for the isoprenoid C25:2 diene, even though it has been detected in many estuarine and coastal sediments.

Plasmodium merozoites are covered by a complex coat of surface proteins. Several of the Merozoite Surface Proteins (MSPs) that make up this coat have been proposed as vaccine candidates although some of the MSPs are known to be highly polymorphic. We present here the first survey and analysis of the polymorphism in the recently characterized P. vivax surface protein PvMSP-3α. Full length or partial sequences were obtained for the Pvmsp-3α gene from isolates originating in Central and South America, Asia and the Pacific. The Pvmsp-3α sequence is remarkably diverse, but this extensive diversity is largely restricted to certain domains of the encoded protein. An acidic C-terminal domain and a smaller hydrophilic N-terminus are relatively conserved, while a central domain containing coiled-coil heptad repeats is highly polymorphic and in some isolates of P. vivax is partially deleted. Unlike other MSPs, there is no evidence of allelic families of PvMSP-3α gene sequences, and no evidence that certain patterns of polymorphism group within isolates of similar geographical origin. The distribution and nature of polymorphism suggest that there are functional restrictions on mutations in this gene, and have implications for inclusion of PvMSP-3α as a candidate in a P. vivax vaccine.

We present the initial results of a medium resolution, 0.8 to 4.2 μm spectroscopic survey of M, L, and T dwarfs. We have identified the most prominent molecular and atomic absorption features found in the spectra of these late-type dwarfs. We have also compared the spectra to a laboratory FeH emission spectrum and identified nearly 100 features common to the FeH spectrum and the dwarf spectra from 0.99 to 1.8 μm.

Effects of dietary protein concentration on the amino acid composition of sow's milk was studied using 10 crossbred first-litter sows. At parturition, diets containing similar concentrations of digestible energy but with either 63 or 238 g crude protein per kg and 4.4 and 15.1 g lysine per kg respectively, were given through lactation (five sows per treatment). The ratios of other amino acids to lysine were in excess of those currently recommended for lactating sows. Dietary protein level significantly affected milk yield, gave higher milk protein output (P > 0.05) but was without significant effect on the proportions of amino acids in the milk.