Turbulent emulsions are ubiquitous in chemical engineering, food processing, pharmaceuticals and other fields. However, our experimental understanding of this area remains limited due to the multiscale nature of turbulent flow and the presence of extensive interfaces, which pose significant challenges to optical measurements. In this study, we address these challenges by precisely matching the refractive indices of the continuous and dispersed phases, enabling us to measure local velocity information at high volume fractions. The emulsion is generated in a turbulent Taylor–Couette flow, with velocity measured at two radial locations: near the inner cylinder (boundary layer) and in the middle gap (bulk region). Near the inner cylinder, the presence of droplets suppresses the emission of angular velocity plumes, which reduces the mean azimuthal velocity and its root mean squared fluctuation. The former effect leads to a higher angular velocity gradient in the boundary layer, resulting in greater global drag on the system. In the bulk region, although droplets suppress turbulence fluctuations, they enhance the cross-correlation between azimuthal and radial velocities, leaving the angular velocity flux contributed by the turbulent flow nearly unchanged. In both locations, droplets suppress turbulence at scales larger than the average droplet diameter and increase the intermittency of velocity increments. However, the effects of the droplets are more pronounced near the inner cylinder than in the bulk, likely because droplets fragment in the boundary layer but are less prone to break up in the bulk. Our study provides experimental insights into how dispersed droplets modulate global drag, coherent structures and the multiscale characteristics of turbulent flow.

This paper presents a millimeter-wave end-fire dual-polarized (DP) array antenna with symmetrical radiation patterns and high isolation. The DP radiation element is formed by integrating a quasi-Yagi antenna (providing horizontal polarization) into a pyramidal horn antenna (providing vertical polarization), resulting in a DP radiation element with a symmetrical radiation aperture. To efficiently feed the DP element while maintaining high isolation, a mode-composite full-corporate-feed network is employed, comprising substrate-integrated waveguide supporting the TE10 mode and substrate-integrated coaxial line supporting the TEM mode. This design eliminates the need for additional transition structures, achieving excellent mode isolation and a reduced substrate layer number. A 1 × 4-element DP array prototype operating at 26.5–29.5 GHz using low temperature co-fired ceramic technology was designed, fabricated, and measured. The test results indicate that the prototype achieves an average gain exceeding 10 dBi for both polarizations within the operating band. Thanks to the symmetrical DP radiation element and mode-composite full-corporate-feed network, symmetrical radiation patterns for both polarizations are observed in both the horizontal and vertical planes, along with a high cross-polarization discrimination of 22 dB and polarization port isolation of 35 dB.

This article aims to expand the scope of experimental archaeology to emphasize multilevel variation and interactions across the levels of perception, actions, and outcomes. Such an approach, loosely formulated as the Perception-Process-Product (“Triple P”) framework, offers a more grounded and richer explanation of the past archaeological record. It consists of three principles: (1) acknowledging the inherent trade-off between control and generalizability in the experimental research design; (2) encouraging collaborative projects that involve geographically diverse and nontraditional research participants, such as hobbyists and novices; and (3) adopting a workflow that normalizes the collection and curation of ethological and ethnographic data in experimental projects. Serving as a heuristic device, this alternative mode of knowledge production is highly flexible in nature, where each single component is detachable as dictated by individual research questions.

We study the late-time evolution of the compact Type IIb SN2001ig in the spiral galaxy NGC7424, with new and unpublished archival data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array and the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder. More than two decades after the SN explosion, its radio luminosity is showing a substantial re-brightening: it is now two orders of magnitude brighter than expected from the standard model of a shock expanding into a uniform circumstellar wind (i.e., with a density scaling as R–2). This suggests that the SN ejecta have reached a denser shell, perhaps compressed by the fast wind of the Wolf-Rayet progenitor or expelled centuries before the final stellar collapse. We model the system parameters (circumstellar density profile, shock velocity, mass loss rate), finding that the denser layer was encountered when the shock reached a distance of ≈ 0.1 pc; the mass-loss rate of the progenitor immediately before the explosion was Ṁ/vw ∼ 10–7M⊙ yr–1km–1s. We compare SN2001ig with other SNe that have shown late-time re-brightenings, and highlight the opposite behaviour of some extended Type IIb SNe which show instead a late-time flux cut-off.

Insufficient sleep’s impact on cognitive and emotional function is well-documented, but its effects on social functioning remain understudied. This research investigates the influence of depressive symptoms on the relationship between sleep deprivation (SD) and social decision-making. Forty-two young adults were randomly assigned to either the SD or sleep control (SC) group. The SD group stayed awake in the laboratory, while the SC group had a normal night’s sleep at home. During the subsequent morning, participants completed a Trust Game (TG) in which a higher monetary offer distributed by them indicated more trust toward their partners. They also completed an Ultimatum Game (UG) in which a higher acceptance rate indicated more rational decision-making. The results revealed that depressive symptoms significantly moderated the effect of SD on trust in the TG. However, there was no interaction between group and depressive symptoms found in predicting acceptance rates in the UG. This study demonstrates that individuals with higher levels of depressive symptoms display less trust after SD, highlighting the role of depressive symptoms in modulating the impact of SD on social decision-making. Future research should explore sleep-related interventions targeting the psychosocial dysfunctions of individuals with depression.

