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Potato production typically entails both greater soil disturbance and higher profits than alternative crops in the regions in which they are grown. This article provides an analysis of economically relevant outcomes from soil health practice trials conducted in potato production systems in four locations across the continental United States from 2019 to 2022. We compare revenue and profit estimates over several soil health-related practices: rotation duration, chemical fumigation, mustard biofumigation, and application of organic amendments. We find that longer rotations are positively correlated with revenues and profits. This finding is robust across a range of tests and several regression specifications, although we do observe some variation across locations. While in our data, 3-year rotations consistently produced better economic outcomes than 2-year rotations, over time periods longer than the 4 years in this study, at least some of the gains associated with longer rotations will be offset by the implied decreased frequency of potato years. We did not find consistent evidence of differences in revenue or profits corresponding to chemical fumigation, mustard biofumigation, or the application of organic amendments.
Human societies are changing where and how water flows through the atmosphere. However, these changes in the atmospheric water cycle are not being managed, nor is there any real sense of where these changes might be headed in the future. Thus, we develop a new economic theory of atmospheric water management, and explore this theory using creative story-based scenarios. These scenarios reveal surprising possibilities for the future of atmospheric water management, ranging from a stock market for transpiration to on-demand weather. We discuss these story-based futures in the context of research and policy priorities in the present day.
Technical Summary
Humanity is modifying the atmospheric water cycle, via land use, climate change, air pollution, and weather modification. Historically, atmospheric water was implicitly considered a ‘public good’ since it was neither actively consumed nor controlled. However, given anthropogenic changes, atmospheric water can become a ‘common-pool’ good (consumable) or a ‘club’ good (controllable). Moreover, advancements in weather modification presage water becoming a ‘private’ good, meaning both consumable and controllable. Given the implications, we designed a theoretical framing of atmospheric water as an economic good and used a combination of methods in order to explore possible future scenarios based on human modifications of the atmospheric water cycle. First, a systematic literature search of scholarly abstracts was used in a computational text analysis. Second, the output of the text analysis was matched to different parts of an existing economic goods framework. Then, a group of global water experts were trained and developed story-based scenarios. The resultant scenarios serve as creative investigations of the future of human modification of the atmospheric water cycle. We discuss how the scenarios can enhance anticipatory capacity in the context of both future research frontiers and potential policy pathways including transboundary governance, finance, and resource management.
Social Media Summary
Story-based scenarios reveal novel future pathways for the management of the atmospheric water cycle.
On 19 April 2014, a female goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni, was captured in a commercial shrimp trawl in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The shark, estimated to be approximately 5 m in length, was captured at a depth of approximately 490 m and released alive shortly after capture. This specimen represents the second goblin shark ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico.
Vascular surgery and anaesthesia have changed considerably in recent years and become recognised subspecialties, although non-specialist anaesthetists continue to provide much of the care for emergency vascular surgical patients. Core Topics in Vascular Anaesthesia brings together the clinical expertise of global leaders in the field in a comprehensive review of contemporary practice. Detailed discussion is included on every aspect of clinical management: Preoperative risk assessment, including cardiopulmonary exercise testing and risk modification using pharmacological and cardiac interventionsAnaesthesia for major vascular operations including carotid endarterectomy, complex endovascular aortic surgery and repair of ruptured aortic aneurysmsIntraoperative management of high risk patients including advanced monitoring techniques, fluid management, blood conservation and transfusion, major haemorrhage and treatment of coagulopathyPractical and well illustrated, Core Topics in Vascular Anaesthesia is essential reading for anaesthetists, intensive care physicians and vascular surgeons.