The reduction of the hydrodynamic forces exerted on a bluff body in an incoming flow has been an issue of interest in fluid mechanics for many years. However, the Magnus effect indicates possible drag reduction but with the lift being increased significantly. This study is aimed at the simultaneous lift and drag reduction for which we consider a constant incoming flow past a circular cylinder or a sphere in the $x$-direction. Force element analysis (FEA) indicates the possibility of reducing the drag exerted on a circular cylinder or a sphere by rotating (say, clockwise about the $z$-axis) only the front half of the circular cylinder or the sphere. More precisely, we rotate the object but with the rear half covered by a closely spaced hood. Numerical simulations show that by increasing the dimensionless rotational speed $\alpha$: (i) the flow can be quickly stabilised to a steady state; (ii) the mean drag steadily decreases to zero and then becomes negative as $\alpha$ is further increased across the critical $\alpha _I = 4.11$ for the circular cylinder at $Re$ = 200, $\alpha _I = 4.81$ for the sphere at $Re$ = 200 and $\alpha _I = 4.92$ for the sphere at $Re$ = 300; (iii) the mean value of the lift decreases from zero to negative and then increases beyond zero, and in addition, the amplitude of the lift gradually decreases for the circular cylinder; the mean value of the lift decreases from zero to negative for the sphere; (iv) the side force is almost zero – the flow over the sphere is plane-symmetric about the $x{-}y$ plane. These features are compared with the flow past a rotating circular cylinder or a rotating sphere (Magnus effect). Notably, there is a range of flows that can be of practical use for: (a) the circular cylinder where the drag is greatly reduced while the lift is small in magnitude and (b) the sphere where the drag is greatly reduced while the lift is negative in magnitude and the side force is close to 0.

Most existing literature treats family culture as a static and deterministic factor with a double-edged effect on the competitive advantage (CA) of family firms while overlooking its dynamic nature. Moreover, limited literature addresses how to solve this double-edged problem. This study fills these gaps by examining how family culture can generate sustainable CA from the lens of the affordance perspective. A three-stage process model is developed based on a longitudinal case study of Baiyun, a Chinese family firm with over a 100-year family history. This model suggests that family firms should intentionally adopt appropriate sensemaking and sensegiving strategies tailored to different stakeholders and dynamic entrepreneurship situations to effectively leverage the natural and designed affordances of family culture. By cultivating efficiency, emotional, and value identifications among internal and external stakeholders, these sensegiving strategies facilitate family collaboration, continuous trust, strategic focus, and extensive ecological synergy, which serve as the key sources of CA. Ultimately, the model emphasizes that the key to managing the double-edged effect lies in the four sensemaking strategies taken by family firm leaders. This study sheds light on the dynamic interplay between family culture, environment, strategies, and CA, offering actionable insights for family firms.

The impact of long-term nocturnal warming on soil aggregate stability and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration was examined in agricultural fields. Employing a passive warming system, the nighttime warming experiment involved two treatments: a control check (CK) and a nighttime warming treatment (WT), spanning the entire growth seasons of wheat from 2013 to 2021. The annual average temperature increase ranged from 0.3 to 1.3°C, with an average increment of 0.71°C over the eight years. Both dry and wet sieving methods showed that nighttime warming reduced the proportion of macroaggregates and increased microaggregates compared to CK, thereby diminishing soil aggregate (SA) stability. While nighttime warming had the potential to elevate the concentrations and contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), significant effects were only observed in the concentrations and contribution rates of SOC and TN. The C/N ratios across different particle sizes within SA were not significantly affected by nighttime warming. Additionally, no significant correlation was found between the SOC/TN contents and contribution rates and the stability of SA. These results suggest that eight years of nighttime warming could undermine the stability of SA, yet it did not impact the pools of N and C in the agricultural lands of central China.

Objectives/Goals: Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant used after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Recently, TAC was found to be metabolized to a novel, less active metabolite by common gut microbiota. Our objective is to determine a microbiome signature that influences oral TAC pharmacokinetic (PK) and to develop a clinical tool to select the TAC dose. Methods/Study Population: This is an observational IRB approved microbiome-pharmacogenomic study using banked biospecimens and clinical data, TAC dose, and PK information from the electronic health record. Adult HSCT patients with pre-transplant DNA and stool specimens were included in this analysis if they received TAC in the first 100 days post-HSCT. A global diversity array was used for DNA pharmacogenomic (PGx) genotyping, and metagenomic shotgun sequencing was used for stool microbiome analysis. Spearman correlation will be used to identify potential stool microbiota associated with TAC PK. TAC trough concentrations at steady state will be modeled using nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) modeling to identify potential genetic and microbiota covariates that influence TAC clearance. Results/Anticipated Results: We identified 53 eligible patients who had available DNA and 90 stool samples. The majority (n = 49, 92.5%) were of European ancestry. These patients had 920 (oral  =  622, IV infusion  =  298) TAC trough blood concentrations. We expect that patients who have high abundance of bacteria that metabolize or reduce the absorption of TAC will have lower blood concentrations and will require a higher IV to oral dose conversion ratio than those with lower abundance. Those patients will also require higher oral TAC daily doses. Low stool microbial diversity is expected to be associated with high oral TAC trough intra-patient variability in the first 100 days post-transplant. In the NLME model, PGx when combined with potential bacterial signature will better explain variability in TAC clearance. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Combining PGx and microbiome biomarkers will provide a better understanding of the factors influencing TAC PK and lead to models for individualized dosing. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the combined influence of microbiome and PGx on drug PK. The study is limited to the availability of samples in the biobank.

The understanding of wh-in-situ questions relies naturally on contextual and prosodic information for their early discrimination from declarative sentences. However, there is scarce evidence on the parsing processes involved during the online incremental processing of these questions. In this study, we investigate the incremental reading of wh-in-situ sentences with no prosodic or contextual information available to aid the parser by comparing them to their declarative counterparts. We investigated two wh-in-situ languages: Mandarin Chinese (in-situ only) and French (optionally in situ). This comparison allows us to determine whether wh-in-situ questions are processed similarly across languages and whether the parsing process is related to language-specific question formation strategies. Results of four word-by-word self-paced reading experiments on two types of wh-in-situ phrases (simplex or complex) in Mandarin Chinese and French show an interpretation strategy in which the most frequent structure, declarative, is considered in both languages, independently of the available question formation strategy. Nevertheless, the timing of the online interpretation and the observed effects are affected by the nature of the wh-phrases (simplex or complex) and the definiteness of the noun phrases contained in the declaratives, which confirms that several processes occur concurrently introducing a limit on the capability to extract conclusions on the processes based solely on behavioral measures.

While prior research has suggested that justice matters for multinational enterprises (MNEs), whether distributive justice affects a subsidiary's tendency to show initiative remains unclear. In this study, we postulate that the extent to which a subsidiary manager regards the sharing of profit and rewards from the headquarters as fair has a curvilinear relationship with the subsidiary's inclination to take initiative. Specifically, although a low to moderate level of distributive justice can motivate subsidiaries to show initiative, this stimulating effect will diminish when distributive justice goes beyond a certain threshold. We furthermore contend that this non-monotonic effect will differ between low internally embedded subsidiaries and high embedded subsidiaries. Results based on a sample of subsidiaries owned by MNEs in Taiwan support our arguments. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

While researchers often study message features like moral content in text, such as party manifestos and social media posts, their quantification remains a challenge. Conventional human coding struggles with scalability and intercoder reliability. While dictionary-based methods are cost-effective and computationally efficient, they often lack contextual sensitivity and are limited by the vocabularies developed for the original applications. In this paper, we present an approach to construct “vec-tionaries” that boost validated dictionaries with word embeddings through nonlinear optimization. By harnessing semantic relationships encoded by embeddings, vec-tionaries improve the measurement of message features from text, especially those in short format, by expanding the applicability of original vocabularies to other contexts. Importantly, a vec-tionary can produce additional metrics to capture the valence and ambivalence of a message feature beyond its strength in texts. Using moral content in tweets as a case study, we illustrate the steps to construct the moral foundations vec-tionary, showcasing its ability to process texts missed by conventional dictionaries and to produce measurements better aligned with crowdsourced human assessments. Furthermore, additional metrics from the vec-tionary unveiled unique insights that facilitated predicting downstream outcomes such as message retransmission.

Multi-party systems play an important role in African democracy and constitutionalism. Against the African backdrop, political parties are indispensable in promoting constitutional values, enhancing political stability and realizing the effectiveness of constitutions. Recognizing the importance of political parties, African constitutions introduce many provisions confirming rights relating to political parties, recognizing their central role in elections, enhancing the internal solidarity of the parties and protecting the opposition. Meanwhile, due to concern regarding the negative impact of party politics, African constitutions also show hesitation about public funding to political parties, set controls on their programmes and organization, and demand many public office holders to be party neutral. Therefore, in African constitutions one can find a high expectation on political parties as constitutional institutions, while deep suspicion against them as individual organizations, which reflects the dilemma that African constitutionalism and democracy is facing in its development.